| Chinese Text Project |
| 百姓曰： | The people say: |
| 「我疾農， | We till diligently, |
| 先實公倉， | first to fill the public granaries, |
| 收餘以事親， | and then to keep the rest for the nourishment of our parents; |
| 為上忘生而戰， | for the sake of our superiors we forget our love of life, and fight |
| 以尊主安國也； | for the honour of the ruler and for the peace of the country. |
| 倉虛， | But if the granaries are empty, |
| 主卑， | the ruler debased |
| 家貧， | and the family poor, |
| 然則不如索官！」 | then it is best to seek office. |
| 親戚交游合， | Let us then combine relatives and friends |
| 則更慮矣。 | and think of other plans. |
| 豪傑務學詩書， | Eminent men will apply themselves to the study of the Odes and History, |
| 隨從外權； | and pursue these improper standards; |
| 要靡事商賈， | insignificant individuals will occupy themselves with trade, |
| 為技藝： | and practise arts and crafts, |
| 皆以避農戰。 | all in order to avoid agriculture and war. |
| 民以此為教， | Where the people are given to such teachings, |
| 則粟焉得無少， | how can the grain be anything but scarce, |
| 而兵焉得無弱也！ | and the soldiers anything but weak? |
| Character | Composition | Variants | Reading | Meaning | Hanyu | Kangxi | Cihai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 百姓 | 白+1 女+5 | 佰 𦣻 𤯧 𤯣 | bǎi xìng ㄅㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ | (2) 庶民，平民。 Ordinary people, common people. | v4,p2643#01 v2,p1037#12 | p.785#04 p.259#05 | p.932r4c01 p.381r6c02 |
| 曰 | 曰+0 | yuē ㄩㄝ | (1) 說。 Say, speak. | v2,p1482#02 | p.502#01 | p.648r3c03 | |
| 我 | 戈+3 | 𠨂 𢦓 𢦠 | wǒ ㄨㄛˇ | First-person pronoun: I. / One's own side in general. / Expresses closeness. / Egoism, self-involvement. | v2,p1401#02 | p.412#01 | p.552r1c01 |
| 疾 | 疒+5 | 𤕼 𤖏 𥏂 𠥻 𤶅 | jí ㄐㄧˊ | Illness. / Invalid, sick person. / Suffering, difficulties. / Failing, weakness. / Bad person, evil person. / Become sick, fall ill. / Damage. / Hate. / Angrily. / Jealousy. / Fast, quick. / Exert oneself, spare no effort. / Large. | v4,p2666#10 | p.771#22 | p.920r4c04 |
| 農 | 辰+6 | 莀 䢉 𦦥 辳 𨑇 𣊤 𨑋 𨑆 𦦤 农 | nóng ㄋㄨㄥˊ | agriculture, farming; farmer | v6,p3607#03 | p.1252#24 | p.1311r1c02 |
| 先 | 儿+4 | xiān ㄒㄧㄢ | first, former, previous | v1,p0267#02 | p.124#05 | p.134r3c02 | |
| 實 | 宀+11 | 実 宲 𡾍 寔 实 | shí ㄕˊ | Prosperous, wealthy. / Wealth, possessions. / Goods, supplies. / Full. / Fit into, stuff into. / Fruit, seed. / Result. / Real thing, actual content. / Fact, thing which happened. / True, honest. / Firm, unwavering. / In fact, actually. / Prove, show to be true. / Carry out, implement. / Term in arithmetic for a multiplicand or dividend. / Really, indeed so. / This. / Particle used in a sentence after moving forward the object. | v2,p0952#03 | p.291#04 | p.427r6c01 |
| 公 | 八+2 | 㒶 | gōng ㄍㄨㄥ | fair, equitable; public; duke | v1,p0242#01 | p.126#28 | p.151r3c01 |
| 倉 | 人+8 | 仺 仓 | cāng ㄘㄤ | granary; berth; sea | v1,p0169#15 | p.107#14 | p.111r6c03 |
| 收 | 攴+2 | 収 㧃 | shōu ㄕㄡ | gather together, collect; harvest | v2,p1448#02 | p.468#06 | p.599r2c06 |
| 餘 | 食+7 | 馀 余 | yú yé ㄩˊ ㄧㄝˊ | surplus, excess, remainder | v7,p4456#09 | p.1420#25 | p.1492r3c03 |
| 以 | 人+3 | 㠯 | yǐ ㄧˇ | Use. / Believe. / Command. / Lead. / Connect, implicate. / Have. / Cause, reason. / Preposition: because. / Preposition: from, in. / Preposition: at [some time]. / Preposition: using. / Preposition: in accordance with. / Preposition: relying upon. / Preposition: in the capacity of. / Preposition: with, together with. / Connective: indicates the following action is the objective of the preceding one. / Connective: used between adverbial clause and verb to express modification. / Connective: and. / Connective: but. / Connective: and so, thus. / Particle: used together with some words expressing direction and time. / Modal particle. / Same as 「已(1)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Stop, discontinue. / Same as 「已(7.2)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Adverb: already. / Same as 「已(7.3)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Adverb: extremely. | v1,p0105#07 | p.94#01 | p.87r6c01 |
| 事 | 亅+7 | 亊 叓 𠭏 | shì ㄕˋ | Office, duty. / Job, career. / Things, affairs. / Accident, incident. / Engage (in), pursue. / Serve. | v1,p0023#03 | p.85#24 | p.58r3c02 |
| 親 | 見+9 | 𢈥 寴 𡩁 亲 | qīn ㄑㄧㄣ | Parents. / Relatives. / Love, favour. / Close, intimate. / Contact, touch. / Personally. / Do oneself. | v6,p3671#12 | p.1136#12 | p.1230r5c04 |
| 為 | 火+5 | 爲 为 | wéi ㄨㄟˊ | Create, make. / Build, construct. / Do. / Plant, grow. / Govern. / Research, study. / Serve as. / Change into, become. / As, in the role of. / Count as, be considered as. / Called, named. / Expresses judgement: is. / Make, cause (to). / Have. / Take part in. / Write, author. / Connective: if. / Particle used in the middle of a sentence to move forward the object. / Modal particle used at the end of a sentence to express a rhetorical question. | v3,p2198#11 | p.669#10 | p.844r4c03 |
| wèi ㄨㄟˋ | Help, assist. / Preposition: for, on behalf of. / Preposition: by (passive). / Preposition: because of, due to. / Preposition: with, together with. / Connective: because. / Say. / False, fake. | ||||||
| 上 | 一+2 | 丄 𠄞 | shàng ㄕㄤˋ | top; superior, highest; go up, send up | v1,p0005#04 | p.76#07 | p.24r2c01 |
| 忘 | 心+3 | wàng wáng ㄨㄤˋ ㄨㄤˊ | forget; neglect; miss, omit | v4,p2270#09 | p.376#24 | ||
| 生 | 生+0 | 𤯓 | shēng ㄕㄥ | life, living, lifetime; birth | v4,p2575#01 | p.754#26 | p.906r5c03 |
| 而 | 而+0 | ér ㄦˊ | Whiskers. / Like, similar to. / Pronoun: you. / Pronoun: this, like this. / Connective: and, with. / Connective: and, then. / Connective: if, supposing. / Connective: yet, however. / Connective: therefore, hence. / Connective: expresses method or state. / Particle: of. / Expressive particle. | v4,p2810#01 | p.961#18 | p.1080r2c03 | |
| néng ㄋㄥˊ | Same as 「能(3)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Able to, competent. / Same as 「能(2.1)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Ability, talent. | ||||||
| 戰 | 戈+12 | 戦 战 | zhàn ㄓㄢˋ | war, fighting, battle | v2,p1412#12 | p.414#11 | p.553r5c01 |
| 尊 | 寸+9 | zūn ㄗㄨㄣ | respect, revere, venerate; honor | v1,p0509#06 | p.295#10 | p.435r4c01 | |
| 主 | 丶+4 | 丶 宔 | zhǔ ㄓㄨˇ | master, chief owner; host; lord | v1,p0044#03 | p.80#20 | p.45r2c01 |
| 安 | 宀+3 | ān ㄢ | Stable, steady. / Peaceful, tranquil. / Safe. / Accustomed to do, habitually do. / Not worry about, be relaxed about. / Comfort, ease. / Stop, cease. / Unhurried. / Place, put. / Interrogative pronoun: how. / Interrogative pronoun: where. / Interrogative pronoun: what. / Interrogative pronoun: who. / Connective: so, thereupon. | v2,p0913#09 | p.282#08 | p.406r2c01 | |
| 國 | 囗+8 | 圀 國 囗 囶 𢧌 䆐 囯 国 | guó ㄍㄨㄛˊ | nation, country, nation-state | v1,p0720#09 | p.219#16 | p.303r4c02 |
| 也 | 乙+2 | 𠃟 匜 | yě ㄧㄝˇ | Modal particle used at the end of a sentence, expressing assertion and affirmation. / Modal particle used at the end of a question for emphasis. / Modal particle used at the end of a cause-effect sentence to express explanation. / Modal particle used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause. | v1,p0050#05 | p.84#04 | p.55r1c01 |
| 虛 | 虍+6 | 𣦄 虚 | xū ㄒㄩ | false, worthless; empty, hollow | v4,p2825#06 | p.1074#11 | p.1184r1c06 |
| 卑 | 十+6 | 𤰞 | bēi ㄅㄟ | humble, low, inferior; despise | v1,p0063#01 | p.156#27 | p.216r2c08 |
| 家 | 宀+7 | 傢 宊 𠖔 𡩅 𡧚 | jiā jie gū ㄐㄧㄚ ㄐㄧㄝ· ㄍㄨ | house, home, residence; family | v2,p0930#15 | p.286#17 | p.420r1c02 |
| 貧 | 貝+4 | 𡧋 贫 | pín ㄆㄧㄣˊ | poor, impoverished, needy | v6,p3628#01 | p.1205#10 | p.1270r3c01 |
| 然 | 火+8 | 燃 𤓉 | rán ㄖㄢˊ | Burn. / Demonstrative pronoun: like this, like that. / Expresses affirmation: true, indeed so. / Believe correct, affirm. / Adverb: actually, thus. / Connective: but, however, yet. / Particle used at the end of a sentence to express comparison. Like, as if. / Particle used after an adjective or adverb to express state. / Particle used at the end of a sentence to express affirmative mode. | v3,p2213#05 | p.675#12 | p.852r5c01 |
| 則 | 刀+7 | 𠟻 𠟭 𠞋 𠟔 则 | zé ㄗㄜˊ | (5.1) 連詞：表示承接關係，相當於「就」、「便」、「那麽」。 Connective expressing continuation: then, and then. | v1,p0340#06 | p.139#31 | p.183r5c05 |
| 不 | 一+3 | 不 𠀚 𠙐 | bù ㄅㄨˋ | Not have. / To not be. / Negational adverb, used before verbs, adjectives, etc. to indicate negation. / Negational adverb expressing prohibition: do not. / Negational adverb expressing rhetorical question: is not...? | v1,p0011#06 | p.76#15 | p.30r1c01 |
| fǒu ㄈㄡˇ | Same as 「否(1.2)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used together with an affirmative word, expressing its negative or opposite. / Same as 「否(1.3)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used at the end of a question to form a yes-no question. | ||||||
| fū ㄈㄨ | Sepal of a flower. | ||||||
| pī ㄆㄧ | Same as 「丕(1)」 pī ㄆㄧ: Large. | ||||||
| bǐ ㄅㄧˇ | Show disdain for. | ||||||
| 如 | 女+3 | rú ㄖㄨˊ | Go to. / According to, in accordance with. / Like, similar to. / As good as, comparable to. / Should. / Or, alternatively. / If, should it be the case. / As for, as regards. / Adjectival suffix. | v2,p1025#09 | p.255#21 | p.378r5c02 | |
| 索 | 糸+4 | 索 | suǒ ㄙㄨㄛˇ | large rope, cable; rules, laws; to demand, to exact; to search, inquire; isolated | v5,p3369#09 | p.918#16 | p.1035r5c01 |
| 官 | 宀+5 | 𠕍 | guān ㄍㄨㄢ | official, public servant | v2,p0921#04 | p.283#15 | p.413r2c01 |
| 戚 | 戈+7 | qī ㄑㄧ | relative; be related to; sad | v2,p1406#15 | p.412#38 | p.552r6c01 | |
| 交 | 亠+4 | 䢒 | jiāo ㄐㄧㄠ | mix; intersect; exchange, communicate; deliver | v1,p0282#01 | p.88#06 | p.76r3c01 |
| 游 | 水+9 | 逰 汓 㳺 | yóu ㄧㄡˊ | Float, move in water. / Swimming. / Wade or swim across water. / Section of a waterway. / Waterway. / Fly around, circle. / Active, moving. / Float in the air. / Ethereal, unreal. / Praise, venerate. / Spread, hand down. / Walk. / Tour, visit. / Place travelled to. / Villa located in a garden. / Recreation. / Leasurely and contented. / Travel for the purposes of study or official employment. / Persuade (a ruler). / Send someone to persuade (a ruler). / Communication. / Hatching of silkworms. / Exercise, practice. / Unfurling of leaves. / Type of administrative area. | v3,p1684#08 | p.635#14 | p.813r4c02 |
| liú ㄌㄧㄡˊ | Tassels of a flag. | ||||||
| 合 | 口+3 | 閤 | hé gě ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄜˇ | combine, unite, join; gather | v1,p0581#01 | p.174#24 | p.249r1c02 |
| 則 | 刀+7 | 𠟻 𠟭 𠞋 𠟔 则 | zé ㄗㄜˊ | Method, rule. / Mimic, emulate. / Level, grade. / Adverb used to emphasize an assertion. / Adverb used to express scope: only. / Connective expressing continuation: then, and then. / Connective emphasizing comparison. / Connective expressing contrast. / Connective expressing allowance: yet, even so. / Connective expressing unexpected turn of events. / Connective expressing suppostion: if. | v1,p0340#06 | p.139#31 | p.183r5c05 |
| 更 | 曰+3 | 更 㪅 | gèng gēng ㄍㄥˋ ㄍㄥ | more, still further, much more | v1,p0020#02 | p.502#06 | p.649r5c02 |
| 慮 | 心+11 | 虑 | lǜ ㄌㄩˋ | be concerned, worry about | v4,p2342#02 | p.399#34 | p.542r6c01 |
| 矣 | 矢+2 | 𠤘 | yǐ ㄧˇ | Modal particle used to express declaration. / Modal particle used to express exclamation. / Modal particle used to express an order or request. | v4,p2580#04 | p.823#37 | p.955r5c01 |
| 豪 | 豕+7 | háo ㄏㄠˊ | brave, heroic, chivalrous | v6,p3615#10 | p.1197#02 | p.1264r3c01 | |
| 傑 | 人+10 | 杰 | jié ㄐㄧㄝˊ | hero; outstanding, remarkable | v1,p0204#05 | p.113#09 | p.121r2c07 |
| 務 | 力+9 | 务 | wù ㄨˋ | Do one's utmost. / Seek, aim for. / Things, circumstances. / Must, need to. | v4,p2765#09 | p.148#20 | p.197r5c01 |
| wǔ ㄨˇ | Bully. | ||||||
| mào ㄇㄠˋ | Cheat, mislead. | ||||||
| 學 | 子+13 | 𢻯 斈 学 | xué ㄒㄩㄝˊ | Study, learn. / Doctrine, teaching. / School of thought. / School, place of learning. / Account, state. | v2,p1019#11 | p.280#28 | p.403r3c05 |
| xiào ㄒㄧㄠˋ | Instruct, teach. | ||||||
| 詩 | 言+6 | 𧥳 诗 | shī ㄕ | poetry; poem, verse, ode | v6,p3961#05 | p.1157#15 | p.1242r5c03 |
| 書 | 曰+6 | 书 | shū ㄕㄨ | book, letter, document; writings | v2,p1509#09 | p.502#12 | p.650r3c02 |
| 隨 | 阜+13 | 𨼕 遀 追 随 | suí ㄙㄨㄟˊ | follow, listen to, submit; to accompany; subsequently, then | v6,p4156#17 | p.1361#04 | p.1434r1c01 |
| 從 | 彳+8 | 従 从 | cóng ㄘㄨㄥˊ | Follow, accompany. / Cause to follow, make go along with. / Pursue, chase after. / Die with, bury along with the dead. / Listen to, do as required. / Eloquent. / Obedient, submissive. / Route to peaceful society, correct order. / Perform, participate in. / Blood relation through the male line. / Secondary, sub- (of official titles). / Preposition: from. / Preposition: towards. / Preposition: because of, due to. / Addition, also. | v2,p0829#12 | p.368#18 | p.514r5c01 |
| zòng ㄗㄨㄥˋ | North-south. / Alliance of states opposed to the Qin alliance. / Straight, upright. / Indulge, allow to. / Connective: even if. | ||||||
| zōng ㄗㄨㄥ | Trace, vestige. | ||||||
| sǒng ㄙㄨㄥˇ | See 從容。 | ||||||
| 外 | 夕+2 | 𡖄 舀 | wài ㄨㄞˋ | out, outside, external; foreign | v2,p0860#01 | p.246#02 | p.336r4c02 |
| 權 | 木+18 | 権 权 | quán ㄑㄩㄢˊ | power, right, authority | v2,p1319#06 | p.563#19 | p.727r4c03 |
| 要 | 襾+3 | 𡢗 𦥼 𠾅 | yāo ㄧㄠ | Waist. / Wear around the waist. / Restrict, constrain. / Intercept. / Invite, call upon. / Coerce, threaten. / Seek. / Seek to gain trust and favour. / End, put a stop to. / Confirm, verify. | v4,p2805#08 | p.1128#16 | p.1226r2c01 |
| yào ㄧㄠˋ | The key, the main point. / The important. / Summarize. / Ultimately, in the end. / Need, require. / Will, shall. / Desire, wish. | ||||||
| yǎo ㄧㄠˇ | Same as 「騕」 yǎo ㄧㄠˇ: See "騕褭". | ||||||
| 靡 | 非+11 | 𪎓 | mǐ mí má méi mó ㄇㄧˇ ㄇㄧˊ ㄇㄚˊ ㄇㄟˊ ㄇㄛˊ | divide, disperse, scatter | v6,p4088#05 | p.1383#02 | p.1465r1c02 |
| 商 | 口+8 | 𡅟 𠾃 𡂦 𠿧 𡃬 𡄚 𠹧 𧶜 | shāng ㄕㄤ | commerce, business, trade | v1,p0288#06 | p.194#32 | p.278r1c03 |
| 賈 | 貝+6 | 贾 | jiǎ jià gǔ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄐㄧㄚˋ ㄍㄨˇ | surname; merchant; buy, trade | v6,p3637#07 | p.1208#10 | p.1275r1c01 |
| 技 | 手+4 | jì ㄐㄧˋ | skill, ability, talent, ingenuity | v3,p1834#04 | p.420#02 | p.562r3c01 | |
| 藝 | 艸+15 | 兿 秇 埶 蓺 艺 | yì ㄧˋ | art; talent, ability; craft | v5,p3317#12 | p.1065#34 | p.1175r1c01 |
| 皆 | 白+4 | jiē ㄐㄧㄝ | all, every, everybody | v4,p2647#01 | p.786#12 | p.735r5c01 | |
| 避 | 辵+13 | 辟 𨓶 𢕾 | bì ㄅㄧˋ | avoid; turn aside; escape; hide | v6,p3891#05 | p.1266#09 | p.1333r6c05 |
| 民 | 氏+1 | 𠘽 | mín ㄇㄧㄣˊ | people, subjects, citizens | v3,p2131#01 | p.598#01 | p.750r3c01 |
| 此 | 止+2 | cǐ ㄘˇ | This. / Like this. / Here. / Adverb: then. | v2,p1438#03 | p.574#10 | p.735r4c01 | |
| 教 | 攴+7 | 敎 | jiào jiāo ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄐㄧㄠ | teach, class | v2,p1459#09 | p.472#05 | |
| 粟 | 米+6 | 𥾄 𥸫 𥹟 𠧼 䅇 | sù ㄙㄨˋ | unhusked millet; grain | v5,p3146#17 | p.908#14 | p.1025r6c01 |
| 焉 | 火+7 | yān ㄧㄢ | Same as 「之(2)」 zhī ㄓ: Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Same as 「之(3)」 zhī ㄓ: Third person pronoun: him, her, it. / Demonstrative pronoun and modal particle: than this. / Interrogative pronoun: how, where. / Interrogative pronoun: what. / Connective: and, then. / Preposition: in. / Modal particle. / Adjectival or adverbal suffix. | v3,p2206#14 | p.672#21 | p.847r5c01 | |
| 得 | 彳+8 | 𢔶 䙷 𢔨 | dé ㄉㄜˊ | Get, obtain. / Plunder. / Covet. / Success. / Fitting, appropriate. / Compatible. / Satisfied, pleased. / Possible, can. / Same as 「德(1)」 dé ㄉㄜˊ: Morals, morality. / Same as 「德(3)」 dé ㄉㄜˊ: Reward kindness, thank. | v2,p0828#03 | p.367#31 | p.513r6c02 |
| 無 | 火+8 | 𣟒 𣚨 𠘩 无 橆 | wú ㄨˊ | (3.1) 副詞：表示否定，相當於「不」、「未」。 Adverb expressing negation: not. | v3,p2211#15 | p.673#26 | p.848r2c04 |
| 少 | 小+1 | shǎo shào ㄕㄠˇ ㄕㄠˋ | few, less, inadequate | v1,p0561#02 | p.296#20 | p.442r4c01 | |
| 兵 | 八+5 | 𠈯 𠡿 | bīng ㄅㄧㄥ | soldier, troops | v1,p0244#04 | p.127#10 | p.162r1c02 |
| 弱 | 弓+7 | ruò ㄖㄨㄛˋ | weak; fragile, delicate | v2,p0996#16 | p.358#24 | p.502r1c02 |
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