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| Condition 1: References "四嶽伯夷，為堯典禮" Matched:7. |
| Total 7 paragraphs. Page 1 of 1. |
《先秦兩漢 - Pre-Qin and Han》 | Related resources |
《儒家 - Confucianism》 | Related resources |
《潛夫論 - Qian Fu Lun》 | [Eastern Han] 102-167 Wang Fu | Books referencing 《潛夫論》 Library Resources |
《志氏姓》 | Books referencing 《志氏姓》 Library Resources |
| 4 | 志氏姓: | 炎帝苖冑，四嶽伯夷，為堯典禮，「折民惟刑」，以封申、呂。裔生尚，為文王師，克殷而封之齊，或封許、向，或封於紀，或封於申。城在南陽宛北序山之下，故《詩》云：「亹亹申伯，王薦之事，于邑于序，南國為式。」宛西三十里有呂望。許在潁川，今許縣是也。姜戎居伊、洛之間，晉惠公徙置陸渾。州、薄、甘、戲、露、帖，及齊之國氏、高氏、襄、隰氏、士氏強氏、東郭氏、雍門氏、子雅氏、子尾氏、子襄氏、子淵氏、子乾氏、公旗氏、翰公氏、賀氏、盧氏，皆姜姓也。 |
《孔叢子 - Kongcongzi》 | [Eastern Han - Three Kingdoms (25 - 265)] | Books referencing 《孔叢子》 Library Resources Related resources |
《刑論》 | Library Resources |
| 1 | 刑論: | 仲弓問古之刑教與今之刑教。孔子曰：「古之刑省，今之刑繁。其為教，古有禮然後有刑，是以刑省；今無禮以教，而齊之以刑，刑是以繁。《書》曰：『伯夷降典，折民維刑』，謂下禮以教之，然後維以刑折之也。夫無禮則民無恥，而正之以刑，故民苟免。」 |
《墨家 - Mohism》 | Related resources |
《墨子 - Mozi》 | [Spring and Autumn - Warring States] 490 BC-221 BC | Books referencing 《墨子》 Library Resources Introduction Source Related resources |
《卷二 - Book 2》 | Library Resources |
《尚賢中 - Exaltation of the Virtuous II》 | English translation: W. P. Mei [?] | Library Resources |
| 7 | 尚賢中: | 故古聖王以審以尚賢使能為政，而取法於天。雖天亦不辯貧富、貴賤、遠邇、親疏、賢者舉而尚之，不肖者抑而廢之。然則富貴為賢，以得其賞者誰也？曰若昔者三代聖王堯、舜、禹、湯、文、武者是也。所以得其賞何也？曰其為政乎天下也，兼而愛之，從而利之，又率天下之萬民以尚尊天、事鬼、愛利萬民，是故天鬼賞之，立為天子，以為民父母，萬民從而譽之曰『聖王』，至今不已。則此富貴為賢，以得其賞者也。然則富貴為暴，以得其罰者誰也？曰若昔者三代暴王桀、紂、幽、厲者是也。何以知其然也？曰其為政乎天下也，兼而憎之，從而賊之，又率天下之民以詬天侮鬼，賊傲萬民，是故天鬼罰之，使身死而為刑戮，子孫離散，室家喪滅，絕無後嗣，萬民從而非之曰「暴王」，至今不已。則此富貴為暴，而以得其罰者也。然則親而不善，以得其罰者誰也？曰若昔者伯鯀，帝之元子，廢帝之德庸，既乃刑之于羽之郊，乃熱照無有及也，帝亦不愛。則此親而不善以得其罰者也。然則天之所使能者誰也？曰若昔者禹、稷、皋陶是也。何以知其然也？先王之書呂刑道之曰：『皇帝清問下民，有辭有苗。曰群后之肆在下，明明不常，鰥寡不蓋，德威維威，德明維明。乃名三后，恤功於民，伯夷降典，哲民維刑。禹平水土，主名山川。稷隆播種，農殖嘉穀。三后成功，維假於民。』則此言三聖人者，謹其言，慎其行，精其思慮，索天下之隱事遺利，以上事天，則天鄉其德，下施之萬民，萬民被其利，終身無已。故先王之言曰：『此道也，大用之天下則不窕，小用之則不困，脩用之則萬民被其利，終身無已。』周頌道之曰：『聖人之德，若天之高，若地之普，其有昭於天下也。若地之固，若山之承，不坼不崩。若日之光，若月之明，與天地同常。』則此言聖人之德，章明博大，埴固，以脩久也。故聖人之德蓋總乎天地者也。 |
| Exaltation of the Virtuous...: | And, the ancient sage-kings in exalting the virtuous and employing the capable in government were following the ways of Heaven. Even Heaven does not discriminate among the poor and the rich, the honourable and the humble, the distant and the near, and the related and the unrelated (to those in power). The virtuous were promoted and exalted; the vicious were kept back and banished. Now, who were those that, possessing wealth and position, still strove after virtues and were rewarded ? They were the sage-kings of the Three Dynasties, namely, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen and Wu (12). How were they rewarded? When they governed the empire, they loved all the people universally and benefited them, and led them in doing honour to Heaven and service to the spirits. As they loved and benefited the people, Heaven and the spirits rewarded them, appointing them to be Sons of Heaven, and parents of the people. And, thereupon people praised them, calling them sage-kings even unto this day. These then were those that, possessing wealth and position, still strove after virtues and were rewarded. Now, who were those that, possessing wealth and position, yet practiced evil and were punished? They were the wicked kings of the Three Dynasties, namely, Jie, Zhou, You, and Li. How do we know they were those ? When they governed the empire they disliked all the people inclusively and oppressed them and led them to curse Heaven and the spirits. Oppressing and destroying the people, they were punished by Heaven and the spirits; their corpses were mangled and lacerated, their children and grandchildren were scattered and dispersed, their family hearths were extinguished and descendants exterminated. And, thereupon the people railed at them, calling them wicked kings even unto this day. These, then, are those that, possessing wealth and position, yet practised evil and were punished. Now, who were those that were related (to the ruler) but not virtuous and were visited by punishment? Count Gun was of direct royal descent but had degenerated in the royal virtues. So he was banished to the wilderness of Yu Yu where (in the prison) light could not reach him, neither did the emperor show any favour. Such was he who was related but not virtuous and was visited by punishment. Now, who were those that were employed by Heaven because of their capability? Yu, Ji, and Gao Tao were they. How do we know that? It is found in the " Penal Code of Lu," a book of an early king, thus: "The Emperor (Yao) inquired among his subjects, and complaints were made against the Miaos (barbarians)." Again, "As the feudal lords have been appointed without insight, even the widows and the widowers are not protected. Dignity is revered only when it is accompanied with magnanimity; enlightenment is respected only when it is accompanied with magnanimity. Thereupon three chiefs were commissioned to care for and consolate the people: (1) Bo Yi delivered the laws and statutes and taught therewith the people; (2) Yu reduced the Flood and recovered the land, and gave names to hills and rivers; (3) Ji descended (from his rank) and sowed seeds to encourage good farming. The benefits of the achievements of these three chiefs all fell upon the people." This is to say that the three sages were careful in speech, vigilant in conduct, penetrating in thought, studying and planning for every detail and benefit of the world--with this to do service to Heaven on high, Heaven will bless their virtue; to bestow it to the people below, the people will be visited by its benefits lasting beyond their lifetime. Thus said the ancient kings: "Now, this way, when followed broadly to govern the world, will not be found to be too slender; when followed narrowly, will not be too unwieldly; when followed with discretion, will benefit the people beyond their lifetime." Referring to it, the "Eulogy of Zhou" sings: "The virtue of the sage shining upon the world is lofty as Heaven, wide as earth, high as the mountain, unbreakable and infallible; luminating as the sun, brilliant as the moon, eternal with heaven and earth." This is to describe how enlightening and all-embracing, deep-rooted and, therefore, permanent is the virtue of the sage. Therefore the virtue of the sage is really inclusive of heaven and earth. |
《史書 - Histories》 | Related resources |
《漢書 - Han Shu》 | [Xin - Eastern Han] 36-111 | Books referencing 《漢書》 Library Resources |
《志》 | Books referencing 《志》 Library Resources |
《刑法志》 | Books referencing 《刑法志》 Library Resources |
| 28 | 刑法志: | 原獄刑所以蕃若此者，禮教不立，刑法不明，民多貧窮，豪桀務私，姦不輒得，獄豻不平之所致也。《書》云「伯夷降典，悊民惟刑」，言制禮以止刑，猶隄之防溢水也。今隄防凌遲，禮制未立；死刑過制，生刑易犯；饑寒並至，窮斯濫溢；豪桀擅私，為之囊橐，姦有所隱，則狃而寖廣：此刑之所以蕃也。孔子曰：「古之知法者能省刑，本也；今之知法者不失有罪，末矣。」又曰：「今之聽獄者，求所以殺之；古之聽獄者，求所以生之。」與其殺不辜，寧失有罪。今之獄吏，上下相驅，以刻為明，深者獲功名，平者多後患。諺曰：「鬻棺者欲歲之疫。」非憎人欲殺之，利在於人死也。今治獄吏欲陷害人，亦猶此矣。凡此五疾，獄刑所以尤多者也。 |
《經典文獻 - Ancient Classics》 | Related resources |
《尚書 - Shang Shu》 | [Spring and Autumn (772 BC - 476 BC)] | Books referencing 《尚書》 Library Resources Source Related resources |
《周書 - Zhou Shu》 | Library Resources |
《呂刑 - Marquis of Lu on Punishments》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《呂刑》 Library Resources |
| 3 | 呂刑: | 皇帝清問下民鰥寡有辭于苗。德威惟畏，德明惟明。乃命三后，恤功于民。伯夷降典，折民惟刑；禹平水土，主名山川；稷降播種，家殖嘉谷。三后成功，惟殷于民。士制百姓于刑之中，以教祗德。穆穆在上，明明在下，灼于四方，罔不惟德之勤，故乃明于刑之中，率乂于民棐彝。典獄非訖于威，惟訖于富。敬忌，罔有擇言在身。惟克天德，自作元命，配享在下。」 |
| Marquis of Lu on...: | 'The great Di with an unprejudiced mind carried his enquiries low down among the people, and the solitary and widows laid before him their complaints against the Miao. He awed the people by the majesty of his virtue, and enlightened them by its brightness. He thereupon charged the three princely (ministers) to labour with compassionate anxiety in the people's behalf. Bo-yi delivered his statutes to prevent the people from rendering themselves obnoxious to punishment; Yu reduced to order the water and the land, and presided over the naming of the hills and rivers; Ji spread abroad a knowledge of agriculture, and (the people) extensively cultivated the admirable grains. When the three princes had accomplished their work, it was abundantly well with the people. The Minister of Crime exercised among them the restraint of punishment in exact adaptation to each offence, and taught them to reverence virtue. The greatest gravity and harmony in the sovereign, and the greatest intelligence in those below him, thus shining forth to all quarters (of the land), all were rendered diligent in cultivating their virtue. Hence, (if anything more were wanted), the clear adjudication of punishments effected the regulation of the people, and helped them to observe the regular duties of life. The officers who presided over criminal cases executed the law (fearlessly) against the powerful, and (faithfully) against the wealthy. They were reverent and cautious. They had no occasion to make choice of words to vindicate their conduct. The virtue of Heaven was attained to by them; from them was the determination of so great a matter as the lives (of men). In their low sphere they yet corresponded (to Heaven) and enjoyed (its favour)'. |
《漢代之後 - Post-Han》 |
《宋明 - Song-Ming》 |
《太平御覽》 | [Northern Song] 977-984 | Library Resources |
《刑法部一》 | Library Resources |
《敘刑上》 | Library Resources |
| 11 | 敘刑上: |
《書》曰：伯夷降典禮，折民惟刑。謂有禮然後有刑也。 又曰：茲殷罰有倫，今也反是，諸侯不同聽，每君異法。聽，設獄也。聽無有倫，是故知法難也。 又曰：有過，赦。小罪勿增，大罪勿累。延罪無辜曰累。老弱不授刑，有過不授罰。故老而授刑謂之悖，弱者授之不克，不赦有過謂之賊。 |
| 25 | 敘刑上: |
《漢書·刑法志》曰：古人有言曰：天生五材，民并用之，廢一不可。鞭樸不可弛於家，刑罰不可廢於國，征伐不可偃於天下。用之有本末，行之有逆順耳。 又曰：孝武即位，徵發煩數，百姓貧窮，民被酷吏，擊奸斷宄不勝。於是招進張湯、趙禹之屬，修定法令。 又曰：古之知法者，能省刑本也。今之知法者，不失有罪，上下相臨，以刻為明。深者獲功名，平者多后患。諺曰：鬻棺者欲歲之疫，非憎人欲煞之，利在於人死。 又曰：貢禹上言：「孝文皇帝時，貴廉潔，賤貪污，賈人、贅婿及吏坐贓者皆禁錮，不得為吏。無贖罪之法，欲令行禁止，海內大化。武帝始臨天下，尊賢用士，開地廣境，自見功大，遂縱嗜欲。乃一時之變，使犯法者贖罪，入谷者補吏。是以官亂民貧，盜賊并起。」 又曰：文帝制：「人有己論其父母妻子同產坐之，及收貰律令宜除之，孥，子也。秦法：一有罪，并收其家也。罪疑者與人，」從輕斷之。於是刑罰大省，斷獄四百。 又曰：秦始皇專任刑罰，躬操文墨，晝斷獄，夜理書。 又曰：于定國為廷尉，季秋後請讞。時上常幸宣室，齋而居，決事刑獄，號平反也。反音番。 又曰：董仲舒云：「陽為德，陰為刑。陽常居大夏，而生養育長為事；陰常居大冬，而積於虛空不用之處。以此見天之任德不任刑也。」 又曰：秦用商鞅之法，故帝王之道，刑戮妄行，人不聊生，逃亡山野，并為盜賊，斷獄一歲八十萬數。 又曰：《刑法志》曰：古人有言：滿堂飲酒，有一人向隅而泣，則一堂不樂。王者之於天下，猶一堂之上也。一人不得平，為之凄愴。今郡國被刑，或冤死者多，此和氣所以未洽者也。原夫獄刑所以蕃者，《書》曰：「伯夷降典，折民惟刑。」言伯夷示禮法以道，人人習之，禮然後用刑也。言制禮以止刑，猶堤防之溢水也。今堤防陵遲，禮制未立；死刑過制，生刑易犯。饑寒并至，窮斯濫溢。豪杰擅私為之囊橐，言容隱奸刑，若櫜盛物。奸邪所隱，則狃而浸廣。狃，串習也。浸，漸。狃音女九切。 |
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