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| Condition 1: References "昔堯之治天下" Matched:21. |
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《先秦兩漢 - Pre-Qin and Han》 | Related resources |
《儒家 - Confucianism》 | Related resources |
《新序 - Xin Xu》 | [Western Han (206 BC - 9)] Liu Xiang | Books referencing 《新序》 Library Resources |
《節士》 | Books referencing 《節士》 Library Resources |
| 1 | 節士: | 堯治天下，伯成子高立為諸侯焉。堯授舜，舜授禹，伯成子高辭為諸侯而耕，禹往見之，則耕在野，禹趨就下位而問焉，曰：「昔者堯治天下，吾子立為諸侯焉，堯授舜，吾子猶存焉。及吾在位，子辭諸侯而耕，何故？」伯成子高曰：「昔堯之治天下，舉天下而傳之他人，至無欲也，擇賢而與之其位，至公也。以至無欲至公之行示天下，故不賞而民勸，不罰而民畏，舜亦猶然。今君賞罰而民欲且多私，是君之所懷者私也，百姓知之，貪爭之端，自此始矣。德至此衰，刑自此繁矣，吾不忍見，以是野處也。今君又何求而見我？君行矣，無留吾事。」耕而不顧。書曰：「旁施象，刑維明，及禹不能。」春秋曰：「五帝不告誓。」信厚也。 |
《孔子家語 - Kongzi Jiayu》 | [Han (206 BC - 220)] | Books referencing 《孔子家語》 Library Resources |
《六本》 | Books referencing 《六本》 Library Resources |
| 8 | 六本: | 孔子讀《易》，至於《損》、《益》，喟然而歎。子夏避席問曰：「夫子何歎焉？」孔子曰：「夫自損者必有益之，自益者必有決之，吾是以歎也。」子夏曰：「然則學者不可以益乎？」子曰：「非道益之謂也，道彌益而身彌損。夫學者損其自多，以虛受人，故能成其滿博也。天道成而必變，凡持滿而能久者，未嘗有也。故曰：自賢者，天下之善言不得聞於耳矣。昔堯治天下之位，猶允恭以持之，克讓以接下，是以千歲而益盛，迄今而逾彰。夏桀、昆吾，自滿而無極，亢意而不節，斬刈黎民，如草芥焉；天下討之，如誅匹夫，是以千載而惡著，迄今而不滅。滿也。如在輿遇三人則下之，遇二人則式之，調其盈虛，不令自滿，所以能久也。」子夏曰：「商請志之。」而終身奉行焉。 |
《道家 - Daoism》 | Related resources |
《莊子 - Zhuangzi》 | [Warring States] 350 BC-250 BC | Books referencing 《莊子》 Library Resources Source Related resources |
《外篇 - Outer Chapters》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Library Resources |
《在宥 - Letting Be, and Exercising Forbearance》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《在宥》 Library Resources |
| 1 | 在宥: | 聞在宥天下，不聞治天下也。在之也者，恐天下之淫其性也；宥之也者，恐天下之遷其德也。天下不淫其性，不遷其德，有治天下者哉！昔堯之治天下也，使天下欣欣焉人樂其性，是不恬也；桀之治天下也，使天下瘁瘁焉人苦其性，是不愉也。夫不恬不愉，非德也。非德也而可長久者，天下無之。人大喜邪，毗於陽。大怒邪，毗於陰。陰陽並毗，四時不至，寒暑之和不成，其反傷人之形乎！使人喜怒失位，居處無常，思慮不自得，中道不成章，於是乎天下始喬詰、卓鷙，而後有盜跖、曾、史之行。故舉天下以賞其善者不足，舉天下以罰其惡者不給，故天下之大不足以賞罰。自三代以下者，匈匈焉終以賞罰為事，彼何暇安其性命之情哉！而且說明邪，是淫於色也；說聰邪，是淫於聲也；說仁邪，是亂於德也；說義邪，是悖於理也；說禮邪，是相於技也；說樂邪，是相於淫也；說聖邪，是相於藝也；說知邪，是相於疵也。天下將安其性命之情，之八者，存可也；亡可也；天下將不安其性命之情，之八者，乃始臠卷、獊囊而亂天下也。而天下乃始尊之惜之，甚矣天下之惑也！豈直過也而去之邪！乃齊戒以言之，跪坐以進之，鼓歌以儛之，吾若是何哉！故君子不得已而臨邪天下，莫若無為。無為也，而後安其性命之情。故貴以身於為天下，則可以託天下；愛以身於為天下，則可以寄天下。故君子苟能無解其五藏，無擢其聰明，尸居而龍見，淵默而雷聲，神動而天隨，從容無為而萬物炊累焉。吾又何暇治天下哉！ |
| Letting Be, and Exercising...: | I have heard of letting the world be, and exercising forbearance; I have not heard of governing the world. Letting be is from the fear that men, (when interfered with), will carry their nature beyond its normal condition; exercising forbearance is from the fear that men, (when not so dealt with), will alter the characteristics of their nature. When all men do not carry their nature beyond its normal condition, nor alter its characteristics, the good government of the world is secured. Formerly, Yao's government of the world made men look joyful; but when they have this joy in their nature, there is a want of its (proper) placidity. The government of the world by Jie, (on the contrary), made men look distressed; but when their nature shows the symptoms of distress, there is a want of its (proper) contentment. The want of placidity and the want of contentment are contrary to the character (of the nature); and where this obtains, it is impossible that any man or state should anywhere abide long. Are men exceedingly joyful? The Yang or element of expansion in them is too much developed. Are they exceedingly irritated? The Yin or opposite element is too much developed. When those elements thus predominate in men, (it is as if) the four seasons were not to come (at their proper times), and the harmony of cold and heat were not to be maintained - would there not result injury to the bodies of men? Men's joy and dissatisfaction are made to arise where they ought not to do so; their movements are all uncertain; they lose the mastery of their thoughts; they stop short midway, and do not finish what they have begun. In this state of things the world begins to have lofty aims, and jealous dislikes, ambitious courses, and fierce animosities, and then we have actions like those of the robber Zhi, or of Zeng (Shen) and Shi (Qiu). If now the whole world were taken to reward the good it would not suffice, nor would it be possible with it to punish the bad. Thus the world, great as it is, not sufficing for rewards and punishments, from the time of the three dynasties downwards, there has been nothing but bustle and excitement. Always occupied with rewards and punishments, what leisure have men had to rest in the instincts of the nature with which they are endowed? Moreover, delight in the power of vision leads to excess in the pursuit of (ornamental) colours; delight in the power of hearing, to excess in seeking (the pleasures of) sound; delight in benevolence tends to disorder that virtue (as proper to the nature); delight in righteousness sets the man in opposition to what is right in reason; delight in (the practice of) ceremonies is helpful to artful forms; delight in music leads to voluptuous airs; delight in sageness is helpful to ingenious contrivances; delight in knowledge contributes to fault-finding. If all men were to rest in the instincts of their nature, to keep or to extinguish these eight delights might be a matter of indifference; but if they will not rest in those instincts, then those eight delights begin to be imperfectly and unevenly developed or violently suppressed, and the world is thrown into disorder. But when men begin to honour them, and to long for them, how great is the deception practised on the world! And not only, when (a performance of them) is once over, do they not have done with them, but they prepare themselves (as) with fasting to describe them, they seem to kneel reverentially when they bring them forward, and they go through them with the excitements of music and singing; and then what can be done (to remedy the evil of them)? Therefore the superior man, who feels himself constrained to engage in the administration of the world will find it his best way to do nothing. In (that policy of) doing nothing, he can rest in the instincts of the nature with which he is endowed. Hence he who will administer (the government of) the world honouring it as he honours his own person, may have that government committed to him, and he who will administer it loving it as he loves his own person, may have it entrusted to him. Therefore, if the superior man will keep (the faculties lodged in) his five viscera unemployed, and not display his powers of seeing and hearing, while he is motionless as a representative of the dead, his dragon-like presence will be seen; while he is profoundly silent, the thunder (of his words) will resound; while his movements are (unseen) like those of a spirit, all heavenly influences will follow them; while he is (thus) unconcerned and does nothing, his genial influence will attract and gather all things round him: what leisure has he to do anything more for the government of the world? |
《天地 - Heaven and Earth》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《天地》 Library Resources |
| 7 | 天地: | 堯治天下，伯成子高立為諸侯。堯授舜，舜授禹，伯成子高辭為諸侯而耕。禹往見之，則耕在野。禹趨就下風，立而問焉，曰：「昔堯治天下，吾子立為諸侯；堯授舜，舜授予，而吾子辭為諸侯而耕。敢問其故何也？」子高曰：「昔堯治天下，不賞而民勸，不罰而民畏。今子賞罰而民且不仁，德自此衰，刑自此立，後世之亂自此始矣。夫子闔行邪？無落吾事！」俋俋乎耕而不顧。 |
| Heaven and Earth: | When Yao was ruling the world, Bo-cheng Zi-Gao was appointed by him prince of one of the states. From Yao (afterwards) the throne passed to Shun, and from Shun (again) to Yu; and (then) Bo-cheng Zi-Gao resigned his principality and began to cultivate the ground. Yu went to see him, and found him ploughing in the open country. Hurrying to him, and bowing low in acknowledgment of his superiority, Yu then stood up, and asked him, saying, 'Formerly, when Yao was ruling the world, you, Sir, were appointed prince of a state. He gave his sovereignty to Shun, and Shun gave his to me, when you, Sir, resigned your dignity, and are (now) ploughing (here) - I venture to ask the reason of your conduct.' Zi-Gao said, 'When Yao ruled the world, the people stimulated one another (to what was right) without his offering them rewards, and stood in awe (of doing wrong) without his threatening them with punishments. Now you employ both rewards and punishments, and the people notwithstanding are not good. Their virtue will from this time decay; punishments will from this time prevail; the disorder of future ages will from this time begin. Why do you, my master, not go away, and not interrupt my work?' With this he resumed his ploughing with his head bent down, and did not (again) look round. |
《天運 - The Revolution of Heaven》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《天運》 Library Resources |
| 6 | 天運: | 孔子見老聃而語仁義。老聃曰：「夫播穅眯目，則天地四方易位矣；蚊虻噆膚，則通昔不寐矣。夫仁義憯然，乃憤吾心，亂莫大焉。吾子使天下無失其朴，吾子亦放風而動，總德而立矣，又奚傑然若負建鼓而求亡子者邪？夫鵠不日浴而白，烏不日黔而黑。黑白之朴，不足以為辯；名譽之觀，不足以為廣。泉涸，魚相與處於陸，相呴以溼，相濡以沫，不若相忘於江湖。」 |
| The Revolution of Heaven:...: | At an interview with Lao Dan, Confucius spoke to him of benevolence and righteousness. Lao Dan said, 'If you winnow chaff, and the dust gets into your eyes, then the places of heaven and earth and of the four cardinal points are all changed to you. If musquitoes or gadflies puncture your skin, it will keep you all the night from sleeping. But this painful iteration of benevolence and righteousness excites my mind and produces in it the greatest confusion. If you, Sir, would cause men not to lose their natural simplicity, and if you would also imitate the wind in its (unconstrained) movements, and stand forth in all the natural attributes belonging to you!-- why must you use so much energy, and carry a great drum to seek for the son whom you have lost? The snow-goose does not bathe every day to make itself white, nor the crow blacken itself every day to make itself black. The natural simplicity of their black and white does not afford any ground for controversy; and the fame and praise which men like to contemplate do not make them greater than they naturally are. When the springs (supplying the pools) are dried up, the fishes huddle together on the dry land. Than that they should moisten one another there by their gasping, and keep one another wet by their milt, it would be better for them to forget one another in the rivers and lakes.' | |
| 孔子見老聃歸，三日不談。弟子問曰：「夫子見老聃，亦將何歸哉？」孔子曰：「吾乃今於是乎見龍。龍合而成體，散而成章，乘乎雲氣而養乎陰陽。予口張而不能嗋，予又何規老聃哉！」子貢曰：「然則人固有尸居而龍見，雷聲而淵默，發動如天地者乎？賜亦可得而觀乎？」遂以孔子聲見老聃。 | ||
| From this interview with Lao Dan, Confucius returned home, and for three days did not speak. His disciples (then) asked him, saying, 'Master, you have seen Lao Dan; in what way might you admonish and correct him?' Confucius said, 'In him (I may say) that I have now seen the dragon. The dragon coils itself up, and there is its body; it unfolds itself and becomes the dragon complete. It rides on the cloudy air, and is nourished by the Yin and Yang. I kept my mouth open, and was unable to shut it - how could I admonish and correct Lao Dan?' Zi-gong said, 'So then, can (this) man indeed sit still as a representative of the dead, and then appear as the dragon? Can his voice resound as thunder, when he is profoundly still? Can he exhibit himself in his movements like heaven and earth? May I, Ci, also get to see him?' Accordingly with a message from Confucius he went to see Lao Dan. | ||
| 老聃方將倨堂而應微曰：「予年運而往矣，子將何以戒我乎？」子貢曰：「夫三王、五帝之治天下不同，其係聲名一也。而先生獨以為非聖人，如何哉？」老聃曰：「小子少進！子何以謂不同？」對曰：「堯授舜，舜授禹，禹用力而湯用兵，文王順紂而不敢逆，武王逆紂而不肯順，故曰不同。」 | ||
| Lao Dan was then about to answer (his salutation) haughtily in the hall, but he said in a low voice, 'My years have rolled on and are passing away, what do you, Sir, wish to admonish me about?' Zi-gong replied, 'The Three Kings and Five Dis ruled the world not in the same way, but the fame that has accrued to them is the same. How is it that you alone consider that they were not sages?' 'Come forward a little, my son. Why do you say that (their government) was not the same?' 'Yao,' was the reply, 'gave the kingdom to Shun, and Shun gave it to Yu. Yu had recourse to his strength, and Tang to the force of arms. King Wen was obedient to Zhou (-xin), and did not dare to rebel; king Wu rebelled against Zhou, and would not submit to him. And I say that their methods were not the same.' | ||
| 老聃曰：「小子少進！余語汝三皇、五帝之治天下。黃帝之治天下，使民心一，民有其親死不哭而民不非也。堯之治天下，使民心親，民有為其親殺其殺而民不非也。舜之治天下，使民心競，民孕婦十月生子，子生五月而能言，不至乎孩而始誰，則人始有夭矣。禹之治天下，使民心變，人有心而兵有順，殺盜非殺，人自為種而天下耳，是以天下大駭，儒、墨皆起。其作始有倫，而今乎婦女，何言哉！余語汝：三皇、五帝之治天下，名曰治之，而亂莫甚焉。三皇之知，上悖日月之明，下睽山川之精，中墮四時之施。其知憯於蠣蠆之尾，鮮規之獸，莫得安其性命之情者，而猶自以為聖人，不可恥乎？其無恥也！」子貢蹴蹴然立不安。 | ||
| Lao Dan said, 'Come a little more forward, my son, and I will tell you how the Three Huangs and the Five Dis ruled the world. Huang-Di ruled it, so as to make the minds of the people all conformed to the One (simplicity). If the parents of one of them died, and he did not wail, no one blamed him. Yao ruled it so as to cause the hearts of the people to cherish relative affection. If any, however, made the observances on the death of other members of their kindred less than those for their parents, no one blamed them. Shun ruled it, so as to produce a feeling of rivalry in the minds of the people. Their wives gave birth to their children in the tenth month of their pregnancy, but those children could speak at five months; and before they were three years old, they began to call people by their surnames and names. Then it was that men began to die prematurely. Yu ruled it, so as to cause the minds of the people to become changed. Men's minds became scheming, and they used their weapons as if they might legitimately do so, (saying that they were) killing thieves and not killing other men. The people formed themselves into different combinations - so it was throughout the kingdom. Everywhere there was great consternation, and then arose the Literati and (the followers of) Mo (Di). From them came first the doctrine of the relationships (of society); and what can be said of the now prevailing customs (in the marrying of) wives and daughters? I tell you that the rule of the Three Kings and Five Dis may be called by that name, but nothing can be greater than the disorder which it produced. The wisdom of the Three Kings was opposed to the brightness of the sun and moon above, contrary to the exquisite purity of the hills and streams below, and subversive of the beneficent gifts of the four seasons between. Their wisdom has been more fatal than the sting of a scorpion or the bite of a dangerous beast. Unable to rest in the true attributes of their nature and constitution, they still regarded themselves as sages: was it not a thing to be ashamed of? But they were shameless.' Zi-gong stood quite disconcerted and ill at ease. |
《文子 - Wenzi》 | [Eastern Han - Jin] 212-231 | Books referencing 《文子》 Library Resources Related resources |
《自然》 | Books referencing 《自然》 Library Resources |
| 5 | 自然: | 老子曰：天之所覆，地之所載，日月之所照，形殊性異，各有所安，樂所以為樂者，乃所以為悲也，安所以為安者，乃所以為危也。故聖人之牧民也，使各便其性，安其居，處為其所能，周其所適，施其所宜，如此即萬物一齊，無由相過。天下之物，無貴無賤，因其所貴而貴之，物無不貴，因其所賤而賤之，物無不賤，故不尚賢者，言不放魚於木，不沈鳥於淵。昔堯之治天下也，舜為司徒，契為司馬，禹為司空，后稷為田疇，奚仲為工師，其導民也，水處者漁，林處者採，谷處者牧，陵處者田，地宜事，事宜其械，械宜其材，皋澤織網，陵坡耕田，如是外民得以所有易所無，以所工易所拙。是以離叛者寡，聽從者眾，若風之過蕭，忽然而感之，各以清濁應，物莫不就其所利，避其所害。是以鄰國相望，雞狗之音相聞，而足跡不接於諸侯之境，車軌不結於千里之外，皆安其居也。故亂國若盛，治國若虛，亡國若不足，存國若有餘。虛者，非無人也，各守其職也，盛者，非多人也，皆徼於未也，有餘者，非多財也，欲節事寡也，不足者，非無貨也，民鮮而費多也，故先王之法，非所作也，所因也，其禁誅，非所為也，所守也，上德之道也。 |
《法家 - Legalism》 | Related resources |
《申不害 - Shen Bu Hai》 | Books referencing 《申不害》 Source Related resources |
《大體》 |
| 9 | 大體: | 昔者堯之治天下也以名。其名正，則天下治。桀之治天下也，亦以名，其名倚，而天下亂。是以聖人貴名之正也。 |
《管子 - Guanzi》 | [Warring States - Han (475 BC - 220)] | Books referencing 《管子》 Library Resources Related resources |
《任法 - Ren Fa》 | Books referencing 《任法》 Library Resources |
| 2 | 任法: | 昔者堯之治天下也，猶埴之在埏也。唯陶之所以為。猶金之在罏，恣冶之所以鑄。其民引之而來，推之而往，使之而成，禁之而止，故堯之治也，善明法禁之令而已矣。黃帝之治天下也，其民不引而來，不推而往，不使而成，不禁而止。故黃帝之治也，置法而不變，使民安其法者也。 |
《雜家 - Miscellaneous Schools》 | Related resources |
《淮南子 - Huainanzi》 | [Western Han (206 BC - 9)] | Books referencing 《淮南子》 Library Resources Source Related resources |
《齊俗訓》 | Books referencing 《齊俗訓》 Library Resources |
| 6 | 齊俗訓: | 由此觀之，物無貴賤。因其所貴而貴之，物無不貴也；因其所賤而賤之，物無不賤也。夫玉璞不厭厚，角䚩不厭薄，漆不厭黑，粉不厭白。此四者相反也，所急則均，其用一也。今之裘與蓑，孰急？見雨則裘不用，升堂則蓑不御，此代為常者也。譬若舟、車、楯、肆、窮廬，故有所宜也。故老子曰「不上賢」者，言不致魚於木，沉鳥於淵。故堯之治天下也，舜為司徒，契為司馬，禹為司空，後稷為大田師，奚仲為工。其導萬民也，水處者漁，山處者木，穀處者牧，陸處者農。地宜其事，事宜其械，械宜其用，用宜其人，澤皋織網，陵阪耕田，得以所有易所無，以所工易所拙。是故離叛者寡，而聽從者眾。譬若播棋丸於地，員者走澤，方者處高，各從其所安，夫有何上下焉？若風之遇簫，忽然感之，各以清濁應矣。夫猿狖得茂木，不舍而穴，狟貉得埵防，弗去而緣。物莫避其所利，而就其所害。是故鄰國相望，雞狗之音相聞，而足跡不接諸侯之境，車軌不結千里之外者，皆各得其所安。 |
《漢代之後 - Post-Han》 |
《隋唐 - Sui-Tang》 |
《群書治要》 | [Tang] 631 | Library Resources |
《卷三十五》 | Library Resources |
《文子》 | Library Resources |
《微明》 | Library Resources |
| 10 | 微明: | 昔者，堯之治天下，其導民也。水處者漁，山處者木山處者木作林處者采，谷處者牧，陸處者田，地宜其事，事宜其械，械便其人，如是，則民得以所有易所無，以所巧易所拙也。是以離叛者寡，聽從者衆，若風之過箭箭作蕭忽然感之，各以清濁應矣。物莫不就其所利，避其所害，是以鄰國相望，鷄狗之音相聞，而足迹不接於諸侯之境，車軌不結於千里之外，皆安其居也。夫亂國若盛，治國若虛，亡國若不足，存國若有餘，虛者非無人，各守其職也。盛者非多人，皆徼於末也。有餘者非多財，欲節事寡也。不足者非無貨，民躁躁作鮮而費多也。故先王之法，非所作也。所因也。其禁誅，非所為也。所守也。上德之道也。 |
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