| Chinese Text Project | |
| Simplified Chinese version |
《外物 - What comes from Without》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《外物》 Library Resources |
| 1 | 外物: | 外物不可必，故龙逢诛，比干戮，箕子狂，恶来死，桀、纣亡。人主莫不欲其臣之忠，而忠未必信，故伍员流于江，苌弘死于蜀，藏其血三年，化而为碧。人亲莫不欲其子之孝，而孝未必爱，故孝己忧而曾参悲。 |
| What comes from Without:...: | What comes from without cannot be determined beforehand. So it was that Long-feng was killed; Bi-gan immolated; and the count of Ji (made to feign himself) mad, (while) Wu-lai died, and Jie and Zhou both perished. Rulers all wish their ministers to be faithful, but that faithfulness may not secure their confidence; hence Wu Yuan became a wanderer along the Jiang, and Chang Hong died in Shu, where (the people) preserved his blood for three years, when it became changed into green jade. Parents all wish their sons to be filial, but that filial duty may not secure their love; hence Xiao-ji had to endure his sorrow, and Zeng Shen his grief. | |
| 木与木相摩则然，金与火相守则流。阴阳错行，则天地大絯，于是乎有雷有霆，水中有火，乃焚大槐。有甚忧两陷而无所逃，螴蜳不得成，心若县于天地之间，慰睯沈屯，利害相摩，生火甚多，众人焚和。月固不胜火，于是乎有僓然而道尽。 | ||
| When wood is rubbed against wood, it begins to burn; when metal is subjected to fire, it (melts and) flows. When the Yin and Yang act awry, heaven and earth are greatly perturbed; and on this comes the crash of thunder, and from the rain comes fire, which consumes great locust trees. (The case of men) is still worse. They are troubled between two pitfalls, from which they cannot escape. Chrysalis-like, they can accomplish nothing. Their minds are as if hung up between heaven and earth. Now comforted, now pitied, they are plunged in difficulties. The ideas of profit and of injury rub against each other, and produce in them a very great fire. The harmony (of the mind) is consumed in the mass of men. Their moonlike intelligence cannot overcome the (inward) fire. They thereupon fall away more and more, and the Course (which they should pursue) is altogether lost. | ||
| 2 | 外物: | 庄周家贫，故往贷粟于监河侯。监河侯曰：“诺。我将得邑金，将贷子三百金，可乎？”庄周忿然作色曰：“周昨来，有中道而呼者。周顾视车辙中，有鲋鱼焉。周问之曰：‘鲋鱼来！子何为者邪？’对曰：‘我，东海之波臣也。君岂有斗升之水而活我哉？’周曰：‘诺。我且南游吴、越之王，激西江之水而迎子，可乎？’鲋鱼忿然作色曰：‘吾失我常与，我无所处。吾得斗升之水然活耳，君乃言此，曾不如早索我于枯鱼之肆！’” |
| What comes from Without:...: | The family of Zhuang Zhou being poor, he went to ask the loan of some rice from the Marquis Superintendent of the He, who said, 'Yes, I shall be getting the (tax-) money from the people (soon), and I will then lend you three hundred ounces of silver - will that do?' Zhuang Zhou flushed with anger, and said, 'On the road yesterday, as I was coming here, I heard some one calling out. On looking round, I saw a goby in the carriage rut, and said to it, "Goby fish, what has brought you here?" The goby said, "I am Minister of Waves in the Eastern Sea. Have you, Sir, a gallon or a pint of water to keep me alive?" I replied, "Yes, I am going south to see the kings of Wu and Yue, and I will then lead a stream from the Western Kiang to meet you - will that do ?" The goby flushed with anger, and said, "I have lost my proper element, and I can here do nothing for myself; but if I could get a gallon or a pint of water, I should keep alive. Than do what you propose, you had better soon look for me in a stall of dry fish."' | |
| 3 | 外物: | 任公子为大钩巨缁，五十犗以为饵，蹲乎会稽，投竿东海，旦旦而钓，期年不得鱼。已而大鱼食之，牵巨钩錎没而下，骛扬而奋鬐，白波若山，海水震荡，声侔鬼神，惮赫千里。任公子得若鱼，离而腊之，自制河以东，苍梧以北，莫不厌若鱼者。 |
| What comes from Without:...: | A son of the duke of Ren, having provided himself with a great hook, a powerful black line, and fifty steers to be used as bait, squatted down on (mount) Gui Ji, and threw the line into the Eastern Sea. Morning after morning he angled thus, and for a whole year caught nothing. At the end of that time, a great fish swallowed the bait, and dived down, dragging the great hook with him. Then it rose to the surface in a flurry, and flapped with its fins, till the white waves rose like hills, and the waters were lashed into fury. The noise was like that of imps and spirits, and spread terror for a thousand li. The prince having got such a fish, cut it in slices and dried them. From the Zhi river to the east, and from Cang-wu to the north, there was not one who did not eat his full from that fish. | |
| 已而后世辁才讽说之徒，皆惊而相告也。夫揭竿累，趣灌渎，守鲵鲋，其于得大鱼难矣；饰小说以干县令，其于大达亦远矣。是以未尝闻任氏之风俗，其不可与经于世亦远矣。 | ||
| In subsequent generations, story-tellers of small abilities have all repeated the story to one another with astonishment. (But) if the prince had taken his rod, with a fine line, and gone to pools and ditches, and watched for minnows and gobies, it would have been difficult for him to get a large fish. Those who dress up their small tales to obtain favour with the magistrates are far from being men of great understanding; and therefore one who has not heard the story of this scion of Ren is not fit to take any part in the government of the world - far is he from being so'. | ||
| 4 | 外物: | 儒以《诗》、《礼》发冢。大儒胪传曰：“东方作矣，事之何若？”小儒曰：“未解裙襦，口中有珠。《诗》固有之曰：‘青青之麦，生于陵陂。生不布施，死何含珠为？’接其鬓，压其顪，儒以金椎控其颐，徐别其颊，无伤口中珠！” |
| What comes from Without:...: |
Some literati, students of the Odes and Ceremonies, were breaking open a mound over a grave. The superior among them spoke down to the others, 'Day is breaking in the east; how is the thing going on?' The younger men replied, 'We have not yet opened his jacket and skirt, but there is a pearl in the mouth. As it is said in the Ode, The bright, green grain Is growing on the sides of the mound. While living, he gave nothing away; Why, when dead, should he hold a pearl in his mouth?"' Thereupon they took hold of the whiskers and pulled at the beard, while the superior introduced a piece of fine steel into the chin, and gradually separated the jaws, so as not to injure the pearl in the mouth. | |
| 5 | 外物: | 老莱子之弟子出薪，遇仲尼，反以告曰：“有人于彼，修上而趋下，末偻而后耳，视若营四海，不知其谁氏之子。”老莱子曰：“是丘也，召而来！”仲尼至。曰：“丘！去汝躬矜与汝容知，斯为君子矣。”仲尼揖而退，蹙然改容而问曰：“业可得进乎？”老莱子曰：“夫不忍一世之伤，而骜万世之患，抑固窭邪？亡其略弗及邪？惠以欢为骜，终身之丑，中民之行进焉耳，相引以名，相结以隐。与其誉尧而非桀，不如两忘而闭其所誉。反无非伤也，动无非邪也。圣人踌躇以兴事，以每成功。奈何哉其载焉终矜尔！” |
| What comes from Without:...: | A disciple of Lao Lai-zi, while he was out gathering firewood, met with Zhongni. On his return, he told (his master), saying, 'There is a man there, the upper part of whose body is long and the lower part short. He is slightly hump-backed, and his ears are far back. When you look at him, he seems occupied with the cares of all within the four seas; I do not know whose son he is.' Lao Lai-zi said, 'It is Qiu call him here;' and when Zhongni came, he said to him, 'Qiu, put away your personal conceit, and airs of wisdom, and show yourself to be indeed a superior man.' Zhongni bowed and was retiring, when he abruptly changed his manner, and asked, 'Will the object I am pursuing be thereby advanced?' Lao Lai-zi replied, 'You cannot bear the sufferings of this one age, and are stubbornly regardless of the evils of a myriad ages: is it that you purposely make yourself thus unhappy? or is it that you have not the ability to comprehend the case? Your obstinate purpose to make men rejoice in a participation of your joy is your life-long shame, the procedure of a mediocre man. You would lead men by your fame; you would bind them to you by your secret art. Than be praising Yao and condemning Jie, you had better forget them both, and shut up your tendency to praise. If you reflect on it, it does nothing but injury; your action in it is entirely wrong. The sage is full of anxiety and indecision in undertaking anything, and so he is always successful. But what shall I say of your conduct? To the end it is all affectation.' | |
| 6 | 外物: | 宋元君夜半而梦人被发闚阿门，曰：“予自宰路之渊，予为清江使河伯之所，渔者余且得予。”元君觉，使人占之，曰：“此神龟也。”君曰：“渔者有余且乎？”左右曰：“有。”君曰：“令余且会朝。”明日，余且朝。君曰：“渔何得？”对曰：“且之网，得白龟焉，其圆五尺。”君曰：“献若之龟。”龟至，君再欲杀之，再欲活之，心疑，卜之，曰：“杀龟以卜，吉。”乃刳龟，七十二钻而无遗厕。 |
| What comes from Without:...: | The ruler Yuan of Song (once) dreamt at midnight that a man with dishevelled hair peeped in on him at a side door and said, 'I was coming from the abyss of Zai-lu, commissioned by the Clear Jiang to go to the place of the Earl of the He; but the fisherman Yu Qie has caught me.' When the ruler Yuan awoke, he caused a diviner to divine the meaning (of the dream), and was told, 'This is a marvellous tortoise.' The ruler asked if among the fishermen there was one called Yu Qie, and being told by his attendants that there was, he gave orders that he should be summoned to court. Accordingly the man next day appeared at court, and the ruler said, 'What have you caught (lately) in fishing?' The reply was, 'I have caught in my net a white tortoise, sievelike, and five cubits round.' 'Present the prodigy here,' said the ruler; and, when it came, once and again he wished to kill it, once and again he wished to keep it alive. Doubting in his mind (what to do), he had recourse to divination, and obtained the answer, 'To kill the tortoise for use in divining will be fortunate.' Accordingly they cut the creature open, and perforated its shell in seventy-two places, and there was not a single divining slip which failed. | |
| 仲尼曰：“神龟能见梦于元君而不能避余且之网；知能七十二钻而无遗厕，不能避刳肠之患。如是，则知有所困，神有所不及也。虽有至知，万人谋之。鱼不畏网而畏鹈鹕。去小知而大知明，去善而自善矣。”婴儿生无石师而能言，与能言者处也。 | ||
| Zhongni said, 'The spirit-like tortoise could show itself in a dream to the ruler Yuan, and yet it could not avoid the net of Yu Qie. Its wisdom could respond on seventy-two perforations without failing in a single divination, and yet it could not avoid the agony of having its bowels all scooped out. We see from this that wisdom is not without its perils, and spirit-like intelligence does not reach to everything. A man may have the greatest wisdom, but there are a myriad men scheming against him. Fishes do not fear the net, though they fear the pelican. Put away your small wisdom, and your great wisdom will be bright; discard your skilfulness, and you will become naturally skilful. A child when it is born needs no great master, and yet it becomes able to speak, living (as it does) among those who are able to speak.' | ||
| 7 | 外物: | 惠子谓庄子曰：“子言无用。”庄子曰：“知无用而始可与言用矣。夫地非不广且大也，人之所用容足耳。然则厕足而垫之，致黄泉，人尚有用乎？”惠子曰：“无用。”庄子曰：“然则无用之为用也亦明矣。” |
| What comes from Without:...: | Huizi said to Zhuangzi, 'You speak, Sir, of what is of no use.' The reply was, 'When a man knows what is not useful, you can then begin to speak to him of what is useful. The earth for instance is certainly spacious and great; but what a man uses of it is only sufficient ground for his feet. If, however, a rent were made by the side of his feet, down to the yellow springs, could the man still make use of it?' Huizi said, 'He could not use it,' and Zhuangzi rejoined, 'Then the usefulness of what is of no use is clear.' | |
| 8 | 外物: | 庄子曰：“人有能游，且得不游乎？人而不能游，且得游乎？夫流遁之志，决绝之行，噫！其非至知厚德之任与！覆坠而不反，火驰而不顾，虽相与为君臣，时也，易世而无以相贱。故曰：至人不留行焉。夫尊古而卑今，学者之流也。且以豨韦氏之流观今之世，夫孰能不波？唯至人乃能游于世而不僻，顺人而不失己，彼教不学，承意不彼。 |
| What comes from Without:...: | Zhuangzi said, 'If a man have the power to enjoy himself (in any pursuit), can he be kept from doing so? If he have not the power, can he so enjoy himself? There are those whose aim is bent on concealing themselves, and those who are determined that their doings shall leave no trace. Alas! they both shirk the obligations of perfect knowledge and great virtue. The (latter) fall, and cannot recover themselves; the (former) rush on like fire, and do not consider (what they are doing). Though men may stand to each other in the relation of ruler and minister, that is but for a time. In a changed age, the one of them would not be able to look down on the other. Hence it is said, "The Perfect man leaves no traces of his conduct." 'To honour antiquity and despise the present time is the characteristic of learners; but even the disciples of Khih-wei have to look at the present age; and who can avoid being carried along by its course? It is only the Perfect man who is able to enjoy himself in the world, and not be deflected from the right, to accommodate himself to others and not lose himself. He does not learn their lessons; he only takes their ideas into consideration, and does not discard them as different from his own. | |
| 9 | 外物: | 目彻为明，耳彻为聪，鼻彻为颤，口彻为甘，心彻为知，知彻为德。凡道不欲壅，壅则哽，哽而不止则跈，跈则众害生。物之有知者恃息，其不殷，非天之罪。天之穿之，日夜无降，人则顾塞其窦。胞有重阆，心有天游。室无空虚，则妇姑勃溪；心无天游，则六凿相攘。大林丘山之善于人也，亦神者不胜。 |
| What comes from Without:...: | 'It is the penetrating eye that gives clear vision, the acute ear that gives quick hearing, the discriminating nose that gives discernment of odours, the practised mouth that gives the enjoyment of flavours, the active mind that acquires knowledge, and the far-reaching knowledge that constitutes virtue. In no case does the connexion with what is without like to be obstructed; obstruction produces stoppage; stoppage, continuing without intermission, arrests all progress; and with this all injurious effects spring up. The knowledge of all creatures depends on their breathing. But if their breath be not abundant, it is not the fault of Heaven, which tries to penetrate them with it, day and night without ceasing; but men notwithstanding shut their pores against it. The womb encloses a large and empty space; the heart has its spontaneous and enjoyable movements. If their apartment be not roomy, wife and mother-in-law will be bickering; if the heart have not its spontaneous and enjoyable movements, the six faculties of perception will be in mutual collision. That the great forests, the heights and hills, are pleasant to men, is because their spirits cannot overcome (those distracting influences). | |
| 10 | 外物: | 德溢乎名，名溢乎暴，谋稽乎誸，知出乎争，柴生乎守，官事果乎众宜。春雨日时，草木怒生，铫耨于是乎始修，草木之到植者过半，而不知其然。 |
| What comes from Without:...: | 'Virtue overflows into (the love of) fame; (the love of) fame overflows into violence; schemes originate in the urgency (of circumstances); (the show of) wisdom comes from rivalry; the fuel (of strife) is produced from the obstinate maintenance (of one's own views); the business of offices should be apportioned in accordance with the approval of all. In spring, when the rain and the sunshine come seasonably, vegetation grows luxuriantly, and sickles and hoes begin to be prepared. More than half of what had fallen down becomes straight, and we do not know how. | |
| 11 | 外物: | 静然可以补病，眦搣可以休老，宁可以止遽。虽然，若是，劳者之务也，非佚者之所未尝过而问焉。圣人之所以駴天下，神人未尝过而问焉；贤人所以駴世，圣人未尝过而问焉；君子所以駴国，贤人未尝过而问焉；小人所以合时，君子未尝过而问焉。 |
| What comes from Without:...: | 'Stillness and silence are helpful to those who are ill; rubbing the corners of the eyes is helpful to the aged; rest serves to calm agitation; but they are the toiled and troubled who have recourse to these things. Those who are at ease, and have not had such experiences, do not care to ask about them. The spirit-like man has had no experience of how it is that the sagely man keeps the world in awe, and so he does not inquire about it; the sagely man has had no experience of how it is that the man of ability and virtue keeps his age in awe, and so he does not inquire about it; the man of ability and virtue has had no experience of how it is that the superior man keeps his state in awe, and so he does not inquire about it. The superior man has had no experience of how it is that the small man keeps himself in agreement with his times that he should inquire about it.' | |
| 12 | 外物: | 演门有亲死者，以善毁，爵为官师，其党人毁而死者半。尧与许由天下，许由逃之；汤与务光天下，务光怒之。纪他闻之，帅弟子而踆于窾水，诸侯吊之三年，申徒狄因以踣河。 |
| What comes from Without:...: | The keeper of the Yan Gate, on the death of his father, showed so much skill in emaciating his person that he received the rank of 'Pattern for Officers.' Half the people of his neighbourhood (in consequence) carried their emaciation to such a point that they died. When Yao wished to resign the throne to Xu You, the latter ran away. When Thang offered his to Wu Guang, Wu Guang became angry. When Ji Ta heard it, he led his disciples, and withdrew to the river Kuan, where the feudal princes came and condoled with him, and after three years, Shen Tu-di threw himself into the water. | |
| 13 | 外物: | 荃者所以在鱼，得鱼而忘荃；蹄者所以在兔，得兔而忘蹄；言者所以在意，得意而忘言。吾安得忘言之人而与之言哉？” |
| What comes from Without:...: | Fishing-stakes are employed to catch fish; but when the fish are got, the men forget the stakes. Snares are employed to catch hares, but when the hares are got, men forget the snares. Words are employed to convey ideas; but when the ideas are apprehended, men forget the words. Fain would I talk with such a man who has forgot the words! |
URN: ctp:zhuangzi/what-comes-from-without