Chinese Text Project Dictionary

Mohism -> Mozi -> Book 11 -> Minor Illustrations -> 2

或也者，不盡也。	"Some" is not all.
假者，今不然也。	"Suppose" is not so now.
效者，為之法也，	"Imitation" is to make a standard:
所效者所以為之法也。	what is imitated is that which is used to make the standard.
故中效，則是也；	Thus what matches the imitation is so;
不中效，則非也。	what does not match the imitation is not so.
此效也。	This is imitation.
辟也者，舉他¹物而以明之也。	"Analogy" is raising another thing to make something clear.
侔也者，比辭而俱行也。	"Similarity" is similar sayings proceeding together.
援也者，曰	"Leading" is saying,
「子然，	"You take it as so
我奚獨不可以然也？」	- why can I alone not take it as so?"
推也者，以其所不取之同於其所取者，	"Extending" is taking what he has not chosen but is similar to what he has chosen,
予之也。	and presenting it to him.
是猶謂也者，同也。	"It is like this" is similarity.
吾豈謂也者，異也。	"How could I be like this" is difference.

1. 他 : Originally read: "也".

Character	Composition	Variants	Reading	Meaning	Hanyu	Kangxi	Cihai
或	戈+4	𢈿	huò ㄏㄨㄛˋ	(1) 代詞：代人或事物：有的，有人。 Pronoun: some, someone, something.	v2,p1402#08	p.412#18	p.552r5c01
也	乙+2	𠃟匜	yě ㄧㄝˇ	(2) 句中語氣詞：表示語氣的停頓。 Modal particle used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause.	v1,p0050#05	p.84#04	p.55r1c01
者	老+4		zhě ㄓㄜˇ	(2.1) 語氣詞：用於判斷句，放在主語之後，引出判斷。 Expressive particle used in a declarative sentence after the subject.	v4,p2780#05	p.961#01	p.1080r1c01
不	一+3	不𠀚𠙐	bù ㄅㄨˋ	(3.1) 否定副詞：用於動詞、形容詞等前面，表示否定。 Negational adverb, used before verbs, adjectives, etc. to indicate negation.	v1,p0011#06	p.76#15	p.30r1c01
盡	皿+9	𥁞尽	jìn ㄐㄧㄣˋ	Finished, all gone. / Finish, end. / Die. / Until. / Exert oneself to the utmost. / Exhaust. / Limit, extreme. / (Spoken) clearly and unambiguously. / Fully, completely. / Most (superlative). / Advance, move forward. / Expense.	v4,p2567#05	p.795#22	p.940r3c05
也	乙+2	𠃟匜	yě ㄧㄝˇ	(1.1) 句末語氣詞：表示判斷和肯定。 Modal particle used at the end of a sentence, expressing assertion and affirmation.	v1,p0050#05	p.84#04	p.55r1c01
假	人+9	仮	jiǎ jià xiá ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄐㄧㄚˋ ㄒㄧㄚˊ	falsehood, deception; vacation	v1,p0196#02	p.110#03	p.116r1c02
今	人+2		jīn ㄐㄧㄣ	now, today, modern era	v1,p0105#05	p.91#18	p.83r5c02
然	火+8	燃𤓉	rán ㄖㄢˊ	(2) 指示代詞：如此，這樣，那樣。 Demonstrative pronoun: like this, like that.	v3,p2213#05	p.675#12	p.852r5c01
效	攴+6	効	xiào ㄒㄧㄠˋ	result, effect; effectiveness	v2,p1457#11	p.470#21	p.602r3c03
為	火+5	爲为	wéi ㄨㄟˊ	Create, make. / Build, construct. / Do. / Plant, grow. / Govern. / Research, study. / Serve as. / Change into, become. / As, in the role of. / Count as, be considered as. / Called, named. / Expresses judgement: is. / Make, cause (to). / Have. / Take part in. / Write, author. / Connective: if. / Particle used in the middle of a sentence to move forward the object. / Modal particle used at the end of a sentence to express a rhetorical question.	v3,p2198#11	p.669#10	p.844r4c03
			wèi ㄨㄟˋ	Help, assist. / Preposition: for, on behalf of. / Preposition: by (passive). / Preposition: because of, due to. / Preposition: with, together with. / Connective: because. / Say. / False, fake.
之	丿+3	㞢	zhī ㄓ	Towards; go to. / Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Third person pronoun: him, her, it. / Auxiliary word: of. / Auxiliary word: used between subject and predicate, cancels independence of a clause. / Auxiliary word: used in a sentence for aesthetic purpose only, no meaning.	v1,p0043#01	p.82#04	p.47r2c02
法	水+5	佱灋𣳴	fǎ ㄈㄚˇ	Law, penal code. / Principle, system. / Standard. / Method, way of doing. / Follow, imitate. / Adhere to the rules. / The Legalist school.	v3,p1579#04	p.616#11	p.778r4c01
所	戶+4	𢨷	suǒ ㄙㄨㄛˇ	(3) 用在動詞之前，構成名詞性的詞組，指代人或事物。 Used before a verb, creates a noun-like phrase.	v3,p2259#01	p.415#16	p.556r1c01
以	人+3	㠯	yǐ ㄧˇ	Use. / Believe. / Command. / Lead. / Connect, implicate. / Have. / Cause, reason. / Preposition: because. / Preposition: from, in. / Preposition: at [some time]. / Preposition: using. / Preposition: in accordance with. / Preposition: relying upon. / Preposition: in the capacity of. / Preposition: with, together with. / Connective: indicates the following action is the objective of the preceding one. / Connective: used between adverbial clause and verb to express modification. / Connective: and. / Connective: but. / Connective: and so, thus. / Particle: used together with some words expressing direction and time. / Modal particle. / Same as 「已(1)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Stop, discontinue. / Same as 「已(7.2)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Adverb: already. / Same as 「已(7.3)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Adverb: extremely.	v1,p0105#07	p.94#01	p.87r6c01
故	攴+5		gù ㄍㄨˋ	(8) 連詞：所以，因此。 Hence, thus.	v2,p1453#05	p.469#25	p.601r5c01
中	丨+3	𠁧𠁩塚	zhōng zhòng ㄓㄨㄥㄓㄨㄥˋ	central; center, middle; in the midst of; hit (target); attain	v1,p0028#10	p.79#03	p.37r4c02
則	刀+7	𠟻𠟭𠞋𠟔则	zé ㄗㄜˊ	Method, rule. / Mimic, emulate. / Level, grade. / Adverb used to emphasize an assertion. / Adverb used to express scope: only. / Connective expressing continuation: then, and then. / Connective emphasizing comparison. / Connective expressing contrast. / Connective expressing allowance: yet, even so. / Connective expressing unexpected turn of events. / Connective expressing suppostion: if.	v1,p0340#06	p.139#31	p.183r5c05
是	日+5	昰𣆞	shì ㄕˋ	Straight. / Right, correct. / Believe accurate, affirm. / Demonstrative pronoun: this. / Be (copula). / Auxiliary word, used after moving forward the object.	v2,p1497#05	p.493#26	p.639r1c01
不	一+3	不𠀚𠙐	bù ㄅㄨˋ	Not have. / To not be. / Negational adverb, used before verbs, adjectives, etc. to indicate negation. / Negational adverb expressing prohibition: do not. / Negational adverb expressing rhetorical question: is not...?	v1,p0011#06	p.76#15	p.30r1c01
			fǒu ㄈㄡˇ	Same as 「否(1.2)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used together with an affirmative word, expressing its negative or opposite. / Same as 「否(1.3)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used at the end of a question to form a yes-no question.
			fū ㄈㄨ	Sepal of a flower.
			pī ㄆㄧ	Same as 「丕(1)」 pī ㄆㄧ: Large.
			bǐ ㄅㄧˇ	Show disdain for.
非	非+0		fēi ㄈㄟ	Violate, go against (a rule). / Wrong, bad. / Not real, untrue. / Oppose, object to. / Slander, condemn. / Sarcasm, irony. / Absence of, not have. / Adverb: not, is not.	v6,p4086#01	p.1382#11	p.1463r6c02
			fěi ㄈㄟˇ	Same as 「誹(2)」 fěi ㄈㄟˇ: Slander.
此	止+2		cǐ ㄘˇ	(1.1) 這。與「彼」相對。 This.	v2,p1438#03	p.574#10	p.735r4c01
辟	辛+6	避𠈳𠊸	pì pī bì mǐ ㄆㄧˋ ㄆㄧㄅㄧˋ ㄇㄧˇ	law, rule; open up, develop	v6,p4037#08	p.1251#06	p.1309r1c02
舉	臼+10	擧㪯举	jǔ ㄐㄩˇ	raise, lift up; recommend	v5,p3041#08	p.1005#15	p.1114r3c01
他	人+3	她牠	tā ㄊㄚ	other, another; he, she, it	v1,p0115#06	p.92#09	p.85r2c03
物	牛+4		wù ㄨˋ	thing, substance, creature	v3,p1805#03	p.699#09	p.869r5c01
而	而+0		ér ㄦˊ	Whiskers. / Like, similar to. / Pronoun: you. / Pronoun: this, like this. / Connective: and, with. / Connective: and, then. / Connective: if, supposing. / Connective: yet, however. / Connective: therefore, hence. / Connective: expresses method or state. / Particle: of. / Expressive particle.	v4,p2810#01	p.961#18	p.1080r2c03
			néng ㄋㄥˊ	Same as 「能(3)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Able to, competent. / Same as 「能(2.1)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Ability, talent.
明	日+4	朙	míng ㄇㄧㄥˊ	(3) 明確，闡明。 Clarify, make clear.	v2,p1491#08	p.491#12	p.631r3c01
之	丿+3	㞢	zhī ㄓ	(3) 第三人稱代詞：他、她、它。 Third person pronoun: him, her, it.	v1,p0043#01	p.82#04	p.47r2c02
也	乙+2	𠃟匜	yě ㄧㄝˇ	Modal particle used at the end of a sentence, expressing assertion and affirmation. / Modal particle used at the end of a question for emphasis. / Modal particle used at the end of a cause-effect sentence to express explanation. / Modal particle used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause.	v1,p0050#05	p.84#04	p.55r1c01
侔	人+6		móu ㄇㄡˊ	equal	v1,p0154#13	p.102#08	p.103r4c03
比	比+0	夶𣬅	bǐ ㄅㄧˇ	Compare. / Approve, confirm. / Compare to, see as being the same as. / Similar. / Analogy. / Type, kind, class. / In comparison to. / Example. / One of the six types of classical poetry. / Be close to, be in the company of. / Get near to, approach. / In line, side by side. / The same. / Balance, harmonize. / Collude, conspire. / Favour, partiality. / Fit, suit. / Harmonious. / Assist, subsidize. / Crowded, concentrated. / Connected, in succession. / All, every, everywhere. / Recently. / Until. / For, on behalf of.	v2,p1415#08	p.590#09	p.746r1c02
			pǐ ㄆㄧˇ	Govern.
辭	辛+12	辞辤𤔧	cí ㄘˊ	Confession. / Speech, phrase, language. / Excuse, reason. / Tell, explain. / Refuse, not accept. / Dispatch, expel. / Bid farewell. / A form of writing in ancient China.	v6,p4043#13	p.1252#08	p.1310r3c02
俱	人+8	倶	jù ㄐㄩˋ	all, together; accompany	v1,p0177#02	p.106#08	p.111r1c01
行	行+0	行	xíng ㄒㄧㄥˊ	Walk, move (on foot). / Advance, move forward. / Leave, exit. / Patrol, go on inspection. / Inspection of the realm by the Son of Heaven. / Be married off. / Flow, circulate. / Channel, guide. / Revolution, circular motion. / Experience. / Luggage, belongings taken on a journey. / Do, carry out. / Actions. / Accomplishments. / Use, utilize. / Take over (an official duty). / Offer, present. / Moral conduct, behaviour. / A type of classical poem. / A piece of music. / Semi-cursive script. / Adverb: will, about to. / Adverb: again, once more. / Adverb: by chance, luckily. / Ambassador (official title). / Measure word for number of pourings of drinks.	v2,p0811#06	p.1108#31	p.1203r5c05
			háng ㄏㄤˊ	Road. / Track, pattern. / Row, line. / Row of soldiers in battle. / Unit of 25 soldiers. / Shaft of a feather (and by extension, wings). / Measure word for things which form rows. / Rank, position.
援	手+9		yuán ㄩㄢˊ	aid, assist; lead; cite	v3,p1921#05	p.445#02	p.586r4c02
曰	曰+0		yuē ㄩㄝ	Say, speak. / Call, name. / Particle.	v2,p1482#02	p.502#01	p.648r3c03
子	子+0	㜽𢀈𢀉𡐫𣕓只	zǐ ㄗˇ	(2.1) 古代對男子的美稱。也用以尊稱對方。 Respectful term for a man.	v2,p1006#06	p.277#01	p.395r1c01
然	火+8	燃𤓉	rán ㄖㄢˊ	Burn. / Demonstrative pronoun: like this, like that. / Expresses affirmation: true, indeed so. / Believe correct, affirm. / Adverb: actually, thus. / Connective: but, however, yet. / Particle used at the end of a sentence to express comparison. Like, as if. / Particle used after an adjective or adverb to express state. / Particle used at the end of a sentence to express affirmative mode.	v3,p2213#05	p.675#12	p.852r5c01
我	戈+3	𠨂𢦓𢦠	wǒ ㄨㄛˇ	First-person pronoun: I. / One's own side in general. / Expresses closeness. / Egoism, self-involvement.	v2,p1401#02	p.412#01	p.552r1c01
奚	大+7		xī xí ㄒㄧㄒㄧˊ	where? what? how? why?; servant	v1,p0541#11	p.252#10	p.373r2c03
獨	犬+13	独	dú ㄉㄨˊ	alone, single, solitary, only	v2,p1372#03	p.719#25	p.879r5c02
可	口+2	歌厥	kě kè ㄎㄜˇ ㄎㄜˋ	may, can, -able; possibly	v1,p0567#07	p.172#12	p.244r1c02
以	人+3	㠯	yǐ ㄧˇ	(2) 認爲。 Believe.	v1,p0105#07	p.94#01	p.87r6c01
推	手+8		tuī ㄊㄨㄟ	push, expel; push forward	v3,p1898#07	p.439#08	p.582r2c01
以	人+3	㠯	yǐ ㄧˇ	(7.4) 介詞：拿，用。 Preposition: using.	v1,p0105#07	p.94#01	p.87r6c01
其	八+6	丌亓	qí ㄑㄧˊ	Third-person possessive pronoun: his, her, its, their. / Demonstrative pronoun: that, those. / Adverb expressing estimation or guess. / Adverb expressing imperative. / Adverb expressing rhetorical question. / Adverb expressing future tense. / Connective expressing hypothesis: if, supposing. / Connective expressing choice: or. / Connective expressing concession: even if. / Particle used after an adjective. / Particle: of. / Particle used for emphasis after single-character adjectives or onomatopoeia. / Particle used in the middle of a sentence to alter the tempo.	v1,p0245#01	p.127#18	p.162r5c01
			jì ㄐㄧˋ	Particle used after bi and he.
			jī ㄐㄧ	Modal particle expressing interrogative tone. / A year.
取	又+6		qǔ ㄑㄩˇ	(4.2) 採取，擇取。 Take, choose, pick out.	v1,p0395#01	p.166#04	p.236r3c01
之	丿+3	㞢	zhī ㄓ	(4.2) 助詞：用於主語和謂語之間，取消句子的獨立性。 Auxiliary word: used between subject and predicate, cancels independence of a clause.	v1,p0043#01	p.82#04	p.47r2c02
同	口+3	仝衕	tóng tòng ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄊㄨㄥˋ	same, similar; together with	v1,p0578#01	p.175#06	p.252r1c01
於	方+4	烏𣱏𤕘于亏扵	yú ㄩˊ	(3.3) 介詞，相當於「比」。 Preposition: compared to.	v3,p2175#02	p.481#11	p.622r2c03
其	八+6	丌亓	qí ㄑㄧˊ	(1.1) 代詞：表示第三人領屬關係，相當於「他的」、「它的」等。 Third-person possessive pronoun: his, her, its, their.	v1,p0245#01	p.127#18	p.162r5c01
者	老+4		zhě ㄓㄜˇ	(1.1) 代詞：用於動詞、形容詞等詞語之後，指人或事物。 Pronoun used after verbs, adjectives, etc. in place of a person or thing.	v4,p2780#05	p.961#01	p.1080r1c01
予	亅+3	豫余	yǔ ㄩˇ	(1) 給予，授予。 Give, bestow.	v1,p0052#02	p.85#16	p.58r2c03
猶	犬+9	犹	yóu ㄧㄡˊ	A species of monkey / Same, similar. / Similarly, in the same way. / Like, similar to. / Can, able to. / Fitting, suitable. / Still, nevertheless. / Additionally, furthermore. / Connective expression concession: although, despite. / Connective expression supposition: if. / Stratagem, plot. / Method, way. / Scheme, conspire. / Road, path. / Criticize, fault. / Relaxed, at ease. / Same as 「由(1.1)」 yóu ㄧㄡˊ: Do, carry out. / Same as 「由(5.2)」 yóu ㄧㄡˊ: Preposition: from. / Same as 「由(5.1)」 yóu ㄧㄡˊ: Preposition: due to, because of. / Name of a river in modern Shaanxi, flowing into the Yellow River. / Same as 「已(7.3)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Adverb: extremely.	v2,p1359#09	p.715#20	p.878r1c06
			yáo ㄧㄠˊ	Tremble, shake.
			yōu ㄧㄡ	Good, superior.
謂	言+9	谓	wèi ㄨㄟˋ	To (when speaking to someone). / Say, speak. / Call, name. / Meaning, what is meant. / Discuss, comment on (a person). / How? / Same as 「為(21.3)」 wèi ㄨㄟˋ: Preposition: because of, due to.	v6,p3997#06	p.1173#12	p.1251r6c01
			wéi ㄨㄟˊ	Same as 「為(10)」 wéi ㄨㄟˊ: Count as, be considered as.
吾	口+4	𠮣	wú ㄨˊ	First person pronoun: I, we. / Defend, resist.	v1,p0585#13	p.180#03	p.260r5c01
			yú ㄩˊ	See 吾吾.
			yá ㄧㄚˊ	Yunyu, an ancient district.
豈	豆+3	岂	qǐ kǎi ㄑㄧˇ ㄎㄞˇ	how? what?	v6,p3565#04	p.1191#20	p.1261r1c01
異	田+6	異𢄖异	yì ㄧˋ	different, unusual, strange	v4,p2540#05	p.763#18	p.916r1c02

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