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先秦兩漢 - Pre-Qin and Han

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儒家 - Confucianism

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論語 - The Analects

[Spring and Autumn - Warring States] 480 BC-350 BC English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《論語》 Library Resources
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[Also known as: "The Analects of Confucius", "The Confucian Analects"]

雍也 - Yong Ye

English translation: James Legge [?] Library Resources
30 雍也:
子貢曰:「如有博施於民而能濟眾,何如?可謂仁乎?」子曰:「何事於仁,必也乎!堯舜其猶病諸!夫仁者,己欲立而立人,己欲達而達人。能近取譬,可謂仁之方也已。」
Yong Ye:
Zi Gong said, "Suppose the case of a man extensively conferring benefits on the people, and able to assist all, what would you say of him? Might he be called perfectly virtuous?" The Master said, "Why speak only of virtue in connection with him? Must he not have the qualities of a sage? Even Yao and Shun were still solicitous about this. Now the man of perfect virtue, wishing to be established himself, seeks also to establish others; wishing to be enlarged himself, he seeks also to enlarge others. To be able to judge of others by what is nigh in ourselves - this may be called the art of virtue."

述而 - Shu Er

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《述而》 Library Resources
26 述而:
子曰:「人,吾不得而見之矣;得見君子者,斯可矣。」子曰:「善人,吾不得而見之矣;得見有恆者,斯可矣。亡而為有,虛而為盈,約而為泰,難乎有恆矣。」
Shu Er:
The Master said, "A sage it is not mine to see; could I see a man of real talent and virtue, that would satisfy me." The Master said, "A good man it is not mine to see; could I see a man possessed of constancy, that would satisfy me. Having not and yet affecting to have, empty and yet affecting to be full, straitened and yet affecting to be at ease - it is difficult with such characteristics to have constancy."

34 述而:
子曰:「若與仁,則吾豈敢?抑為之不厭,誨人不倦,則可謂云爾已矣。」公西華曰:「正唯弟子不能學也。」
Shu Er:
The Master said, "The sage and the man of perfect virtue - how dare I rank myself with them? That I strive to become such without satiety, and teach others without weariness - this much can be said of me." Gong Xi Hua said, "This is just what we, the disciples, cannot imitate you in."

子罕 - Zi Han

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《子罕》 Library Resources
6 子罕:
大宰問於子貢曰:「夫子者與?何其多能也?」子貢曰:「固天縱之將,又多能也。」子聞之,曰:「大宰知我乎!吾少也賤,故多能鄙事。君子多乎哉?不多也。」
Zi Han:
A high officer asked Zi Gong, saying, "May we not say that your Master is a sage? How various is his ability!" Zi Gong said, "Certainly Heaven has endowed him unlimitedly. He is about a sage. And, moreover, his ability is various." The Master heard of the conversation and said, "Does the high officer know me? When I was young, my condition was low, and therefore I acquired my ability in many things, but they were mean matters. Must the superior man have such variety of ability? He does not need variety of ability."

季氏 - Ji Shi

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《季氏》 Library Resources
8 季氏:
孔子曰:「君子有三畏:畏天命,畏大人,畏人之言。小人不知天命而不畏也,狎大人,侮人之言。」
Ji Shi:
Confucius said, "There are three things of which the superior man stands in awe. He stands in awe of the ordinances of Heaven. He stands in awe of great men. He stands in awe of the words of sages. The mean man does not know the ordinances of Heaven, and consequently does not stand in awe of them. He is disrespectful to great men. He makes sport of the words of sages."

子張 - Zi Zhang

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《子張》 Library Resources
12 子張:
子游曰:「子夏之門人小子,當洒掃、應對、進退,則可矣。抑末也,本之則無。如之何?」子夏聞之曰:「噫!言游過矣!君子之道,孰先傳焉?孰後倦焉?譬諸草木,區以別矣。君子之道,焉可誣也?有始有卒者,其惟人乎!」
Zi Zhang:
Zi You said, "The disciples and followers of Zi Xia, in sprinkling and sweeping the ground, in answering and replying, in advancing and receding, are sufficiently accomplished. But these are only the branches of learning, and they are left ignorant of what is essential. How can they be acknowledged as sufficiently taught?" Zi Xia heard of the remark and said, "Alas! Yan You is wrong. According to the way of the superior man in teaching, what departments are there which he considers of prime importance, and delivers? what are there which he considers of secondary importance, and allows himself to be idle about? But as in the case of plants, which are assorted according to their classes, so he deals with his disciples. How can the way of a superior man be such as to make fools of any of them? Is it not the sage alone, who can unite in one the beginning and the consummation of learning?"

孟子 - Mengzi

[Warring States] 340 BC-250 BC English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《孟子》 Library Resources
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[Also known as: "The Works of Mencius"]

公孫丑上 - Gong Sun Chou I

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《公孫丑上》 Library Resources
1 公孫丑上:
公孫丑問曰:「夫子當路於齊,管仲、晏子之功,可復許乎?」
Gong Sun Chou I:
Gong Sun Chou asked Mencius, saying, 'Master, if you were to obtain the ordering of the government in Qi, could you promise yourself to accomplish anew such results as those realized by Guan Zhong and Yan?'
孟子曰:「子誠齊人也,知管仲、晏子而已矣。或問乎曾西曰;『吾子與子路孰賢?』曾西蹴然曰:『吾先子之所畏也。』曰:『然則吾子與管仲孰賢?』曾西艴然不悅,曰:『爾何曾比予於管仲?管仲得君,如彼其專也;行乎國政,如彼其久也;功烈,如彼其卑也。爾何曾比予於是?』」曰:「管仲,曾西之所不為也,而子為我願之乎?」
Mencius said, 'You are indeed a true man of Qi. You know about Guan Zhong and Yan, and nothing more. Some one asked Zeng Xi, saying, "Sir, to which do you give the superiority, to yourself or to Zi Lu?" Zeng Zi looked uneasy, and said, "He was an object of veneration to my grandfather." "Then," pursued the other, "Do you give the superiority to yourself or to Guan Zhong?" Zeng Zi, flushed with anger and displeased, said, "How dare you compare me with Guan Zhong? Considering how entirely Guan Zhong possessed the confidence of his prince, how long he enjoyed the direction of the government of the State, and how low, after all, was what he accomplished - how is it that you liken me to him?" Thus,' concluded Mencius, 'Zeng Xi would not play Guan Zhong, and is it what you desire for me that I should do so?'
曰:「管仲以其君霸,晏子以其君顯。管仲、晏子猶不足為與?」
Gong Sun Chou said, 'Guan Zhong raised his prince to be the leader of all the other princes, and Yan made his prince illustrious, and do you still think it would not be enough for you to do what they did?'
曰:「以齊王,由反手也。」
Mencius answered, 'To raise Qi to the royal dignity would be as easy as it is to turn round the hand.'
曰:「若是,則弟子之惑滋甚。且以文王之德,百年而後崩,猶未洽於天下;武王、周公繼之,然後大行。今言王若易然,則文王不足法與?」
'So!' returned the other. 'The perplexity of your disciple is hereby very much increased. There was king Wen, moreover, with all the virtue which belonged to him; and who did not die till he had reached a hundred years - and still his influence had not penetrated throughout the kingdom. It required king Wu and the duke of Zhou to continue his course, before that influence greatly prevailed. Now you say that the royal dignity might be so easily obtained - is king Wen then not a sufficient object for imitation?'
曰:「文王何可當也?由湯至於武丁,賢之君六七作。天下歸殷久矣,久則難變也。武丁朝諸侯有天下,猶運之掌也。紂之去武丁未久也,其故家遺俗,流風善政,猶有存者;又有微子、微仲、王子比干、箕子、膠鬲皆賢人也,相與輔相之,故久而後失之也。尺地莫非其有也,一民莫非其臣也,然而文王猶方百里起,是以難也。齊人有言曰:『雖有智慧,不如乘勢;雖有鎡基,不如待時。』
Mencius said, 'How can king Wen be matched? From Tang to Wu Ding there had appeared six or seven worthy and sage sovereigns. The kingdom had been attached to Yin for a long time, and this length of time made a change difficult. Wu Ding had all the princes coming to his court, and possessed the kingdom as if it had been a thing which he moved round in his palm. Then, Zhou was removed from Wu Ding by no great interval of time. There were still remaining some of the ancient families and of the old manners, of the influence also which had emanated from the earlier sovereigns, and of their good government. Moreover, there were the viscount of Wei and his second son, their Royal Highnesses Bi Gan and the viscount of Qi, and Jiao Ge, all men of ability and virtue, who gave their joint assistance to Zhou in his government. In consequence of these things, it took a long time for him to lose the throne. There was not a foot of ground which he did not possess. There was not one of all the people who was not his subject. So it was on his side, and king Wen at his beginning had only a territory of one hundred square li. On all these accounts, it was difficult for him immediately to attain to the royal dignity. The people of Qi have a saying - "A man may have wisdom and discernment, but that is not like embracing the favourable opportunity. A man may have instruments of husbandry, but that is not like waiting for the farming seasons."
「今時則易然也。夏后、殷、周之盛,地未有過千里者也,而齊有其地矣;雞鳴狗吠相聞,而達乎四境,而齊有其民矣。地不改辟矣,民不改聚矣,行仁政而王,莫之能禦也。且王者之不作,未有疏於此時者也;民之憔悴於虐政,未有甚於此時者也。飢者易為食,渴者易為飲。孔子曰:『德之流行,速於置郵而傳命。』當今之時,萬乘之國行仁政,民之悅之,猶解倒懸也。故事半古之人,功必倍之,惟此時為然。」
The present time is one in which the royal dignity may be easily attained. In the flourishing periods of the Xia, Yin, and Zhou dynasties, the royal domain did not exceed a thousand li, and Qi embraces so much territory. Cocks crow and dogs bark to one another, all the way to the four borders of the State - so Qi possesses the people. No change is needed for the enlarging of its territory; no change is needed for the collecting of a population. If its ruler will put in practice a benevolent government, no power will be able to prevent his becoming sovereign. Moreover, never was there a time farther removed than the present from the rise of a true sovereign: never was there a time when the sufferings of the people from tyrannical government were more intense than the present. The hungry readily partake of any food, and the thirsty of any drink. Confucius said, "The flowing progress of virtue is more rapid than the transmission of royal orders by stages and couriers." At the present time, in a country of ten thousand chariots, let benevolent government be put in practice, and the people will be delighted with it, as if they were relieved from hanging by the heels. With half the merit of the ancients, double their achievements is sure to be realized. It is only at this time that such could be the case.'

2 公孫丑上:
公孫丑問曰:「夫子加齊之卿相,得行道焉,雖由此霸王不異矣。如此,則動心否乎?」
Gong Sun Chou I:
Gong Sun Chou asked Mencius, saying, 'Master, if you were to be appointed a high noble and the prime minister of Qi, so as to be able to carry your principles into practice, though you should thereupon raise the ruler to the headship of all the other princes, or even to the royal dignity, it would not be to be wondered at. In such a position would your mind be perturbed or not?'
孟子曰:「否。我四十不動心。」
Mencius replied, 'No. At forty, I attained to an unperturbed mind.'
曰:「若是,則夫子過孟賁遠矣。」
Chou said, 'Since it is so with you, my Master, you are far beyond Meng Ben.'
曰:「是不難,告子先我不動心。」
'The mere attainment,' said Mencius, 'is not difficult. The scholar Gao had attained to an unperturbed mind at an earlier period of life than I did.'
曰:「不動心有道乎?」
Chou asked, 'Is there any way to an unperturbed mind?'
曰:「有。北宮黝之養勇也,不膚撓,不目逃,思以一豪挫於人,若撻之於市朝。不受於褐寬博,亦不受於萬乘之君。視刺萬乘之君,若刺褐夫。無嚴諸侯。惡聲至,必反之。孟施舍之所養勇也,曰:『視不勝猶勝也。量敵而後進,慮勝而後會,是畏三軍者也。舍豈能為必勝哉?能無懼而已矣。』孟施舍似曾子,北宮黝似子夏。夫二子之勇,未知其孰賢,然而孟施舍守約也。昔者曾子謂子襄曰:『子好勇乎?吾嘗聞大勇於夫子矣:自反而不縮,雖褐寬博,吾不惴焉;自反而縮,雖千萬人,吾往矣。』孟施舍之守氣,又不如曾子之守約也。」
The answer was, 'Yes. Bei Gong You had this way of nourishing his valour: He did not flinch from any strokes at his body. He did not turn his eyes aside from any thrusts at them. He considered that the slightest push from any one was the same as if he were beaten before the crowds in the market-place, and that what he would not receive from a common man in his loose large garments of hair, neither should he receive from a prince of ten thousand chariots. He viewed stabbing a prince of ten thousand chariots just as stabbing a fellow dressed in cloth of hair. He feared not any of all the princes. A bad word addressed to him be always returned. Meng Shi She had this way of nourishing his valour: He said, "I look upon not conquering and conquering in the same way. To measure the enemy and then advance; to calculate the chances of victory and then engage - this is to stand in awe of the opposing force. How can I make certain of conquering? I can only rise superior to all fear." Meng Shi She resembled the philosopher Zeng. Bei Gong You resembled Zi Xia. I do not know to the valour of which of the two the superiority should be ascribed, but yet Meng Shi She attended to what was of the greater importance. Formerly, the philosopher Zeng said to Zi Xiang, "Do you love valour? I heard an account of great valour from the Master. It speaks thus: 'If, on self-examination, I find that I am not upright, shall I not be in fear even of a poor man in his loose garments of hair-cloth? If, on self-examination, I find that I am upright, I will go forward against thousands and tens of thousands.' Yet, what Meng Shi She maintained, being merely his physical energy, was after all inferior to what the philosopher Zeng maintained, which was indeed of the most importance.'
曰:「敢問夫子之不動心,與告子之不動心,可得聞與?」
Gong Sun Chou said, 'May I venture to ask an explanation from you, Master, of how you maintain an unperturbed mind, and how the philosopher Gao does the same?'
「告子曰:『不得於言,勿求於心;不得於心,勿求於氣。』不得於心,勿求於氣,可;不得於言,勿求於心,不可。夫志,氣之帥也;氣,體之充也。夫志至焉,氣次焉。故曰:『持其志,無暴其氣。』」
Mencius answered, 'Gao says, "What is not attained in words is not to be sought for in the mind; what produces dissatisfaction in the mind, is not to be helped by passion-effort." This last, when there is unrest in the mind, not to seek for relief from passion-effort, may be conceded. But not to seek in the mind for what is not attained in words cannot be conceded. The will is the leader of the passion-nature. The passion-nature pervades and animates the body. The will is first and chief, and the passion-nature is subordinate to it. Therefore I say, Maintain firm the will, and do no violence to the passion-nature.'
「既曰『志至焉,氣次焉』,又曰『持其志無暴其氣』者,何也?」
Chou observed, 'Since you say "The will is chief, and the passion-nature is subordinate," how do you also say, "Maintain firm the will, and do no violence to the passion-nature?"'
曰:「志壹則動氣,氣壹則動志也。今夫蹶者趨者,是氣也,而反動其心。」
Mencius replied, 'When it is the will alone which is active, it moves the passion-nature. When it is the passion-nature alone which is active, it moves the will. For instance now, in the case of a man falling or running, that is from the passion-nature, and yet it moves the mind.'
「敢問夫子惡乎長?」
'I venture to ask,' said Chou again, 'wherein you, Master, surpass Gao.'
曰:「我知言,我善養吾浩然之氣。」
Mencius told him, 'I understand words. I am skilful in nourishing my vast, flowing passion-nature.'
「敢問何謂浩然之氣?」
Chou pursued, 'I venture to ask what you mean by your vast, flowing passion-nature!'
曰:「難言也。其為氣也,至大至剛,以直養而無害,則塞于天地之閒。其為氣也,配義與道;無是,餒也。是集義所生者,非義襲而取之也。行有不慊於心,則餒矣。我故曰,告子未嘗知義,以其外之也。必有事焉而勿正,心勿忘,勿助長也。無若宋人然:宋人有閔其苗之不長而揠之者,芒芒然歸。謂其人曰:『今日病矣,予助苗長矣。』其子趨而往視之,苗則槁矣。天下之不助苗長者寡矣。以為無益而舍之者,不耘苗者也;助之長者,揠苗者也。非徒無益,而又害之。」
The reply was, 'It is difficult to describe it. This is the passion-nature: It is exceedingly great, and exceedingly strong. Being nourished by rectitude, and sustaining no injury, it fills up all between heaven and earth. This is the passion-nature: It is the mate and assistant of righteousness and reason. Without it, man is in a state of starvation. It is produced by the accumulation of righteous deeds; it is not to be obtained by incidental acts of righteousness. If the mind does not feel complacency in the conduct, the nature becomes starved. I therefore said, "Gao has never understood righteousness, because he makes it something external." There must be the constant practice of this righteousness, but without the object of thereby nourishing the passion-nature. Let not the mind forget its work, but let there be no assisting the growth of that nature. Let us not be like the man of Song. There was a man of Song, who was grieved that his growing corn was not longer, and so he pulled it up. Having done this, he returned home, looking very stupid, and said to his people, "I am tired to-day. I have been helping the corn to grow long." His son ran to look at it, and found the corn all withered. There are few in the world, who do not deal with their passion-nature, as if they were assisting the corn to grow long. Some indeed consider it of no benefit to them, and let it alone - they do not weed their corn. They who assist it to grow long, pull out their corn. What they do is not only of no benefit to the nature, but it also injures it.'
「何謂知言?」
Gong Sun Chou further asked, 'What do you mean by saying that you understand whatever words you hear?'
曰:「詖辭知其所蔽,淫辭知其所陷,邪辭知其所離,遁辭知其所窮。生於其心,害於其政;發於其政,害於其事。人復起,必從吾言矣。」
Mencius replied, 'When words are one-sided, I know how the mind of the speaker is clouded over. When words are extravagant, I know how the mind is fallen and sunk. When words are all-depraved, I know how the mind has departed from principle. When words are evasive, I know how the mind is at its wit's end. These evils growing in the mind, do injury to government, and, displayed in the government, are hurtful to the conduct of affairs. When a Sage shall again arise, he will certainly follow my words.'
「宰我、子貢善為說辭,冉牛、閔子、顏淵善言德行。孔子兼之,曰:『我於辭命則不能也。』然則夫子既矣乎?」
On this Chou observed, 'Zai Wo and Zi Gong were skilful in speaking. Ran Niu, the disciple Min, and Yan Yuan, while their words were good, were distinguished for their virtuous conduct. Confucius united the qualities of the disciples in himself, but still he said, "In the matter of speeches, I am not competent." Then, Master, have you attained to be a Sage?'
曰:「惡!是何言也?昔者子貢、問於孔子曰:『夫子矣乎?』孔子曰:『則吾不能,我學不厭而教不倦也。』子貢曰:『學不厭,智也;教不倦,仁也。仁且智,夫子既矣!』夫,孔子不居,是何言也?」
Mencius said, 'Oh! what words are these? Formerly Zi Gong asked Confucius, saying, "Master, are you a Sage?" Confucius answered him, "A Sage is what I cannot rise to. I learn without satiety, and teach without being tired." Zi Gong said, "You learn without satiety - that shows your wisdom. You teach without being tired - that shows your benevolence. Benevolent and wise - Master, you ARE a Sage." Now, since Confucius would not allow himself to be regarded as a Sage, what words were those?'
「昔者竊聞之:子夏、子游、子張皆有人之一體,冉牛、閔子、顏淵則具體而微。敢問所安。」
Chou said, 'Formerly, I once heard this: Zi Xia, Zi You, and Zi Zhang had each one member of the Sage. Ran Niu, the disciple Min, and Yan Yuan had all the members, but in small proportions. I venture to ask, With which of these are you pleased to rank yourself?'
曰:「姑舍是。」
Mencius replied, 'Let us drop speaking about these, if you please.'
曰:「伯夷、伊尹何如?」
Chou then asked, 'What do you say of Bo Yi and Yi Yin?'
曰:「不同道。非其君不事,非其民不使;治則進,亂則退,伯夷也。何事非君,何使非民;治亦進,亂亦進,伊尹也。可以仕則仕,可以止則止,可以久則久,可以速則速,孔子也。皆古人也,吾未能有行焉;乃所願,則學孔子也。」
'Their ways were different from mine,' said Mencius. 'Not to serve a prince whom he did not esteem, nor command a people whom he did not approve; in a time of good government to take office, and on the occurrence of confusion to retire - this was the way of Bo Yi. To say "Whom may I not serve? My serving him makes him my ruler. What people may I not command? My commanding them makes them my people." In a time of good government to take office, and when disorder prevailed, also to take office - that was the way of Yi Yin. When it was proper to go into office, then to go into it; when it was proper to keep retired from office, then to keep retired from it; when it was proper to continue in it long, then to continue in it long - when it was proper to withdraw from it quickly, then to withdraw quickly - that was the way of Confucius. These were all sages of antiquity, and I have not attained to do what they did. But what I wish to do is to learn to be like Confucius.'
「伯夷、伊尹於孔子,若是班乎?」
Chou said, 'Comparing Bo Yi and Yi Yin with Confucius, are they to be placed in the same rank?'
曰:「否。自有生民以來,未有孔子也。」
Mencius replied, 'No. Since there were living men until now, there never was another Confucius.'
曰:「然則有同與?」
Chou said, 'Then, did they have any points of agreement with him?'
曰:「有。得百里之地而君之,皆能以朝諸侯有天下。行一不義、殺一不辜而得天下,皆不為也。是則同。」
The reply was, 'Yes. If they had been sovereigns over a hundred li of territory, they would, all of them, have brought all the princes to attend in their court, and have obtained the throne. And none of them, in order to obtain the throne, would have committed one act of unrighteousness, or put to death one innocent person. In those things they agreed with him.'
曰:「敢問其所以異?」
Chou said, 'I venture to ask wherein he differed from them.'
曰:「宰我、子貢、有若智足以知人。汙,不至阿其所好。宰我曰:『以予觀於夫子,賢於堯舜遠矣。』子貢曰:『見其禮而知其政,聞其樂而知其德。由百世之後,等百世之王,莫之能違也。自生民以來,未有夫子也。』有若曰:『豈惟民哉?麒麟之於走獸,鳳凰之於飛鳥,太山之於丘垤,河海之於行潦,類也。人之於民,亦類也。出於其類,拔乎其萃,自生民以來,未有盛於孔子也。』」
Mencius replied, 'Zai Wo, Zi Gong, and You Ruo had wisdom sufficient to know the sage. Even had they been ranking themselves low, they would not have demeaned themselves to flatter their favourite. Now, Zai Wo said, "According to my view of our Master, he was far superior to Yao and Shun." Zi Gong said, "By viewing the ceremonial ordinances of a prince, we know the character of his government. By hearing his music, we know the character of his virtue. After the lapse of a hundred ages I can arrange, according to their merits, the kings of a hundred ages - not one of them can escape me. From the birth of mankind till now, there has never been another like our Master." You Ruo said, "Is it only among men that it is so? There is the Qi-lin among quadrupeds, the Feng-huang among birds, the Tai mountain among mounds and ant-hills, and rivers and seas among rain-pools. Though different in degree, they are the same in kind. So the sages among mankind are also the same in kind. But they stand out from their fellows, and rise above the level, and from the birth of mankind till now, there never has been one so complete as Confucius."'

公孫丑下 - Gong Sun Chou II

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18 公孫丑下:
燕人畔。王曰:「吾甚慚於孟子。」
Gong Sun Chou II:
The people of Yan having rebelled, the king of Qi said, 'I feel very much ashamed when I think of Mencius.'
陳賈曰:「王無患焉。王自以為與周公,孰仁且智?」
Chen Jia said to him, 'Let not your Majesty be grieved. Whether does your Majesty consider yourself or Zhou Gong the more benevolent and wise?'
王曰:「惡!是何言也?」
The king replied, 'Oh! what words are those?'
曰:「周公使管叔監殷,管叔以殷畔。知而使之,是不仁也;不知而使之,是不智也。仁智,周公未之盡也,而況於王乎?賈請見而解之。」
'The duke of Zhou,' said Jia, 'appointed Guan Shu to oversee the heir of Yin, but Guan Shu with the power of the Yin State rebelled. If knowing that this would happen he appointed Guan Shu, he was deficient in benevolence. If he appointed him, not knowing that it would happen, he was deficient in knowledge. If the duke of Zhou was not completely benevolent and wise, how much less can your Majesty be expected to be so! I beg to go and see Mencius, and relieve your Majesty from that feeling.'
見孟子,問曰:「周公何人也?」
Chen Jia accordingly saw Mencius, and asked him, saying, 'What kind of man was the duke of Zhou?'
曰:「古人也。」
'An ancient sage,' was the reply.
曰:「使管叔監殷,管叔以殷畔也,有諸?」
'Is it the fact, that he appointed Guan Shu to oversee the heir of Yin, and that Guan Shu with the State of Yin rebelled?'
曰:「然。」
'It is.'
曰:「周公知其將畔而使之與?」
'Did the duke of Zhou know that he would rebel, and purposely appoint him to that office?'
曰:「不知也。」
Mencius said, 'He did not know.'
「然則人且有過與?」
'Then, though a sage, he still fell into error?'
曰:「周公,弟也;管叔,兄也。周公之過,不亦宜乎?且古之君子,過則改之;今之君子,過則順之。古之君子,其過也,如日月之食,民皆見之;及其更也,民皆仰之。今之君子,豈徒順之,又從為之辭。」
'The duke of Zhou,' answered Mencius, 'was the younger brother. Guan Shu was his elder brother. Was not the error of Zhou Gong in accordance with what is right? Moreover, when the superior men of old had errors, they reformed them. The superior men of the present time, when they have errors, persist in them. The errors of the superior men of old were like eclipses of the sun and moon. All the people witnessed them, and when they had reformed them, all the people looked up to them with their former admiration. But do the superior men of the present day only persist in their errors? They go on to apologize for them likewise.'

滕文公上 - Teng Wen Gong I

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4 滕文公上:
有為神農之言者許行,自楚之滕,踵門而告文公曰:「遠方之人聞君行仁政,願受一廛而為氓。」文公與之處,其徒數十人,皆衣褐,捆屨、織席以為食。
Teng Wen Gong I:
There came from Chu to Teng one Xu Xing, who gave out that he acted according to the words of Shen Nong. Coming right to his gate, he addressed the duke Wen, saying, 'A man of a distant region, I have heard that you, Prince, are practising a benevolent government, and I wish to receive a site for a house, and to become one of your people.' The duke Wen gave him a dwelling-place. His disciples, amounting to several tens, all wore clothes of haircloth, and made sandals of hemp and wove mats for a living.
陳良之徒陳相與其弟辛,負耒耜而自宋之滕,曰:「聞君行人之政,是亦人也,願為人氓。」陳相見許行而大悅,盡棄其學而學焉。
At the same time, Chen Xiang, a disciple of Chen Liang, and his younger brother, Xin, with their plough-handles and shares on their backs, came from Song to Teng, saying, 'We have heard that you, Prince, are putting into practice the government of the ancient sages, showing that you are likewise a sage. We wish to become the subjects of a sage.' When Chen Xiang saw Xu Xing, he was greatly pleased with him, and, abandoning entirely whatever he had learned, became his disciple.
陳相見孟子,道許行之言曰:「滕君,則誠賢君也;雖然,未聞道也。賢者與民並耕而食,饔飧而治。今也滕有倉廩府庫,則是厲民而以自養也,惡得賢?」
Having an interview with Mencius, he related to him with approbation the words of Xu Xing to the following effect: 'The prince of Teng is indeed a worthy prince. He has not yet heard, however, the real doctrines of antiquity. Now, wise and able princes should cultivate the ground equally and along with their people, and eat the fruit of their labour. They should prepare their own meals, morning and evening, while at the same time they carry on their government. But now, the prince of T'ang has his granaries, treasuries, and arsenals, which is an oppressing of the people to nourish himself. How can he be deemed a real worthy prince?'
孟子曰:「許子必種粟而後食乎?」曰:「然。」
Mencius said,'I suppose that Xu Xing sows grain and eats the produce. Is it not so?' 'It is so,' was the answer.
「許子必織布而後衣乎?」曰:「否。許子衣褐。」
'I suppose also he weaves cloth, and wears his own manufacture. Is it not so?' 'No. Xu wears clothes of haircloth.'
「許子冠乎?」曰:「冠。」
'Does he wear a cap?' 'He wears a cap.'
曰:「奚冠?」曰:「冠素。」
'What kind of cap?' 'A plain cap.'
曰:「自織之與?」曰:「否。以粟易之。」
'Is it woven by himself?' 'No. He gets it in exchange for grain.'
曰:「許子奚為不自織?」曰:「害於耕。」
'Why does Xu not weave it himself?' 'That would injure his husbandry.'
曰:「許子以釜甑爨,以鐵耕乎?」曰:「然。」
'Does Xu cook his food in boilers and earthenware pans, and does he plough with an iron share?' 'Yes.'
「自為之與?」曰:「否。以粟易之。」
'Does he make those articles himself?' 'No. He gets them in exchange for grain.'
「以粟易械器者,不為厲陶冶;陶冶亦以其械器易粟者,豈為厲農夫哉?且許子何不為陶冶。舍皆取諸其宮中而用之?何為紛紛然與百工交易?何許子之不憚煩?」曰:「百工之事,固不可耕且為也。」
Mencius then said, 'The getting those various articles in exchange for grain, is not oppressive to the potter and the founder, and the potter and the founder in their turn, in exchanging their various articles for grain, are not oppressive to the husbandman. How should such a thing be supposed? And moreover, why does not Xu act the potter and founder, supplying himself with the articles which he uses solely from his own establishment? Why does he go confusedly dealing and exchanging with the handicraftsmen? Why does he not spare himself so much trouble?' Chen Xiang replied, 'The business of the handicraftsman can by no means be carried on along with the business of husbandry.'
「然則治天下獨可耕且為與?有大人之事,有小人之事。且一人之身,而百工之所為備。如必自為而後用之,是率天下而路也。故曰:或勞心,或勞力;勞心者治人,勞力者治於人;治於人者食人,治人者食於人:天下之通義也。
Mencius resumed, 'Then, is it the government of the kingdom which alone can be carried on along with the practice of husbandry? Great men have their proper business, and little men have their proper business. Moreover, in the case of any single individual, whatever articles he can require are ready to his hand, being produced by the various handicraftsmen - if he must first make them for his own use, this way of doing would keep all the people running about upon the roads. Hence, there is the saying, "Some labour with their minds, and some labour with their strength. Those who labour with their minds govern others; those who labour with their strength are governed by others. Those who are governed by others support them; those who govern others are supported by them." This is a principle universally recognised.
「當堯之時,天下猶未平,洪水橫流,氾濫於天下。草木暢茂,禽獸繁殖,五穀不登,禽獸偪人。獸蹄鳥跡之道,交於中國。堯獨憂之,舉舜而敷治焉。舜使益掌火,益烈山澤而焚之,禽獸逃匿。禹疏九河,瀹濟漯,而注諸海;決汝漢,排淮泗,而注之江,然後中國可得而食也。當是時也,禹八年於外,三過其門而不入,雖欲耕,得乎?后稷教民稼穡。樹藝五穀,五穀熟而民人育。人之有道也,飽食、煖衣、逸居而無教,則近於禽獸。人有憂之,使契為司徒,教以人倫:父子有親,君臣有義,夫婦有別,長幼有序,朋友有信。放勳曰:『勞之來之,匡之直之,輔之翼之,使自得之,又從而振德之。』人之憂民如此,而暇耕乎?
'In the time of Yao, when the world had not yet been perfectly reduced to order, the vast waters, flowing out of their channels, made a universal inundation. Vegetation was luxuriant, and birds and beasts swarmed. The various kinds of grain could not be grown. The birds and beasts pressed upon men. The paths marked by the feet of beasts and prints of birds crossed one another throughout the Middle Kingdom. To Yao alone this caused anxious sorrow. He raised Shun to office, and measures to regulate the disorder were set forth. Shun committed to Yi the direction of the fire to be employed, and Yi set fire to, and consumed, the forests and vegetation on the mountains and in the marshes, so that the birds and beasts fled away to hide themselves. Yu separated the nine streams, cleared the courses of the Ji and Ta, and led them all to the sea. He opened a vent also for the Ru and Han, and regulated the course of the Huai and Si, so that they all flowed into the Jiang. When this was done, it became possible for the people of the Middle Kingdom to cultivate the ground and get food for themselves. During that time, Yu was eight years away from his home, and though he thrice passed the door of it, he did not enter. Although he had wished to cultivate the ground, could he have done so? The Minister of Agriculture taught the people to sow and reap, cultivating the five kinds of grain. When the five kinds of grain were brought to maturity, the people all obtained a subsistence. But men possess a moral nature; and if they are well fed, warmly clad, and comfortably lodged, without being taught at the same time, they become almost like the beasts. This was a subject of anxious solicitude to the sage Shun, and he appointed Xie to be the Minister of Instruction, to teach the relations of humanity: how, between father and son, there should be affection; between sovereign and minister, righteousness; between husband and wife, attention to their separate functions; between old and young, a proper order; and between friends, fidelity. The high meritorious sovereign said to him, "Encourage them; lead them on; rectify them; straighten them; help them; give them wings - thus causing them to become possessors of themselves. Then follow this up by stimulating them, and conferring benefits on them." When the sages were exercising their solicitude for the people in this way, had they leisure to cultivate the ground?
「堯以不得舜為己憂,舜以不得禹、皋陶為己憂。夫以百畝之不易為己憂者,農夫也。分人以財謂之惠,教人以善謂之忠,為天下得人者謂之仁。是故以天下與人易,為天下得人難。孔子曰:『大哉堯之為君!惟天為大,惟堯則之,蕩蕩乎民無能名焉!君哉舜也!巍巍乎有天下而不與焉!』堯舜之治天下,豈無所用其心哉?亦不用於耕耳。
'What Yao felt giving him anxiety was the not getting Shun. What Shun felt giving him anxiety was the not getting Yu and Gao Yao. But he whose anxiety is about his hundred mu not being properly cultivated, is a mere husbandman. The imparting by a man to others of his wealth, is called "kindness." The teaching others what is good, is called "the exercise of fidelity." The finding a man who shall benefit the kingdom, is called "benevolence." Hence to give the throne to another man would be easy; to find a man who shall benefit the kingdom is difficult. Confucius said, "Great indeed was Yao as a sovereign. It is only Heaven that is great, and only Yao corresponded to it. How vast was his virtue! The people could find no name for it. Princely indeed was Shun! How majestic was he, having possession of the kingdom, and yet seeming as if it were nothing to him!" In their governing the kingdom, were there no subjects on which Yao and Shun employed their minds? There were subjects, only they did not employ their minds on the cultivation of the ground.
「吾聞用夏變夷者,未聞變於夷者也。陳良,楚產也。悅周公、仲尼之道,北學於中國。北方之學者,未能或之先也。彼所謂豪傑之士也。子之兄弟事之數十年,師死而遂倍之。昔者孔子沒,三年之外,門人治任將歸,入揖於子貢,相向而哭,皆失聲,然後歸。子貢反,築室於場,獨居三年,然後歸。他日,子夏、子張、子游以有若似人,欲以所事孔子事之,彊曾子。曾子曰:『不可。江漢以濯之,秋陽以暴之,皜皜乎不可尚已。』今也南蠻鴃舌之人,非先王之道,子倍子之師而學之,亦異於曾子矣。吾聞出於幽谷遷于喬木者,末聞下喬木而入於幽谷者。《魯頌》曰:『戎狄是膺,荊舒是懲。』周公方且膺之,子是之學,亦為不善變矣。」
'I have heard of men using the doctrines of our great land to change barbarians, but I have never yet heard of any being changed by barbarians. Chen Liang was a native of Chu. Pleased with the doctrines of Zhou Gong and Zhong Ni, he came northwards to the Middle Kingdom and studied them. Among the scholars of the northern regions, there was perhaps no one who excelled him. He was what you call a scholar of high and distinguished qualities. You and your brother followed him some tens of years, and when your master died, you forthwith turned away from him. Formerly, when Confucius died, after three vears had elapsed, his disciples collected their baggage, and prepared to return to their several homes. But on entering to take their leave of Zi Gong, as they looked towards one another, they wailed, till they all lost their voices. After this they returned to their homes, but Zi Gong went back, and built a house for himself on the altar-ground, where he lived alone other three years, before he returned home. On another occasion, Zi Xia, Zi Zhang, and Zi You, thinking that You Ruo resembled the sage, wished to render to him the same observances which they had rendered to Confucius. They tried to force the disciple Zeng to join with them, but he said, "This may not be done. What has been washed in the waters of the Jiang and Han, and bleached in the autumn sun - how glistening is it! Nothing can be added to it." Now here is this shrike-tongued barbarian of the south, whose doctrines are not those of the ancient kings. You turn away from your master and become his disciple. Your conduct is different indeed from that of the philosopher Zeng. I have heard of birds leaving dark valleys to remove to lofty trees, but I have not heard of their descending from lofty trees to enter into dark valleys. In the Praise-songs of Lu it is said, "He smote the barbarians of the west and the north, He punished Jing and Shu." Thus Zhou Gong would be sure to smite them, and you become their disciple again; it appears that your change is not good.'
「從許子之道,則市賈不貳,國中無偽。雖使五尺之童適市,莫之或欺。布帛長短同,則賈相若;麻縷絲絮輕重同,則賈相若;五穀多寡同,則賈相若;屨大小同,則賈相若。」曰:「夫物之不齊,物之情也;或相倍蓰,或相什伯,或相千萬。子比而同之,是亂天下也。巨屨小屨同賈,人豈為之哉?從許子之道,相率而為偽者也,惡能治國家?」
Chen Xiang said, 'If Xu's doctrines were followed, then there would not be two prices in the market, nor any deceit in the kingdom. If a boy of five cubits were sent to the market, no one would impose on him; linen and silk of the same length would be of the same price. So it would be with bundles of hemp and silk, being of the same weight; with the different kinds of grain, being the same in quantity; and with shoes which were of the same size.' Mencius replied, 'It is the nature of things to be of unequal quality. Some are twice, some five times, some ten times, some a hundred times, some a thousand times, some ten thousand times as valuable as others. If you reduce them all to the same standard, that must throw the kingdom into confusion. If large shoes and small shoes were of the same price, who would make them? For people to follow the doctrines of Xu, would be for them to lead one another on to practise deceit. How can they avail for the government of a State?'

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