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《卷三 - Book 3》

English translation: W. P. Mei [?] Library Resources

尚同上 - Identification with the Superior I

English translation: W. P. Mei [?] Library Resources
1 尚同上:
子墨子言曰:“古者民始生,未有刑政之时,盖其语‘人异义’。是以一人则一义,二人则二义,十人则十义,其人兹众,其所谓义者亦兹众。是以人是其义,以非人之义,故文相非也。是以内者父子兄弟作怨恶,离散不能相和合。天下之百姓,皆以水火毒药相亏害,至有馀力不能以相劳,腐臭1馀财不以相分,隐匿良道不以相教,天下之乱,若禽兽然。
Identification with the Superior...:
Mozi said: In the beginning of human life, when there was yet no law and government, the custom was "everybody according to his own idea." Accordingly each man had his own idea, two men had two different ideas and ten men had ten different ideas -- the more people the more different notions. And everybody approved of his own view and disapproved the views of others, and so arose mutual disapproval among men. As a result, father and son and elder and younger brothers became enemies and were estranged from each other, since they were unable to reach any agreement. Everybody worked for the disadvantage of the others with water, fire, and poison. Surplus energy was not spent for mutual aid; surplus goods were allowed to rot without sharing; excellent teachings (Dao) were kept secret and not revealed. The disorder in the (human) world could be compared to that among birds and beasts.

1. 臭 : Originally read: "列". Corrected by 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

2 尚同上:
夫明宓天下之所以乱者,生于无政长。是故选天下之贤可者,立以为天子。天子立,以其力为未足,又选择天下之贤可者,置立之以为三公。天子三公既以立,以天下为博大,远国异土之民,是非利害之辩,不可一二而明知,故画分万国,立诸侯国君,诸侯国君既已立,以其力为未足,又选择其国之贤可者,置立之以为正长。
Identification with the Superior...:
Yet all this disorder was due to the want of a ruler. Therefore (Heaven) chose the virtuous in the world and crowned him emperor. Feeling the insufficiency of his capacity, the emperor chose the virtuous in the world and installed them as the three ministers. The emperor and the three ministers, seeing the vastness of the empire and the difficulty of attending to matters of right and wrong and profit and harm among peoples of far countries, divided the empire into feudal states and assigned them to feudal lords. Feeling the insufficiency of their capacity, the feudal lords, in turn, chose the virtuous of their states and appointed them as their officials.

3 尚同上:
正长既已具,天子发政于天下之百姓,言曰:‘闻善而不善,皆以告其上。上之所是,必皆是之,所非必皆非之,上有过则规谏之,下有善则傍荐之。上同而不下比者,此上之所赏,而下之所誉也。意若闻善而不善,不以告其上,上之所是,弗能是,上之所非,弗能非,上有过弗规谏,下有善弗傍荐,下比不能上同者,此上之所罚,而百姓所毁也。’上以此为赏罚,甚明察以审信。
Identification with the Superior...:
When the rulers were all installed, the emperor issued a mandate to all the people, saying: "Upon hearing good or evil one shall report it to a superior. What the superior thinks to be right all shall think to be right; what the superior thinks to be wrong all shall think to be wrong. When the superior is at fault there shall be good counsel, when the subordinates show virtue there shall be popular recommendation. To identify one's self with the superior and not to unite one's self with the subordinates - this is what deserves encouragement from above and praise from below." On the other hand, if upon hearing good or evil one should not report to a superior; if what the superior thought to be right one should not think to be right; if what the superior thought to be wrong one should not think to be wrong; if when the superior was at fault there should be no good counsel if when the subordinates showed virtue there should be no popular recommendation; if there should be common cause with subordinates and no identification with the superior - this is what deserves punishment from above and condemnation from below." The superior made this the basis of reward and punishment. He was clear-sighted and won his people's confidence.

4 尚同上:
是故里长者,里之仁人也。里长发政里之百姓,言曰:‘闻善而不善,必以告其乡长。乡长之所是,必皆是之,乡长之所非,必皆非之。去若不善言,学乡长之善言;去若不善行,学乡长之善行,则乡何说以乱哉?’察乡之所治者何也?乡长唯能壹同乡之义,是以乡治也。
Identification with the Superior...:
Now the head of the village was the most high-minded and tender-hearted man of the village. He notified the people of the village, saying: "Upon hearing good or evil you shall report it to the head of the district. What the head of the district thinks to be right, all shall think to be right. What he thinks to be wrong, all shall think to be wrong. Put away from your speech that which is not good and learn his good speech. Remove from your conduct that which is not good and learn his good conduct. How then can there be disorder in the district?" Now, how was order brought about in the district? There was order in the district because the head could unify the standards of the district.

5 尚同上:
乡长者,乡之仁人也。乡长发政乡之百姓,言曰:‘闻善而不善者,必以告国君。国君之所是,必皆是之,国君之所非,必皆非之。去若不善言,学国君之善言,去若不善行,学国君之善行,则国何说以乱哉。’察国之所以治者何也?国君唯能壹同国之义,是以国治也。
Identification with the Superior...:
The head of the district was the most high-minded and tender-hearted man of the district. He notified the people of the district, saying "Upon hearing good or evil you shall report it to the lord. What the lord thinks to be right all shall think to be right, what he thinks to be wrong all shall think to be wrong. Remove from your speech that which is not good and learn his good speech. Take away from your conduct that which is not good and learn his good conduct. How then can there be disorder in the state?" Now, how was order brought about in the feudal state? There was order in the state because the feudal lord could unify the standards in the state.

6 尚同上:
国君者,国之仁人也。国君发政国之百姓,言曰:‘闻善而不善。必以告天子。天子之所是,皆是之,天子之所非,皆非之。去若不善言,学天子之善言;去若不善行,学天子之善行,则天下何说以乱哉。’察天下之所以治者何也?天子唯能壹同天下之义,是以天下
1治也。
Identification with the Superior...:
The lord of the state was the most high-minded and tender-hearted man of the state. He notified the people of the state, saying: "Upon hearing good or evil you shall report it to the emperor. What the emperor thinks to be right all shall think to be right; what the emperor thinks to be wrong all shall think to be wrong. Take away from your speech that which is not good and learn his good speech. Remove from your conduct that which is not good and learn his good conduct. How then can there be disorder in the empire?" Now, how is order brought about in the empire? There was order in the empire because the emperor could unify the standards in the empire.

1. 以 : Deleted.

7 尚同上:
天下之百姓皆上同于天子,而不上同于天,则灾犹未去也。今若天飘风苦雨,溱溱而至者,此天之所以罚百姓之不上同于天者也。”
Identification with the Superior...:
If, however, the people all identify themselves with the Son of Heaven but not with Heaven itself, then the jungle is still unremoved. Now, the frequent visitations of hurricanes and torrents are just the punishments from Heaven upon the people for their not identifying their standards with the Will of Heaven.

8 尚同上:
是故子墨子言曰:“古者圣王为五刑,请以治其民。譬若丝缕之有纪,罔罟之有纲,所连收天下之百姓不尚同其上者也。”
Identification with the Superior...:
Therefore, Mozi said: The sage-kings of old devised the five punishments to rule the people in order to be able to lay hands on those who did not identify themselves with their superiors - a device of the same nature as threads are tied into skeins and a net is controlled by a main rope.

尚同中 - Identification with the Superior II

English translation: W. P. Mei [?] Library Resources
1 尚同中:
子墨子曰:“方今之时,复古之民始生,未有正长之时,盖其语曰‘天下之人异义’。是以一人一义,十人十义,百人百义,其人数兹众,其所谓义者亦兹众。是以人是其义,而非人之义,故相交非也。内之父子兄弟作怨雠,皆有离散之心,不能相和合。至乎舍馀力不以相劳,隐匿良道不以相教,腐臭馀财不以相分,天下之乱也,至如禽兽然,无君臣上下长幼之节,父子兄弟之礼,是以天下乱焉。
Identification with the Superior...:
Mozi said: As we look back to the time when there was yet no ruler, it seems the custom was "everybody in the world according to his own standard." Accordingly each man had his own standard, ten men had ten different standards, a hundred men had a hundred different standards - the more people the more standards. And everybody approved of his own view and disapproved those of others, and so arose mutual disapproval. Even father and son and brothers became enemies, since they were unable to reach any agreement. Surplus energy was not employed for mutual help; excellent teachings (Dao) were kept secret; surplus goods were allowed to rot without sharing. The disorder in the (human) world could be compared with that among birds and beasts. The lack of regulations governing the relationships between ruler and subject, between superior and subordinate, and between elder and younger; and the absence of rules governing the relationships between father and son and between older and younger brothers, resulted in disorder in the world.

2 尚同中:
明乎民之无正长以一同天下之义,而天下乱也。是故选择天下贤良圣知辩慧之人,立以为天子,使从事乎一同天下之义。天子既以立矣,以为唯其耳目之请,不能独一同天下之义,是故选择天下赞阅贤良圣知辩慧之人,置以为三公,与从事乎一同天下之义。天子三公既已立矣,以为天下博大,山林远土之民,不可得而一也,是故靡分天下,设以为万诸侯国君,使从事乎一同其国之义。国君既已立矣,又以为唯其耳目之请,不能一同其国之义,是故择其国之贤者,置以为左右将军大夫,以远至乎乡里之长与从事乎一同其国之义。
Identification with the Superior...:
Knowing the cause of the confusion to be in the absence of a ruler who could unify the standards in the world, (Heaven) chose the virtuous, sagacious, and wise in the world and crowned him emperor, charging him with the duty of unifying the wills in the empire. Having been crowned, the emperor, realizing the impossibility of unifying the world just by his own senses of hearing and sight, chose the understanding, virtuous, sagacious, and wise of the world and installed them as the three ministers, sharing with them the duty of unifying the standards in the empire. The emperor and the three ministers being in office, they felt the vastness of the empire and the difficulty of unifying all the peoples in mountains and woods and those far distant. Therefore they systematically divided up the empire, and appointed numerous feudal lords, charging these with the duty of unifying the standards in each state. The feudal lords in turn felt the difficulty of unifying the standards in their states just by their own senses of hearing and sight. Therefore they chose the virtuous of the state to be their ministers and secretaries and all the way down to the heads of districts and villages, sharing with them the duty of unifying the standards in the state.

3 尚同中:
天子诸侯之君,民之正长,既已定矣,天子为发政施教曰:‘凡闻见善者,必以告其上,闻见不善者,亦必以告其上。上之所是,必亦是之,上之所非,必亦非之,已有善傍荐之,上有过规谏之。尚同义其上,而毋有下比之心,上得则赏之,万民闻则誉之。意若闻见善,不以告其上,闻见不善,亦不以告其上,上之所是不能是,上之所非不能非,己有善不能傍荐之,上有过不能规谏之,下比而非其上者,上得则诛罚之,万民闻则非毁之’。故古者圣王之为刑政赏誉也,甚明察以审信。
Identification with the Superior...:
When the lords of the country and the heads of the people had been appointed, the emperor issued mandates, instructing the people: "Discovering good you must report it to your superior, discovering evil you must report it to your superior. What the superior thinks to be right all shall think to be right; what the superior thinks to be wrong all shall think to be wrong. When there is virtue among the people there shall be popular recommendation; when the superior is at fault there shall be good counsel. You shall identify yourself with the superior and not associate with your subordinates. So doing, one deserves encouragement from his superiors and praise from the people. "On the other hand, if upon discovering good you should not report it and upon discovering evil you should not report it; if you should not think to be right what the superior thinks to be right, and wrong what the superior thinks to be wrong; if there should be no recommendation when there is virtue among the people and no good counsel when the superior is at fault; and if you should unite with the subordinates but differ from the superior - you deserve heavy punishment from your superiors and condemnation from the people." Therefore the sage-kings of old were very judicious and faithful in their punishments and rewards.

4 尚同中:
是以举天下之人,皆欲得上之赏誉,而畏上之毁罚。是故里长顺天子政,而一同其里之义。里长既同其里之义,率其里之万民,以尚同乎乡长,曰:‘凡里之万民,皆尚同乎乡长,而不敢下比。乡长之所是,必亦是之,乡长之所非,必亦非之。去而不善言,学乡长之善言;去而不善行,学乡长之善行。乡长固乡之贤者也,举乡人以法乡长,夫乡何说而不治哉?’察乡长之所以治乡者何故之以也?曰唯以其能一同其乡之义,是以乡治。
Identification with the Superior...:
And so all the people aspired to the rewards and commendation from the superior and dreaded his condemnation and punishment. Thereupon, in accord with the policy of the emperor, the village head proceeded to unify the purposes in the village. Having accomplished this, he led the people of the village to identify themselves with the head of the district, saying: "All you people of the village are to identify yourselves with the head of the district, and are not to unite with the subordinates. What the head of the district thinks to be right all shall think to be right; what he thinks to be wrong all shall think to be wrong. Put away your evil speech and learn his good speech; put away your evil conduct and learn his good conduct. For the head of the district is naturally the (most) virtuous of the district. If all the people in the district follow the example of their head, how then can the district be disorderly?" Now, how is it that the head of the district was so successfuI in governing the district? It was just because he could unify the purposes of the whole district that the district was so orderly.

5 尚同中:
乡长治
1其乡,而乡既已治矣,有率其乡万民,以尚同乎国君,曰:‘凡乡之万民,皆上同乎国君,而不敢下比。国君之所是,必亦是之,国君之所非,必亦非之。去而不善言,学国君之善言;去而不善行,学国君之善行。国君固国之贤者也,举国人以法国君,夫国何说而不治哉?’察国君之所以治国,而国治者,何故之以也?曰唯以其能一同其国之义,是以国治。
Identification with the Superior...:
Having accomplished this he in turn led the people of his district to identify themselves with the feudal lord, saying: "All you people of the district shall identify yourselves with the lord of the state, and shall not unite with the subordinates. What the lord thinks to be right all shall think to be right; what he thinks to be wrong all shall think to be wrong. Put away your evil speech and learn his good speech; put away your evil conduct and learn his good conduct. For the lord of the state is naturally the (most) virtuous of the state. If all the people in the state follow the example of their lord, how then can the state be in disorder?" Now, why was the feudal lord so successful in governing the state? It was just because he could unify the purposes in the state that the state is orderly.

1. 乡长治 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

6 尚同中:
国君治其国,而
1既已治矣,有率其国之万民,以尚同乎天子,曰:‘凡国之万民上同乎天子,而不敢下比。天子之所是,必亦是之,天子之所非,必亦非之。去而不善言,学天子之善言;去而不善行,学天子之善行。天子者,固天下之仁人也,举天下之万民以法天子,夫天下何说而不治哉?’察天子之所以治天下者,何故之以也?曰唯以其能一同天下之义,是以天下治。
Identification with the Superior...:
Having accomplished this he in turn led the people of his state to identify themselves with the emperor, saying: "All you people of the state shall identify yourselves with the emperor and shall not unite with the subordinates. What the emperor thinks to be right all shall think to be right; what he thinks to be wrong all shall think to be wrong. Put away your evil speech and learn his good speech; put away your evil conduct and learn his good conduct. For the emperor is naturally the (most) high-minded and tender-hearted man of the empire. If all the people of the empire follow his example, how then can the state be disorderly?" Now, why was the emperor so successful in governing the empire? It was just because he could unify the purposes in the empire that the empire is orderly.

1. 国 : Inserted.

7 尚同中:
夫既尚同乎天子,而未上同乎天者,则天灾将犹未止也。故当若天降寒热不节,雪霜雨露不时,五谷不孰,六畜不遂,疾灾戾疫、飘风苦雨,荐臻而至者,此天之降罚也,将以罚下人之不尚同乎天者也。故古者圣王,明天鬼之所欲,而避天鬼之所憎,以求兴天下之利,除天下之害。是以率天下之万民,齐戒沐浴,洁为酒醴粢盛,以祭祀天鬼。其事鬼神也,酒醴粢盛不敢不蠲洁,牺牲不敢不腯肥,圭璧币帛不敢不中度量,春秋祭祀不敢失时几,听狱不敢不中,分财不敢不均,居处不敢怠慢。曰其为正长若此,是故
天鬼之福可得也。万民之所便利而能强从事焉,则万民之亲可得也。其为政若此,是以谋事,举事成,入守固,
1
上者天鬼有厚乎其为政长也,下者万民有便利乎其为政长也。天鬼之所深厚而强从事焉,则
2出诛胜者,何故之以也?曰唯以尚同为政者也。故古者圣王之为政若此。”
Identification with the Superior...:
But to carry the process of identification with the superior up to the Son of Heaven and not further up to Heaven itself -- then the jungle from Heaven is yet unremoved. Thereupon Heaven would send down cold and heat without moderation, and snow, frost, rain, and dew untimely. As a result, the five grains could not ripen and the six animals could not mature; and there would be disease, epidemics, and pestilence. Now the repeated visitations of hurricanes and torrents are just punishments from Heaven - punishments to the people below for not identifying themselves with it. Therefore the sage-kings of old appreciated what Heaven and the spirits desire and avoided what they abominate, in order to increase benefits and to avoid calamities in the world. With purification and baths and clean wine and cakes they led the people to make sacrifice and libation to Heaven and the spirits. In such services to the spirits they dared not use wine and cakes that were unclean, sacrificial animals that were not fat, or jade and silk that did not satisfy the standard requirements. The proper time for the spring and autumn sacrifices they dared not miss. Judging lawsuits, they dared not be unjust. Distributing properties, they dared not be unfair. Even when at leisure they dared not be disrespectful. When the sage-kings made such (good) rulers, Heaven and the spirits commended their leadership from above, and the people cherished it from below. To work under the hearty approval of Heaven and the spirits is to obtain their blessings. To work under the appreciation of the people is to obtain their confidence. Administering the government like this, consequently they would succeed in planning, accomplish their ends in executing, be strong in defence and victorious in attack. And the reason for all this lies in their employing the principle of Identification with the Superior in government. And this is how the sage-kings of old administered their government.

1. 天鬼之福可得也。万民之所便利而能强从事焉,则万民之亲可得也。其为政若此,是以谋事,举事成,入守固, : Moved here from entry 8. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
2. 上者天鬼有厚乎其为政长也,下者万民有便利乎其为政长也。天鬼之所深厚而强从事焉,则 : Moved here from entry 8. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

8 尚同中:
今天下之人曰:“方今之时,
天鬼之福可得也。万民之所便利而能强从事焉,则万民之亲可得也。其为政若此,是以谋事,举事成,入守固,
1
上者天鬼有厚乎其为政长也,下者万民有便利乎其为政长也。天鬼之所深厚而强从事焉,则
2天下之正长犹未废乎天下也,而天下之所以乱者,何故之以也?”子墨子曰:“方今之时之以正长,则本与古者异矣,譬之若有苗之以五刑然。昔者圣王制为五刑,以治天下,逮至有苗之制五刑,以乱天下。则此岂刑不善哉?用刑则不善也。是以先王之书吕刑之道曰:‘苗民否用练折则刑,唯作五杀之刑,曰法。’则此言善用刑者以治民,不善用刑者以为五杀,则此岂刑不善哉?用刑则不善。故遂以为五杀。是以先王之书术令之道曰:‘唯口出好兴戎。’则此言善用口者出好,不善用口者以为谗贼寇戎。则此岂口不善哉?用口则不善也,故遂以为谗贼寇戎。
Identification with the Superior...:
People might then ask: At the present time rulers are not absent from the empire, why then is there disorder in the empire? Mozi said: The political leaders of the present day are quite different from those of old. The case is parallel to that of the Five Punishments with the Prince of Miao. In ancient times, the sage-kings made the code of the Five Punishments and put the empire in order. But when the Prince of Miao established the Five Punishments they unsettled his empire. Can it be that the Punishments are at fault? Really the fault lies in their application. The "Penal Code of Lu" among the books of the ancient kings, says: "Among the people of Miao punishments were applied without employing instruction and admonition. They made a code of five tortures and called it law." This is to say, those who know how to apply punishments can govern the people with them. And those who do not know, make five tortures out of them. Can it be that the punishments are at fault? Only, when their application is not to the point do they become five tortures. And, also, "Shu Ling", among the books of the ancient kings, says: "The same mouth can produce friendship or produce war." This is to say that he who can use the mouth well will produce friendship, and he who cannot will stir up the enemies and the besieging barbarians. Can it be that the mouth is at fault? The fault really lies in its use which stirs up the enemies and the besieging barbarians.

1. 天鬼之福可得也。万民之所便利而能强从事焉,则万民之亲可得也。其为政若此,是以谋事,举事成,入守固, : Moved to entry 7. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
2. 上者天鬼有厚乎其为政长也,下者万民有便利乎其为政长也。天鬼之所深厚而强从事焉,则 : Moved to entry 7. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

9 尚同中:
故古者之置正长也,将以治民也,譬之若丝缕之有纪,而罔罟之有纲也,将以运役天下淫暴,而一同其义也。是以先王之书,《相年》之道曰:“夫建国设都,乃作后王君公,否用泰也,轻大夫师长,否用佚也,维辩使治天均。”则此语古者上帝鬼神之建设国都,立正长也,非高其爵,厚其禄,富贵佚而错之也,将以为万民兴利除害,富贵贫寡,安危治乱也。故古者圣王之为若此。
Identification with the Superior...:
Hence the installing of the ruler in the ancient days was intended to govern the people. Just as there is one thread to hold together the others in a skein and a main rope to a fishing net, so the ruler is to hold together all the evil and wicked in the empire and bring their purposes into harmony (with their superiors). Thus "Xiang Nian", among the books of the ancient kings, says: "Now the empire is established and the capital is located: (Heaven) installed the emperor, kings, and lords not in order to make them proud, and (Heaven) appointed the ministers and the officials not in order to make them idle - it was to apportion duties among them and charge them with the maintenance of the Heavenly justice." This is to say that when God and the spirits in the past established the capital and installed the rulers, it was not to make their ranks high, and their emoluments substantial, and to give them wealth and honour, and let them live in comfort and free of care. It was really to procure benefits and eliminate adversities for the people, and to enrich the poor and increase the few, and to bring safety where there is danger and to restore order where there is confusion - it was for this that the political leaders were appointed. And so the ancient sage-kings administered their government accordingly.

10 尚同中:
今王公大人之为刑政则反此。政以为便譬,宗于父兄故旧,以为左右,置以为正长。民知上置正长之非正以治民也,是以皆比周隐匿,而莫肯尚同其上。是故上下不同义。若苟上下不同义,赏誉不足以劝善,而刑罚不足以沮暴。何以知其然也?
Identification with the Superior...:
The lords at the present, however, do just the reverse. Administration is carried on to court flattery. Fathers and brothers and other relatives and friends are placed at the right and left and appointed rulers of the people. Knowing that the superior appointed the rulers not for the welfare of the people, the people all kept aloof and would not identify themselves with the superior. Therefore purposes of the superior and the subordinates are not unified. This being so, rewards and commendations would not encourage the people to do good, and punishments and fines would not restrain them from doing evil. How do we know this would be so?

11 尚同中:
曰:上唯毋立而为政乎国家,为民正长,曰:“人可赏吾,将赏之。”若苟上下不同义,上之所赏,则众之所非,曰人众与处,于众得非。则是虽使得上之赏,未足以劝乎!上唯毋立而为政乎国家,为民正长,曰:“人可罚,吾将罚之。”若苟上下不同义,上之所罚,则众之所誉。曰人众与处,于众得誉,则是虽使得上之罚,未足以沮乎!若立而为政乎国家,为民正长,赏誉不足以劝善,而刑罚不可以沮暴,则是不与乡吾本言“民始生未有正长之时”同乎!若有正长与无正长之时同,则此非所以治民一众之道。
Identification with the Superior...:
In governing the country, the ruler proclaims "Whoever deserves reward I will reward." Suppose the purposes of the superior and the subordinates are different,whoever is rewarded by the superior would be condemned by the public. And in community life the condemnation of the public is supreme. Though there is reward from the superior, it will not be an encouragement. In governing the country, again, the ruler proclaims: "Whoever deserves punishment I will punish." Suppose the purposes of the superior and the subordinates are different, whoever is punished by the superior would be applauded by the public. And in community life the approval of the public is supreme. Though there is punishment from the superior, it will not be an obstruction. Now, in governing the country and ruling the people, if rewards cannot encourage the people to do good and punishments cannot restrain them from doing evil, is this not just the same as in the beginning of human life when there were no rulers? If it is the same with rulers or without them, it is not the way to govern the people and unify the multitude.

12 尚同中:
故古者圣王唯而
1以尚同,以为正长,是
2上下情请为通。上有隐事遗利,下得而利之;下有蓄怨积害,上得而除之。是以数千万里之外,有为善者,其室人未遍知,乡里未遍闻,天子得而赏之。数千万里之外,有为不善者,其室人未遍知,乡里未遍闻,天子得而罚之。是以举天下之人皆恐惧振动惕栗,不敢为淫暴,曰:“天子之视听也神。”先王之言曰:“非神也,夫唯能使人之耳目助己视听,使人之吻助己言谈,使人之心助己思虑,使人之股肱助己动作”。助之视听者众,则其所闻见者远矣;助之言谈者众,则其德音之所抚循者博矣;助之思虑者众,则其谈谋度速得矣;助之动作者众,即其举事速成矣。故古者圣人之所以济事成功,垂名于后世者,无他故异物焉,曰唯能以尚同为政者也。
Identification with the Superior...:
As the ancient sage-kings could observe the principle of Identification with the Superior, when they became rulers the purposes of the superior and the subordinates became interchangeable. If the superior reserved for himself special facilities the subordinates could share them. If the people had any unrighted wrongs or accumulated injuries, the superior would remove them. Therefore, if there was a virtuous man thousands of li away, though his clansmen did not all know it (the fact) and people in the same district did not all know it, the emperor could reward him. And if there was an evil man thousands of li away, though his clansmen did not all know it (the fact) and people in the same village did not all know it, the emperor could punish him. Thereupon all the people in the world were astonished, and carefully avoided doing evil, saying: "The emperor is like a spirit in his hearing and sight." But the ancient kings said: "It was no spirit but only the ability to make use of others' ears and eyes to help one's own hearing and sight, to make use of others' lips to help one's own speech, to make use of others' minds to help one's own thought, to make use of others' limbs to help one's own actions." When there are many to help one's hearing and sight then of course one can hear and see far; when there are many to help one's speech then one's good counsel can comfort many; when there are many to help one's thought then one's plans can be shaped speedily; when there are many to help one's actions then one can accomplish one's undertaking quickly. So there was no other reason for the success and great fame of the ancient sages than that they could carry out the principle of Identification with the Superior in their administration.

1. 审 : Inserted.
2. 故 : Inserted.

13 尚同中:
是以先王之书《周颂》之道之曰:“载来见彼王,聿求厥章。”则此语古者国君诸侯之以春秋来朝聘天子之廷,受天子之严教,退而治国,政之所加,莫敢不宾。当此之时,本无有敢纷天子之教者。《》曰:“我马维骆,六辔沃若,载驰载驱,周爰咨度。”又曰:“我马维骐,六辔若丝,载驰载驱,周爰咨谋。”即此语也。古者国君诸侯之闻见善与不善也,皆驰驱以告天子,是以赏当贤,罚当暴,不杀不辜,不失有罪,则此尚同之功也。”
Identification with the Superior...:
One of the "Eulogies of Zhou" among the works of the ancient kings says: "They came to see his Majesty. Daily they sought the code of propriety." This describes how in times of old, the feudal lords came to the emperor's court both spring and autumn to receive strict instructions from the emperor and ruled their states accordingly when they returned; and there was none among those who came under such an administration that dared not submit completely. And, at that time, none dared to confuse the instructions from the emperor. And thus runs an Ode: "My team is of white horses with black manes. The six reins look luxuriant. They trot and gallop. The considerations (of the emperor) are all-inclusive." Further: "My team is of dark grey horses. The six reins look like silk. They trot and gallop. The plans (of the emperor) are all-inclusive." This is to say that upon discovering either good or evil the ancient feudal lords always hurriedly drove to the emperor and reported it to him. Therefore rewards fell upon the virtuous and punishment upon the wicked. The innocent was not prosecuted and the guilty was not set free. And all this is the result of practising the principle of Identification with the Superior.

14 尚同中:
是故子墨子曰:“今天下之王公大人士君子,请将欲富其国家,众其人民,治其刑政,定其社稷,当若尚同之不可不察,此之本也。”
Identification with the Superior...:
Therefore, Mozi said: Now, if the rulers and the gentlemen of the world sincerely desire to enrich their country and multiply their people, and to put the government and jurisdiction in order and stabilize the state - if so, then they cannot afford to fail to understand the principle of Identification with the Superior, which is the foundation of government.

尚同下 - Identification with the Superior III

English translation: W. P. Mei [?] Library Resources
1 尚同下:
子墨子言曰:“知者之事,必计国家百姓所以治者而为之,必计国家百姓之所以乱者而辟之。然计国家百姓之所以治者何也?上之为政,得下之情则治,不得下之情则乱。何以知其然也?上之为政,得下之情,则是明于民之1善非也。若苟2明于民之善非也,则得善人而赏之,得暴人而罚之也。善人赏而暴人罚,则国必治。上之为政也,不得下之情,则是不明于民之善非也。若苟不明于民之善非,则是不得善人而赏之,不得暴人而罚之。善人不赏而暴人不罚,为政若此,国众必乱。故赏不得下之情,而不可不察者也。”
Identification with the Superior...:
Mozi said: The interest of the wise (ruler) lies in carrying out what makes for order among the people and avoiding what makes for confusion. But what is it that makes for order among the people? When the administration of the ruler answers to the desires of the people there will be order, otherwise there will be confusion. How do we know it is so? When the administration of the ruler answers to the desires of the subjects, it manifests an understanding of the approvals and disapprovals of the people. When there is such an understanding, the good will be discovered and rewarded and the bad will be discovered and punished, and the country will surely have order. When the administration of the ruler does not answer to the desires of the subjects, it shows a lack of understanding of the approvals and disapprovals of the subjects. When there is no such understanding then the good wiII not be discovered and rewarded and the bad will not be discovered and punished. With the good unrewarded and the evil unpunished, such a government will surely put the country into disorder. Therefore when rewards and punishments do not answer to the desires of the people, the matter has to be carefully looked into.

1. 于民之 : Originally read: "民于".
2. 若苟 : Originally read: "苟若". Corrected by 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

2 尚同下:
然计得下之情将柰何可?故子墨子曰:“唯能以尚同一义为政,然后可矣。何以知尚同一义之可而为政于天下也?然胡不审稽古之治为政之说乎。古者,天之始生民,未有正长也,百姓为人。若苟百姓为人,是一人一义,十人十义,百人百义,千人千义,逮至人之众不可胜计也,则其所谓义者,亦不可胜计。此皆是其义,而非人之义,是以厚者有斗,而薄者有争。是故天下之欲同一天下之义也,是故选择贤者,立为天子。天子以其知力为未足独治天下,是以选择其次立为三公。三公又以其知力为未足独左右天子也,是以分国建诸侯。诸侯又以其知力为未足独治其四境之内也,是以选择其次立为卿之宰。卿之宰又以其知力为未足独左右其君也,是以选择其次立而为乡长家君。是故古者天子之立三公、诸侯、卿之宰、乡长家君,非特富贵游佚而择之也,将使助治乱刑政也。故古者建国设都,乃立后王君公,奉以卿士师长,此非欲用说也,唯辩而使助治天
1明也。
Identification with the Superior...:
But how can the desires of the people (being so many and various) be met? Therefore Mozi said: It can be done only by adopting the principle of Identification with the Superior in government. How do we know the principle of Identification with the Superior can govern the empire? Why not then examine the administration and the theory of government of the ancient times? In the beginning there was no ruler and everybody was independent. Since every one was independent, there would be one purpose when there was one man, ten purposes when there were ten men, a hundred purposes when there were a hundred men, a thousand purposes when there were a thousand men and so on until the number of men became innumerable and the number of different purposes became innumerable with it. And all of them approved their own ideas and disapproved those of others. And there was strife among the strong and struggle among the weak. Thereupon Heaven wished to unify the standards in the world. The virtuous was selected and made emperor. Conscious of the insufficiency of his power alone to govern the empire, the emperor chose the next best (in virtue and wisdom) and honoured them to be the three ministers. Conscious of the insufficiency of their powers alone to assist the emperor, the three ministers in turn divided the empire into feudal states and assigned them to feudal lords. Conscious of the insufficiency of his power alone to govern all that were within his four borders, the feudal lord in turn selected his next best and commissioned them ministers and secretaries. Conscious of the insufficiency of their power alone to assist their feudal lord, the ministers and secretaries again selected their next best and appointed them district heads and clan patriarchs. Therefore, in appointing the three ministers, the feudal lords, the ministers and secretaries, and the district heads and clan patriarchs, the emperor was not selecting them for wealth and honour, leisure and ease. It was to employ them to help in administration and jurisdiction. Hence, when Heaven established the empire and located the capital and commissioned the sovereign, kings, lords, and dukes, and appointed secretaries, scholars, professors, and elders - it was not to give them ease, but only to divide up the task and let them help carry out the light of Heaven.

1. 助 : Deleted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

3 尚同下:
今此何为人上而不能治其下,为人下而不能事其上,则是上下相贼也,何故以然?则义不同也。若苟义不同者有党,上以若人为善,将赏之,若人唯使得上之赏,而辟百姓之毁,是以为善者,必未可使劝,见有赏也。上以若人为暴,将罚之,若人唯使得上之罚,而怀百姓之誉,是以为暴者,必未可使沮,见有罚也。故计上之赏誉,不足以劝善,计其毁罚,不足以沮暴。此何故以然?
则义不同也。
1
Identification with the Superior...:
Why are the superiors now unable to govern their subordinates, and the subordinates unwilling to serve their superiors? It is because of a mutual disregard. What is the reason for this? The reason is a difference in standards. Whenever standards differ there will be opposition. The ruler may think a man good and reward him. The man, though rewarded by the ruler, yet by the same act provokes the condemnation of the people. Therefore those who do good are not necessarily encouraged by rewards. The ruler may think a man evil and punish him. This man, though punished by the ruler, yet at the same time receives the approval of the people. Therefore those who do evil are not necessarily obstructed by punishments. Thus reward and honour from the ruler cannot encourage the good and his denunciation and punishment cannot prevent the evil. What is the reason for this? The reason is a difference in standards.

1. 则义不同也。 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

4 尚同下:
1则欲同一天下之义,将柰何可?故子墨子言曰:“然胡不赏使家君试用家君,发宪布令其家,曰:‘若见爱利家者,必以告,若见恶贼家者,亦必以告。若见爱利家以告,亦犹爱利家者也,上得且赏之,众闻则誉之,若见恶贼家不以告,亦犹恶贼家者也,上得且罚之,众闻则非之。’是以遍若家之人,皆欲得其长上之赏誉,辟其毁罚。是以善言之,
不善言之,
2家君得善人而赏之,得暴人而罚之。善人之赏,而暴人之罚,则家必治矣。然计若家之所以治者何也?唯以尚同一义为政故也。
Identification with the Superior...:
But how can the standards in the world be unified? Mozi said: Why not let each member of the clan organize his purposes and identify them with those of the patriarch? And let the patriarch give laws and proclaim to the clan: "Whoever discovers a benefactor to the clan shall report it; whoever discovers a malefactor to the clan shall report it. Whoever reports the benefactor of the clan upon seeing one is equivalent to benefiting the clan himself. Knowing him the superior will reward him, hearing of him the group will praise him. Whoever fails to report a malefactor of the clan upon seeing one is equivalent to doing evil to the clan himself. Knowing him the superior will punish him, hearing of him the group will condemn him." Thereupon all the members of the clan wish to obtain reward and honor and avoid denunciation and punishment from their superior. Seeing the good they will report; seeing the evil they will report. And the patriarch can reward the good and punish the evil. With the good rewarded and the evil punished, the clan will surely have order. Now, why is it that the clan becomes orderly? Just because the administration is based on the principle of Identification with the Superior.

1. 然 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
2. 不善言之, : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

5 尚同下:
家既已治,国之道尽此已邪?则未也。国之为家数也甚多,此皆是其家,而非人之家,是以厚者有乱,而薄者有争,故又使家君总其家之
1,以尚同于国君。国君亦为发宪布令于国之众,曰:‘若见爱利国者,必以告,若见恶贼国者,亦必以告。若见爱利国以告者,亦犹爱利国者也,上得且赏之,众闻则誉之,若见恶贼国不以告者,亦犹恶贼国者也,上得且罚之,众闻则非之。’是以遍若国之人,皆欲得其长上之赏誉,避其毁罚。是以民见善者言之,见不善者言之,国君得善人而赏之,得暴人而罚之。善人赏而暴人罚,则国必治矣。然计若国之所以治者何也?唯能以尚同一义为政故也。
Identification with the Superior...:
Now that the clan is in order, is that all there is of the way of governing the feudal state? By no means. The state is composed of many clans. They all like their own clan and dislike other clans. And there is strife among the strong and struggle among the weak. Therefore the clan patriarchs should again organize the purposes in the clan and identify them with those of the feudal lord. The feudal lord also should give laws and should proclaim to the state: "Whoever discovers a benefactor of the state shall report it; whoever discovers a malefactor of the state shall report it. Whoever reports a benefactor of the state upon seeing one is equivalent to benefiting the state himself. Knowing him the superior will reward him, hearing of him the people will praise him. Whoever fails to report a malefactor of the state upon seeing one is equivalent to doing evil to the state himself. Knowing him the superior will punish him, hearing of him the people will condemn him." Thereupon all people in the state wish to obtain reward and honour and avoid denunciation and punishment from their superior. Seeing the good they will report, seeing the evil they will report. And the feudal lord can reward the good and punish the evil. With the good rewarded and the evil punished, the feudal state will surely have order. Now, why is it that the state becomes orderly? Just because the administration is based on the principle of Identification with the Superior.

1. 义 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

6 尚同下:
国既已治矣,天下之道尽此已邪?则未也。天下之为国数也甚多,此皆是其国,而非人之国,是以厚者有战,而薄者有争。故又使国君选其国之义,以尚同于天子。天子亦为发宪布令于天下之众,曰:‘若见爱利天下者,必以告,若见恶贼天下者,亦以告。若见爱利天下以告者,亦犹爱利天下者也,上得则赏之,众闻则誉之。若见恶贼天下不以告者,亦犹恶贼天下者也,上得且罚之,众闻则非之。’是以遍天下之人,皆欲得其长上之赏誉,避其毁罚,是以见善不善者告之。天子得善人而赏之,得暴人而罚之,善人赏而暴人罚
1,天下必治矣。然计天下之所以治者何也?唯而以尚同一义为政故也。
Identification with the Superior...:
Now that the feudal state is in order, is that all there is to the way of governing the empire? By no means. The empire is composed of many states. They all like their own state and dislike other states. And there is strife among the strong and struggle among the weak. Therefore the feudal lord should again organize the purposes in the state and identify them with those of the emperor. The emperor also should give laws and should proclaim to the empire: "Whoever discovers a benefactor of the empire shall report it; whoever discovers a malefactor of the empire shall report it. Whoever reports a benefactor of the empire upon seeing one is equivalent to benefiting the state himself. Knowing him the superior will reward him, hearing of him the people will praise him. Whoever fails to report a malefactor upon seeing one is equivalent to doing evil to the empire himself. Knowing him the superior will punish him, hearing of him the people will condemn him." Thereupon all the people in the empire will wish to obtain reward and honour and avoid denunciation and punishment from their emperor. Seeing the good and the evil they will report. And the emperor can reward the good and punish the evil. With the good rewarded and the evil punished, the empire will surely have order. Now why is it that the empire becomes orderly? Just because the administration is based on the principle of Identification with the Superior.

1. 之 : Deleted.

7 尚同下:
天下既已治,天子又总天下之义,以尚同于天。故当尚同之为说也,尚用之天子,可以治天下矣;中用之诸侯,可而治其国矣;小用之家君,可用而治其家矣。是故大用之,治天下不窕,小用之,治一国一家而不横者,若道之谓也。”
Identification with the Superior...:
Now that the empire becomes orderly, the emperor will further organize the purposes in the empire and identify them with the Will of Heaven. Therefore Identification with the Superior as a principle can govern the empire when used by the emperor, it can govern the state when used by the feudal lord, and it can govern the clan when used by the clan patriarch. To be found not wanting when used on a large scale to govern the empire, and not useless when employed on a small scale to govern a clan - this is said of such a principle.

8 尚同下:
故曰治天下之国若治一家,使天下之民若使一夫。意独子墨子有此,而先王无此其有邪?则亦然也。圣王皆以尚同为政,故天下治。何以知其然也?于先王之书也大誓之言然,曰:“小人见奸巧乃闻,不言也,发罪钧。”此言见淫辟不以告者,其罪亦犹淫辟者也。
Identification with the Superior...:
Hence the proverb: "To govern the world-empire is the same as to rule a single family clan; to command all the people in the world is the same as to order a single individual." Does any one think that all this is just a fancy of Mozi, and that this teaching did not exist among the sage-kings of old? Really they were of the same opinion. All the sage-kings administered their government by the principle of Identification with the Superior, therefore the world became orderly. How do we know it is so? It is recorded in the "Grand Oath" among the books of the ancient kings: "If an unscrupulous man discovers a case of intrigue and deception and fails to make it known, he shall be punished equally." This is to say that whoever discovers any crime and does not report it will be taken as committing a crime of the same order.

9 尚同下:
故古之圣王治天下也,其所差论,以自左右羽翼者皆良,外为之人,助之视听者众。故与人谋事,先人得之;与人举事,先人成之;光1誉令闻,先人发之。唯信身而从事,故利若此。古者有语焉,曰:“一目
2视也,不若二目之视也。一耳之听也,不若二耳之听也。一手之操也,不若二手
3强也。”夫唯能信身而从事,故利若此。是故古之圣王之治天下也,千里之外有贤人焉,其乡里之人皆未之均闻见也,圣王得而赏之。千里之内有暴人焉,其乡里未之均
4见也,圣王得而罚之。故唯毋以圣王为聪耳明目与?岂能一视而通见千里之外哉!一听而通闻千里之外哉!圣王不往而视也,不就而听也。然而使天下之为寇乱盗贼者,周流天下无所重足者,何也?其以尚同为政善也。
Identification with the Superior...:
Therefore in governing the empire, the ancient sage-kings chose only the excellent for the outposts as well as for the offices near him. As there were many to help him see and bear, be succeeded before others in planning, and completed before others in executing, and his good name was spread before others. Just because he could trust his staff in the administration, the benefits were as we have stated. There is an ancient proverb saying: "The sight of one eye cannot compare with that of two, the hearing of one ear cannot compare with that of two, the grasp of one hand cannot compare with that of two." Now, just because he could trust his staff in the administration the sage-king received such benefits. Therefore during the reign of the ancient sage-king over the empire, if there was a virtuous man more than a thousand li away he could reward him before the people in the same district and village all got to know it. And if there was a wicked man about a thousand li away he could punish him before the people in the same district and village all got to know it. Though it may be supposed that the sage-king was keen in hearing and sight, how could he see all that is beyond a thousand li at one look, how could he hear all that is beyond a thousand li at one hearing? In fact the sage-king could see without going there and hear without being near. Yet what kept the thieves, robbers, bandits, and highwaymen moving all over the empire without being able to find refuge anywhere? There is the beauty of adopting the principle of Identification with the Superior in government.

1. 光 : Originally read: "先之". Corrected by 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
2. 之 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
3. 之 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
4. 闻 : Inserted.

10 尚同下:
是故子墨子曰:“凡使民尚同者,爱民不疾,民无可使,曰必疾爱而使之,致信而持之,富贵以道其前,明罚以率其后。为政若此,唯欲毋与我同,将不可得也。”
Identification with the Superior...:
Therefore Mozi said: Whoever orders his people to identify themselves with their superior must love them dearly. For the people will not obey orders except when they are ordered with love and held in confidence. Lead them with wealth and honour ahead, and push them with just punishments from behind. When government is carried on like this, even though I wanted to have some one not to identify himself with me, it would be impossible.

11 尚同下:
是以子墨子曰:“今天下王公大人士君子,中情将欲为仁义,求为
1士,上欲中圣
2之道,下欲中国家百姓之利,故当尚同之说,而不
可不
3察尚同为政之本,而治要也。”
Identification with the Superior...:
Therefore Mozi said: If the kings, dukes, and important personages of the world now sincerely want to practise magnanimity and righteousness and be superior men, if they want to attain the way of the sage-kings on the one hand and contribute toward the benefit of the people on the other, they cannot leave the principle of Identification with the Superior unexamined and un-understood. Identification with the Superior is, indeed, the foundation of government and essence of orderliness.

1. 上 : Inserted.
2. 王 : Inserted.
3. 可不 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》

URN: ctp:mozi/book-3