| | 明鬼下: |
故鬼神之明，不可为幽闲广泽，山林深谷，鬼神之明必知之。鬼神之罚，不可为1富贵众强，勇力强武，坚甲利兵，鬼神之罚必胜之。若以为不然，昔者夏王桀，贵为天子，富有天下，上诟天侮鬼，下殃傲天下之万民，祥上帝伐元山帝行，故于此乎，天乃使汤至明罚焉。汤以车九两，鸟陈雁行，汤乘大赞，犯遂夏众，入之郊逐，王乎禽推哆大戏。故昔夏王桀，贵为天子，富有天下，有勇力2之人3推哆大戏，生列兕虎，指画杀人，人民之众兆亿，侯盈厥泽陵，然不能以此圉鬼神之诛。此吾所谓鬼神之罚，不可为富贵众强、勇力强武、坚甲利兵者，此也。 |
| On Ghosts III: |
Really the intelligence of the ghosts and spirits cannot be combated. Even in solitary caves, big ponds, woods and valleys, the ghosts and spirits are watching. And the punishments from ghosts and spirits cannot be evaded. Even wealth and great numbers, daring and strength, strong armour and sharp weapons, the punishment of ghosts and spirits will frustrate. If this is doubted, look at the story of the ancient King Jie of Xia. He was an emperor in honour and possessed the whole empire in wealth. He cursed Heaven and blasphemed against the spirits above and destroyed the multitudes below. Thereupon Heaven commissioned Tang to carry out the judicious punishment. With nine chariots Tang arranged the Bird Formation and the Wild Goose March. He climbed the Dacan and scattered the forces of Xia and entered its land. And he captured Tui Yi Da Xi. Now, King Jie of Xia was an emperor in honour and possessed the whole empire in wealth. In his service was the man of great daring and strength, Tui Yi Da Xi, who had torn apart a buffalo alive. He could kill a man at the move of a finger, and the number of those killed amounted to a million, and they were thrown into lakes and mountains. Yet, for all this, Jie coald not evade the punishment from ghosts and spirits. This is why I say even wealth and numbers, daring and strength, strong armour and sharp weapons cannot combat the punishment from ghosts and spirits. 1. 为 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
2. 力 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
3. 人 : Inserted. 孙诒让《墨子闲诂》
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| | 明鬼下: |
且不惟此为然。昔者殷王纣，贵为天子，富有天下，上诟天侮鬼，下殃傲天下之万民，播弃黎老，贼诛孩子，楚毒无罪，刲剔孕妇，庶旧鳏寡，号啕无告也。故于此乎，天乃使武王至明罚焉。武王以择车百两，虎贲之卒四百人，先庶国节窥戎，与殷人战乎牧之野，王乎禽费中、恶来，众畔百走。武王逐奔入宫，万年梓株折纣而系之赤环，载之白旗，以为天下诸侯僇。故昔者殷王纣，贵为天子，富有天下，有勇力之人费中、恶来、崇侯虎指寡杀人，人民之众兆亿，侯盈厥泽陵，然不能以此圉鬼神之诛。此吾所谓鬼神之罚，不可为富贵众强、勇力强武、坚甲利兵者，此也。且禽艾之道之曰：‘得玑无小，灭宗无大’。则此言鬼神之所赏，无小必赏之；鬼神之所罚，无大必罚之”。 |
| On Ghosts III: |
Not only is this so. Anciently, King Zhou of Yin was also an emperor in honour and possessed the whole empire in wealth. He cursed Heaven and blasphemed against the spirits above and destroyed the multitudes below. He exposed the aged and murdered the children, tortured the innocent, and opened a pregnant woman. The common people and the widows and the widowers cried aloud, but were not heard. Thereupon Heaven commissioned King Wu to carry out the judicious punishment. With a hundred selected chariots and four hundred warriors King Wu appointed his officials and reviewed his forces. He battled the armies of Yin in the Wilderness of Mu. He captured Fei Zhong and E Lai, and the multitude deserted and ran away. King Wu rushed into the palace. He executed Zhou and hung him on a red ring with his crimes published on a white flag, to punish him for the feudal lords in the empire. Now King Zhou of Yin was an emperor in honour and possessed the whole empire in wealth. He had men of such daring and strength as Fei Zhong, E Lai, and Duke Hu of Zhong, who could kill a man at the move of a finger; and the number of those killed amounted to a million, and they were thrown into the lakes and mountains. Yet with all these Zhou could not evade the punishment from the ghosts and spirits. This is why I say even wealth and numbers, daring and strength, strong armour and sharp weapons cannot frustrate the punishment from ghosts and spirits. Moreover, Qin Ai has said: "No virtue is too small, no extermination of a lineage is too big." This is to say, in distribution of rewards by ghosts and spirits no man is too insignificant to be rewarded for his virtue. And in the meting out of punishment by ghosts and spirits no man is too great to be punished. |
| | 非命下: |
故昔者三代圣王禹汤文武方为政乎天下之时，曰：必务举孝子而劝之事亲，尊贤良之人而教之为善。是故出政施教，赏善罚暴。且以为若此，则天下之乱也，将属可得而治也，社稷之危也，将属可得而定也。若以为不然，昔桀之所乱，汤治之；纣之所乱，武王治之。当此之时，世不渝而民不易，上变政而民改俗。存乎桀纣而天下乱，存乎汤武而天下治。天下之治也，汤武之力也；天下之乱也，桀纣之罪也。若以此观之，夫安危治乱存乎上之为政也，则夫岂可谓有命哉！故昔者禹汤文武方为政乎天下之时，曰‘必使饥者得食，寒者得衣，劳者得息，乱者得治’，遂得光誉令问于天下。夫岂可以为命哉？故以为其力也！今贤良之人，尊贤而好功道术，故上得其王公大人之赏，下得其万民之誉，遂得光誉令问于天下。亦岂以为其命哉？又以为力也！然今夫有命者，不识昔也三代之圣善人与，意亡昔三代之暴不肖人与？若以说观之，则必非昔三代圣善人也，必暴不肖人也。然今以命为有者，昔三代暴王桀纣幽厉，贵为天子，富有天下，于此乎，不而矫其耳目之欲，而从其心意之辟，外之驱骋、田猎、毕弋，内湛于酒乐，而不顾其国家百姓之政，繁为无用，暴逆百姓，遂失其宗庙。其言不曰‘吾罢不肖，吾听治不强’，必曰‘吾命固将失之’。虽昔也三代罢不肖之民，亦犹此也。不能善事亲戚君长，甚恶恭俭而好简易，贪饮食而惰从事，衣食之财不足，是以身有陷乎饥寒冻馁之忧。其言不曰‘吾罢不肖，吾从事不强’，又曰‘吾命固将穷。’昔三代伪民亦犹此也。 |
| Anti-Fatalism III: |
When the ancient sage-kings of the Three Dynasties, Yu, Tang, Wen, and Wu, ruled, they said: "We must promote the filial sons and encourage them in serving their parents, and we must honour the virtuous and good men and instruct them in doing good." In this way they administered the government and published instructions, rewarded the good and punished the evil. It seems in this way the confusion in the world could be reduced to order, and the danger of the state could be transformed into safety. If this is doubted, (let us recall): In ancient times, the disorder of Jie was reduced to order by Tang, that of Zhou was reduced to order by King Wu. Then the times did not change nor did the people alter. Yet when the superior changed regime the subordinates modified their conduct. With Jie and Zhou the world was chaotic, under Tang and Wu it became orderly. That the world became orderly was due to the endeavour of Tang and Wu. That the world was chaotic was due to the sin of Jie and Zhou. Judging from this, safety and danger, order and chaos all depend on the way the superior conducts the government. How can it be said, there is fate? In ancient times when Yu, Tang, Wen, and Wu ruled the empire, they said: "We must feed the hungry, clothe the cold, give the weary rest, and the disturbed peace." Thus their good name was heard all over the world. Can this be ascribed to fate? It is really due to endeavour. The virtuous and gentle of today respect virtue and pursue the ways and means (to benefit the world). Hence they are rewarded by the rulers above and praised by the people below. And their good name is heard all over the world. Can this be ascribed to fate? This is also due to their endeavour. Now, were those who believed in fate the sages of the Three Dynasties or the wicked of the Three Dynasties? Judging from the nature of this doctrine, it could not be the sages of the Three Dynasties, but must be the wicked that believed in fate. The ancient wicked kings of the Three Dynasties, Jie, Zhou, You, and Li, were honoured as emperors and possessed the whole world in wealth. Yet they could not control the sensuality of their ears and eyes, but gave rein to their passions. Going out they would race, hunt, and trap. Staying indoors they revelled in wine and music. They did not attend to the government of the country and the people, but did much that was of no use. And they oppressed and violated the people. Thus they lost their ancestral temple. They would not confess: "I am insolent and stupid. I did not attend to government diligently." But they would say: "It is but my fate that I lose it." Even the insolent people of the Three Dynasties were like this. They could not well serve their parents and their lord. They greatly hated politeness and frugality but liked licence and ease. They indulged in eating and drinking and were lazy at work. Their means of clothing and food became insufficient, and they incurred the danger of hunger and cold. They would not confess: "I am stupid and insolent, I am not diligent in my work." But they also said: "It is but my fate that I am poor." Thus the insolent people of the Three Dynasties also believed in fate. |
| | 盗跖: |
子张1问于满苟得曰：“盍不为行？无行则不信，不信则不任，不任则不利。故观之名，计之利，而义真是也。若弃名利，反之于心，则夫士之为行，不可一日不为乎？”满苟得曰：“无耻者富，多信者显。夫名利之大者，几在无耻而信。故观之名，计之利，而信真是也。若弃名利，反之于心，则夫士之为行，抱其天乎！” |
| The Robber Zhi: |
Zi-zhang asked Man Gou-de, saying, 'Why do you not pursue a (righteous) course? Without such a course you will not be believed in; unless you are believed in, you will not be employed in office; and if not employed in office, you will not acquire gain. Thus, if you look at the matter from the point of reputation, or estimate it from the point of gain, a righteous course is truly the right thing. If you discard the thought of reputation and gain, yet when you think over the thing in your own mind, you will see that the scholar should not be a single day without pursuing a (righteous) course.' Man Gou-de said, 'He who has no shame becomes rich, and he in whom many believe becomes illustrious. Thus the greatest fame and gain would seem to spring from being without shame and being believed in. Therefore if you look at the matter from the point of reputation, or estimate it from the point of gain, to be believed in is the right thing. If you discard the thought of fame and gain, and think over the thing in your own mind, you will see that the scholar in the course which he pursues is (simply) holding fast his Heavenly (nature, and gaining nothing).' |
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子张曰：“昔者桀、纣贵为天子，富有天下，今谓臧聚曰‘汝行如桀、纣’，则有怍色，有不服之心者，小人所贱也。仲尼、墨翟，穷为匹夫，今谓宰相曰‘子行如仲尼、墨翟’，则变容易色称不足者，士诚贵也。故势为天子，未必贵也；穷为匹夫，未必贱也。贵贱之分，在行之美恶。”满苟得曰：“小盗者拘，大盗者为诸侯，诸侯之门，义士存焉。昔者桓公小白杀兄入嫂而管仲为臣，田成子常杀君窃国而孔子受币。论则贱之，行则下之，则是言行之情悖战于胸中也，不亦拂乎！故《》曰：‘孰恶孰美？成者为首，不成者为尾。’” |
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Zi-zhang said, 'Formerly Jie and Zhou each enjoyed the honour of being the sovereign, and all the wealth of the kingdom was his; but if you now say to a (mere) money-grabber, "Your conduct is like that of Jie or Zhou," he will look ashamed, and resent the imputation: (these two sovereigns) are despised by the smallest men. Zhongni and Mo Di (on the other hand) were poor, and common men; but if you say to a Prime Minister that his conduct is like that of Zhongni or Mo Di, then he will be put out and change countenance, and protest that he is not worthy (to be so spoken of): (these two philosophers) are held to be truly noble by (all) scholars. Thus it is that the position of sovereign does not necessarily connect with being thought noble, nor the condition of being poor and of common rank with being thought mean. The difference of being thought noble or mean arises from the conduct being good or bad.' Man Gou-de replied, 'Small robbers are put in prison; a great robber becomes a feudal lord; and in the gate of the feudal lord your righteous scholars will be found. For instance, Xi-bo, the duke Huan, killed his elder brother, and took his sister-in-law to himself, and yet Guan Zhong became his minister; and Tian Cheng, styled Cheng-zi, killed his ruler, and usurped the state, and yet Confucius received a present of silks from him. In their discussions they would condemn the men, but in their conduct they abased themselves before them. In this way their words and actions must have been at war together in their breasts - was it not a contradiction and perversity? As it is said in a book, "Who is bad? and who is good? The successful is regarded as the Head, and the unsuccessful as the Tail."' |
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子张曰：“子不为行，即将疏戚无伦，贵贱无义，长幼无序，五纪六位将何以为别乎？”满苟得曰：“尧杀长子，舜流母弟，疏戚有伦乎？汤放桀，武王伐纣，贵贱有义乎？王季为适，周公杀兄，长幼有序乎？儒者伪辞，墨者兼爱，五纪六位将有别乎？且子正为名，我正为利。名利之实，不顺于理，不监于道。吾日与子讼于无约，曰：‘小人殉财，君子殉名。其所以变其情，易其性，则异矣；乃至于弃其所为而殉其所不为，则一也。’故曰：无为小人，反殉而天；无为君子，从天之理。若枉若直，相而天极，面观四方，与时消息。若是若非，执而圆机，独成而意，与道徘徊。无转而行，无成而义，将失而所为。无赴而富，无殉而成，将弃而天。比干剖心，子胥抉眼，忠之祸也；直躬证父，尾生溺死，信之患也；鲍子立乾，申子不自理，廉之害也；孔子不见母，匡子不见父，义之失也。此上世之所传，下世之所语，以为士者正其言，必其行，故服其殃，离其患也。” |
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Zi-zhang said, 'If you do not follow the usual course of what is held to be right, but observe no distinction between the near and remote degrees of kin, no difference between the noble and the mean, no order between the old and the young, then how shall a separation be made of the fivefold arrangement (of the virtues), and the six parties (in the social organisation)?' Man Gou-de replied, 'Yao killed his eldest son, and Shun banished his half-brother': did they observe the rules about the different degrees of kin? Tang deposed Jie; king Wu overthrew Zhou: did they observe the righteousness that should obtain between the noble and the mean? King Ji took the place of his elder brother, and the duke of Zhou killed his: did they observe the order that should obtain between the elder and the younger? The Literati make hypocritical speeches; the followers of Mo hold that all should be loved equally: do we find in them the separation of the fivefold arrangement (of the virtues), and the six parties (in the social organisation)? And further, you, Sir, are all for reputation, and I am all for gain; but where the actual search for reputation and gain may not be in accordance with principle and will not bear to be examined in the light of the right way, let me and you refer the matter to-morrow to the decision of Wu-yue.' (This Wu-yue) said, 'The small man pursues after wealth; the superior man pursues after reputation. The way in which they change their feelings and alter their nature is different; but if they were to cast away what they do, and replace it with doing nothing, they would be the same. Hence it is said, "Do not be a small man - return and pursue after the Heavenly in you. Do not be a superior man - follow the rule of the Heavenly in you. Be it crooked, be it straight, view the thing in the light of Heaven as revealed in you. Look all round on every side of it, and as the time indicates, cease your endeavours. Be it right, be it wrong, hold fast the ring in yourself in which all conditions converge. Alone by yourself, carry out your idea; ponder over the right way. Do not turn your course; do not try to complete your righteousness. You will fail in what you do. Do not haste to be rich; do not follow after your perfection. If you do, you will lose the heavenly in you." Bi-gan had his heart cut out; Zi-xu had his eyes gouged out: such were the evil consequences of their loyalty. The upright person bore witness against his father; Wei Sheng was drowned: such were the misfortunes of good faith. Bao-zi stood till he was dried up; Shan-zi would not defend himself: such were the injuries brought on by disinterestedness. Confucius did not see his mother; Kuang-zi did not see his father: such were the failures of the righteous. These are instances handed down from former ages, and talked about in these later times. They show us how superior men, in their determination to be correct in their words and resolute in their conduct, paid the penalty of these misfortunes, and were involved in these distresses.' 1. 子张 : 这里只是借用他的名字，并不是真的写子张其人其事。
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