| | 宪问: |
子路曰：“桓公杀公子纠，召忽死之，管仲不死。”曰：“未仁乎？”子曰：“桓公九合诸侯，不以兵车，管仲之力也。如其仁！如其仁！” |
| Xian Wen: |
Zi Lu said, "The duke Huan caused his brother Jiu to be killed, when Shao Hu died with his master, but Guan Zhong did not die. May not I say that he was wanting in virtue?" The Master said, "The Duke Huan assembled all the princes together, and that not with weapons of war and chariots - it was all through the influence of Guan Zhong. Whose beneficence was like his? Whose beneficence was like his?" |
| | 宪问: |
子贡曰：“管仲非仁者与？桓公杀公子纠，不能死，又相之。”子曰：“管仲相桓公，霸诸侯，一匡天下，民到于今受其赐。微管仲，吾其被发左衽矣。岂若匹夫匹妇之为谅也，自经于沟渎，而莫之知也。” |
| Xian Wen: |
Zi Gong said, "Guan Zhong, I apprehend, was wanting in virtue. When the Duke Huan caused his brother Jiu to be killed, Guan Zhong was not able to die with him. Moreover, he became prime minister to Huan." The Master said, "Guan Zhong acted as prime minister to the duke Huan, made him leader of all the princes, and united and rectified the whole kingdom. Down to the present day, the people enjoy the gifts which he conferred. But for Guan Zhong, we should now be wearing our hair unbound, and the lappets of our coats buttoning on the left side. Will you require from him the small fidelity of common men and common women, who would commit suicide in a stream or ditch, no one knowing anything about them?" |
| | 公孙丑下: |
孟子将朝王，王使人来曰：“寡人如就见者也，有寒疾，不可以风。朝将视朝，不识可使寡人得见乎？”对曰：“不幸而有疾，不能造朝。” |
| Gong Sun Chou II: |
As Mencius was about to go to court to see the king, the king sent a person to him with this message: 'I was wishing to come and see you. But I have got a cold, and may not expose myself to the wind. In the morning I will hold my court. I do not know whether you will give me the opportunity of seeing you then.' Mencius replied, 'Unfortunately, I am unwell, and not able to go to the court.' |
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明日，出吊于东郭氏，公孙丑曰：“昔者辞以病，今日吊，或者不可乎！”曰：“昔者疾，今日愈，如之何不吊？” |
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Next day, he went out to pay a visit of condolence to some one of the Dong Guo family, when Gong Sun Chou said to him, 'Yesterday, you declined going to the court on the ground of being unwell, and to-day you are going to pay a visit of condolence. May this not be regarded as improper?' 'Yesterday,' said Mencius, 'I was unwell; to-day, I am better - why should I not pay this visit?' |
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王使人问疾，医来。孟仲子对曰：“昔者有王命，有采薪之忧，不能造朝。今病小愈，趋造于朝，我不识能至否乎？”使数人要于路，曰：“请必无归，而造于朝！” |
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In the mean time, the king sent a messenger to inquire about his sickness, and also a physician. Meng Zhong replied to them, 'Yesterday, when the king's order came, he was feeling a little unwell, and could not go to the court. To-day he was a little better, and hastened to go to court. I do not know whether he can have reached it by this time or not.' Having said this, he sent several men to look for Mencius on the way, and say to him, 'I beg that, before you return home, you will go to the court.' |
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不得已而之景丑氏宿焉。景子曰：“内则父子，外则君臣，人之大伦也。父子主恩，君臣主敬。丑见王之敬子也，未见所以敬王也。” |
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On this, Mencius felt himself compelled to go to Jing Chou's, and there stop the night. Mr. Jing said to him, 'In the family, there is the relation of father and son; abroad, there is the relation of prince and minister. These are the two great relations among men. Between father and son the ruling principle is kindness. Between prince and minister the ruling principle is respect. I have seen the respect of the king to you, Sir, but I have not seen in what way you show respect to him.' |
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曰：“恶！是何言也！齐人无以仁义与王言者，岂以仁义为不美也？其心曰‘是何足与言仁义也’云尔，则不敬莫大乎是。我非尧舜之道，不敢以陈于王前，故齐人莫如我敬王也。” |
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Mencius replied, 'Oh! what words are these? Among the people of Qi there is no one who speaks to the king about benevolence and righteousness. Are they thus silent because they do not think that benevolence and righteousness are admirable? No, but in their hearts they say, "This man is not fit to be spoken with about benevolence and righteousness." Thus they manifest a disrespect than which there can be none greater. I do not dare to set forth before the king any but the ways of Yao and Shun. There is therefore no man of Qi who respects the king so much as I do.' |
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景子曰：“否，非此之谓也。礼曰：‘父召，无诺；君命召，不俟驾。’固将朝也，闻王命而遂不果，宜与夫礼若不相似然。” |
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Mr. Jing said, 'Not so. That was not what I meant. In the Book of Rites it is said, "When a father calls, the answer must be without a moment's hesitation. When the prince's order calls, the carriage must not be waited for." You were certainly going to the court, but when you heard the king's order, then you did not carry your purpose out. This does seem as if it were not in accordance with that rule of propriety.' |
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曰：“岂谓是与？曾子曰：‘晋楚之富，不可及也。彼以其富，我以吾仁；彼以其爵，我以吾义，吾何慊乎哉？’夫岂不义而曾子言之？是或一道也。天下有达尊三：爵一，齿一，德一。朝廷莫如爵，乡党莫如齿，辅世长民莫如德。恶得有其一，以慢其二哉？故将大有为之君，必有所不召之臣。欲有谋焉，则就之。其尊德乐道，不如是不足与有为也。故汤之于伊尹，学焉而后臣之，故不劳而王；桓公之于管仲，学焉而后臣之，故不劳而霸。今天下地丑德齐，莫能相尚。无他，好臣其所教，而不好臣其所受教。汤之于伊尹，桓公之于管仲，则不敢召。管仲且犹不可召，而况不为管仲者乎？” |
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Mencius answered him, 'How can you give that meaning to my conduct? The philosopher Zeng said, "The wealth of Jin and Chu cannot be equalled. Let their rulers have their wealth - I have my benevolence. Let them have their nobility - I have my righteousness. Wherein should I be dissatisfied as inferior to them?" Now shall we say that these sentiments are not right? Seeing that the philosopher Zeng spoke them, there is in them, I apprehend, a real principle. In the kingdom there are three things universally acknowledged to be honourable. Nobility is one of them; age is one of them; virtue is one of them. In courts, nobility holds the first place of the three; in villages, age holds the first place; and for helping one's generation and presiding over the people, the other two are not equal to virtue. How can the possession of only one of these be presumed on to despise one who possesses the other two? Therefore a prince who is to accomplish great deeds will certainly have ministers whom he does not call to go to him. When he wishes to consult with them, he goes to them. The prince who does not honour the virtuous, and delight in their ways of doing, to this extent, is not worth having to do with. Accordingly, there was the behaviour of Tang to Yi Yin: he first learned of him, and then employed him as his minister; and so without difficulty he became sovereign. There was the behaviour of the duke Huan to Guan Zhong: he first learned of him, and then employed him as his minister; and so without difficulty he became chief of all the princes. Now throughout the kingdom, the territories of the princes are of equal extent, and in their achievements they are on a level. Not one of them is able to exceed the others. This is from no other reason, but that they love to make ministers of those whom they teach, and do not love to make ministers of those by whom they might be taught. So did Tang behave to Yi Yin, and the duke Huan to Guan Zhong, that they would not venture to call them to go to them. If Guan Zhong might not be called to him by his prince, how much less may he be called, who would not play the part of Guan Zhong!' |
| | 告子下: |
孟子曰：“五霸者，三王之罪人也；今之诸侯，五霸之罪人也；今之大夫，今之诸侯之罪人也。天子适诸侯曰巡狩，诸侯朝于天子曰述职。春省耕而补不足，秋省敛而助不给。入其疆，土地辟，田野治，养老尊贤，俊杰在位，则有庆，庆以地。入其疆，土地荒芜，遗老失贤，掊克在位，则有让。一不朝，则贬其爵；再不朝，则削其地；三不朝，则六师移之。是故天子讨而不伐，诸侯伐而不讨。五霸者，搂诸侯以伐诸侯者也，故曰：五霸者，三王之罪人也。 |
| Gaozi II: |
Mencius said, 'The five chiefs of the princes were sinners against the three kings. The princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs. The Great officers of the present day are sinners against the princes. The sovereign visited the princes, which was called "A tour of Inspection." The princes attended at the court of the sovereign, which was called "Giving a report of office." It was a custom in the spring to examine the ploughing, and supply any deficiency of seed; and in autumn to examine the reaping, and assist where there was a deficiency of the crop. When the sovereign entered the boundaries of a State, if the new ground was being reclaimed, and the old fields well cultivated; if the old were nourished and the worthy honoured; and if men of distinguished talents were placed in office: then the prince was rewarded - rewarded with an addition to his territory. On the other hand, if, on entering a State, the ground was found left wild or overrun with weeds; if the old were neglected and the worthy unhonoured; and if the offices were filled with hard taxgatherers: then the prince was reprimanded. If a prince once omitted his attendance at court, he was punished by degradation of rank; if he did so a second time, he was deprived of a portion of his territory; if he did so a third time, the royal forces were set in motion, and he was removed from his government. Thus the sovereign commanded the punishment, but did not himself inflict it, while the princes inflicted the punishment, but did not command it. The five chiefs, however, dragged the princes to punish other princes, and hence I say that they were sinners against the three kings. |
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“五霸，桓公为盛。葵丘之会诸侯，束牲、载书而不歃血。初命曰：‘诛不孝，无易树子，无以妾为妻。’再命曰：‘尊贤育才，以彰有德。’三命曰：‘敬老慈幼，无忘宾旅。’四命曰：‘士无世官，官事无摄，取士必得，无专杀大夫。’五命曰：‘无曲防，无遏籴，无有封而不告。’曰：‘凡我同盟之人，既盟之后，言归于好。’今之诸侯，皆犯此五禁，故曰：今之诸侯，五霸之罪人也。 |
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'Of the five chiefs the most powerful was the duke Huan. At the assembly of the princes in Kui Qiu, he bound the victim and placed the writing upon it, but did not slay it to smear their mouths with the blood. The first injunction in their agreement was, "Slay the unfilial; change not the son who has been appointed heir; exalt not a concubine to be the wife." The second was, "Honour the worthy, and maintain the talented, to give distinction to the virtuous." The third was, "Respect the old, and be kind to the young. Be not forgetful of strangers and travellers." The fourth was, "Let not offices be hereditary, nor let officers be pluralists. In the selection of officers let the object be to get the proper men. Let not a ruler take it on himself to put to death a Great officer." The fifth was, "Follow no crooked policy in making embankments. Impose no restrictions on the sale of grain. Let there be no promotions without first announcing them to the sovereign." It was then said, "All we who have united in this agreement shall hereafter maintain amicable relations." The princes of the present day all violate these five prohibitions, and therefore I say that the princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs. |
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“长君之恶其罪小，逢君之恶其罪大。今之大夫，皆逢君之恶，故曰：今之大夫，今之诸侯之罪人也。” |
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'The crime of him who connives at, and aids, the wickedness of his prince is small, but the crime of him who anticipates and excites that wickedness is great. The officers of the present day all go to meet their sovereigns' wickedness, and therefore I say that the Great officers of the present day are sinners against the princes.' |
| | 曾子问: |
曾子问曰：“丧有二孤，庙有二主，礼与？” |
| Zengzi Wen: |
Zeng-zi asked, 'Is it according to rule "that at the mourning rites there should be two (performing the part of) the orphan son (and heir, receiving visitors), or that at a temple-shrine there should be two spirit-tablets?' |
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孔子曰：“天无二日，土无二王，尝禘郊社，尊无二上。未知其为礼也。昔者齐桓公亟举兵，作伪主以行。及反，藏诸祖庙。庙有二主，自桓公始也。丧之二孤，则昔者卫灵公适鲁，遭季桓子之丧，卫君请吊，哀公辞不得命，公为主，客人吊。康子立于门右，北面；公揖让升自东阶，西乡；客升自西阶吊。公拜，兴，哭；康子拜稽颡于位，有司弗辩也。今之二孤，自季康子之过也。” |
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Confucius said, 'In heaven there are not two suns; in a country there are not two kings; in the seasonal sacrifices, and those to Heaven and Earth, there are not two who occupy the highest place of honour. I do not know that what you ask about is according to rule. Formerly duke Huan of Qi, going frequently to war, made fictitious tablets and took them with him on his expeditions, depositing them on his return in the ancestral temple. The practice of having two tablets in a temple-shrine originated from duke Huan. As to two (playing the part of the) orphan son, it may be thus explained: Formerly, on occasion of a visit to Lu by duke Ling of Wei, the mourning rites of Ji Huan-zi were in progress. The ruler of Wei requested leave to offer his condolences. Duke Ai (of Lu), declined (the ceremony), but could not enforce his refusal. He therefore acted as the principal (mourner), and the visitor came in to condole with him. Kang-zi stood on the right of the gate with his face to the north. The duke, after the usual bows and courtesies, ascended by the steps on the east with his face towards the west. The visitor ascended by those on the west, and paid his condolences. The duke bowed ceremoniously to him, and then rose up and wailed, while Kang-zi bowed with his forehead to the ground, in the position where he was. The superintending officers made no attempt to put the thing to rights. The having two now acting as the orphan son arose from the error of Ji Kang-zi.' |
