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Condition 1: References 秦 : 古國名。 The state of Qin. Matched:202.
Total 119 paragraphs. Page 1 of 12. Jump to page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 12

先秦兩漢 - Pre-Qin and Han

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儒家 - Confucianism

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論語 - The Analects

[Spring and Autumn - Warring States] 480 BC-350 BC
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[Also known as: "The Analects of Confucius", "The Confucian Analects"]

微子 - Wei Zi

English translation: James Legge [?]
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9 微子:
大師摯適齊,亞飯干適楚,三飯繚適蔡,四飯缺適。鼓方叔入於河,播鼗武入於漢,少師陽、擊磬襄,入於海。
Wei Zi:
The grand music master, Zhi, went to Qi. Gan, the master of the band at the second meal, went to Chu. Liao, the band master at the third meal, went to Cai. Que, the band master at the fourth meal, went to Qin. Fang Shu, the drum master, withdrew to the north of the river. Wu, the master of the hand drum, withdrew to the Han. Yang, the assistant music master, and Xiang, master of the musical stone, withdrew to an island in the sea.

孟子 - Mengzi

[Warring States] 340 BC-250 BC English translation: James Legge [?]
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[Also known as: "The Works of Mencius"]

梁惠王上 - Liang Hui Wang I

English translation: James Legge [?] Library Resources
5 梁惠王上:
梁惠王曰:「晉國,天下莫強焉,叟之所知也。及寡人之身,東敗於齊,長子死焉;西喪地於七百里;南辱於楚。寡人恥之,願比死者一洒之,如之何則可?」
Liang Hui Wang I:
King Hui of Liang said, 'There was not in the nation a stronger State than Jin, as you, venerable Sir, know. But since it descended to me, on the east we have been defeated by Qi, and then my eldest son perished; on the west we have lost seven hundred li of territory to Qin; and on the south we have sustained disgrace at the hands of Chu. I have brought shame on my departed predecessors, and wish on their account to wipe it away, once for all. What course is to be pursued to accomplish this?'
孟子對曰:「地方百里而可以王。王如施仁政於民,省刑罰,薄稅斂,深耕易耨。壯者以暇日修其孝悌忠信,入以事其父兄,出以事其長上,可使制梃以撻秦楚之堅甲利兵矣。彼奪其民時,使不得耕耨以養其父母,父母凍餓,兄弟妻子離散。彼陷溺其民,王往而征之,夫誰與王敵?故曰:『仁者無敵。』王請勿疑!」
Mencius replied, 'With a territory which is only a hundred li square, it is possible to attain to the royal dignity. If Your Majesty will indeed dispense a benevolent government to the people, being sparing in the use of punishments and fines, and making the taxes and levies light, so causing that the fields shall be ploughed deep, and the weeding of them be carefully attended to, and that the strong-bodied, during their days of leisure, shall cultivate their filial piety, fraternal respectfulness, sincerity, and truthfulness, serving thereby, at home, their fathers and elder brothers, and, abroad, their elders and superiors, you will then have a people who can be employed, with sticks which they have prepared, to oppose the strong mail and sharp weapons of the troops of Qin and Chu. The rulers of those States rob their people of their time, so that they cannot plough and weed their fields, in order to support their parents. Their parents suffer from cold and hunger. Brothers, wives, and children are separated and scattered abroad. Those rulers, as it were, drive their people into pit-falls, or drown them. Your Majesty will go to punish them. In such a case, who will oppose your Majesty? In accordance with this is the saying, "The benevolent has no enemy." I beg your Majesty not to doubt what I say.'

7 梁惠王上:
齊宣王問曰:「齊桓、晉文之事可得聞乎?」
Liang Hui Wang I:
The king Xuan of Qi asked, saying, 'May I be informed by you of the transactions of Huan of Qi, and Wen of Jin?'
孟子對曰:「仲尼之徒無道桓、文之事者,是以後世無傳焉。臣未之聞也。無以,則王乎?」
Mencius replied, 'There were none of the disciples of Zhong Ni who spoke about the affairs of Huan and Wen, and therefore they have not been transmitted to these after-ages - your servant has not heard them. If you will have me speak, let it be about royal government.'
曰:「德何如,則可以王矣?」
The king said, 'What virtue must there be in order to attain to royal sway?'
曰:「保民而王,莫之能禦也。」
Mencius answered, 'The love and protection of the people; with this there is no power which can prevent a ruler from attaining to it.'
曰:「若寡人者,可以保民乎哉?」
The king asked again, 'Is such an one as I competent to love and protect the people?'
曰:「可。」
Mencius said, 'Yes.'
曰:「何由知吾可也?」
'How do you know that I am competent for that?'
曰:「臣聞之胡齕曰,王坐於堂上,有牽牛而過堂下者,王見之,曰:『牛何之?』對曰:『將以釁鐘。』王曰:『舍之!吾不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地。』對曰:『然則廢釁鐘與?』曰:『何可廢也?以羊易之!』不識有諸?」
'I heard the following incident from Hu He: "The king," said he, "was sitting aloft in the hall, when a man appeared, leading an ox past the lower part of it. The king saw him, and asked, Where is the ox going? The man replied, We are going to consecrate a bell with its blood. The king said, Let it go. I cannot bear its frightened appearance, as if it were an innocent person going to the place of death. The man answered, Shall we then omit the consecration of the bell ? The king said, How can that be omitted? Change it for a sheep." I do not know whether this incident really occurred.'
曰:「有之。」
The king replied, 'It did,'
曰:「是心足以王矣。百姓皆以王為愛也,臣固知王之不忍也。」
and then Mencius said, 'The heart seen in this is sufficient to carry you to the royal sway. The people all supposed that your Majesty grudged the animal, but your servant knows surely, that it was your Majesty's not being able to bear the sight, which made you do as you did.'
王曰:「然。誠有百姓者。齊國雖褊小,吾何愛一牛?即不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地,故以羊易之也。」
The king said, 'You are right. And yet there really was an appearance of what the people condemned. But though Qi be a small and narrow State, how should I grudge one ox? Indeed it was because I could not bear its frightened appearance, as if it were an innocent person going to the place of death, that therefore I changed it for a sheep.'
曰:「王無異於百姓之以王為愛也。以小易大,彼惡知之?王若隱其無罪而就死地,則牛羊何擇焉?」
Mencius pursued, 'Let not your Majesty deem it strange that the people should think you were grudging the animal. When you changed a large one for a small, how should they know the true reason? If you felt pained by its being led without guilt to the place of death, what was there to choose between an ox and a sheep?
王笑曰:「是誠何心哉?我非愛其財。而易之以羊也,宜乎百姓之謂我愛也。」
The king laughed and said, 'What really was my mind in the matter? I did not grudge the expense of it, and changed it for a sheep! There was reason in the people's saying that I grudged it.'
曰:「無傷也,是乃仁術也,見牛未見羊也。君子之於禽獸也,見其生,不忍見其死;聞其聲,不忍食其肉。是以君子遠庖廚也。」
'There is no harm in their saying so,' said Mencius. 'Your conduct was an artifice of benevolence. You saw the ox, and had not seen the sheep. So is the superior man affected towards animals, that, having seen them alive, he cannot bear to see them die; having heard their dying cries, he cannot bear to eat their flesh. Therefore he keeps away from his slaughter-house and cook-room.'
王說曰:「《》云:『他人有心,予忖度之。』夫子之謂也。夫我乃行之,反而求之,不得吾心。夫子言之,於我心有戚戚焉。此心之所以合於王者,何也?」
The king was pleased, and said, 'It is said in the Book of Poetry, "The minds of others, I am able by reflection to measure;" - this is verified, my Master, in your discovery of my motive. I indeed did the thing, but when I turned my thoughts inward, and examined into it, I could not discover my own mind. When you, Master, spoke those words, the movements of compassion began to work in my mind. How is it that this heart has in it what is equal to the royal sway?'
曰:「有復於王者曰:『吾力足以舉百鈞』,而不足以舉一羽;『明足以察秋毫之末』,而不見輿薪,則王許之乎?」
Mencius replied, 'Suppose a man were to make this statement to your Majesty: "My strength is sufficient to lift three thousand catties, but it is not sufficient to lift one feather; my eyesight is sharp enough to examine the point of an autumn hair, but I do not see a waggon-load of faggots;" would your Majesty allow what he said?'
曰:「否。」
'No,' was the answer,
「今恩足以及禽獸,而功不至於百姓者,獨何與?然則一羽之不舉,為不用力焉;輿薪之不見,為不用明焉,百姓之不見保,為不用恩焉。故王之不王,不為也,非不能也。」
on which Mencius proceeded, 'Now here is kindness sufficient to reach to animals, and no benefits are extended from it to the people. How is this? Is an exception to be made here? The truth is, the feather is not lifted , because strength is not used; the waggon-load of firewood is not seen, because the eyesight is not used; and the people are not loved and protected, because kindness is not employed. Therefore your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway, is because you do not do it, not because you are not able to do it.'
曰:「不為者與不能者之形何以異?」
The king asked, 'How may the difference between the not doing a thing, and the not being able to do it, be represented?
曰:「挾太山以超北海,語人曰『我不能』,是誠不能也。為長者折枝,語人曰『我不能』,是不為也,非不能也。故王之不王,非挾太山以超北海之類也;王之不王,是折枝之類也。老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼。天下可運於掌。《》云:『刑于寡妻,至于兄弟,以御于家邦。』言舉斯心加諸彼而已。故推恩足以保四海,不推恩無以保妻子。古之人所以大過人者無他焉,善推其所為而已矣。今恩足以及禽獸,而功不至於百姓者,獨何與?權,然後知輕重;度,然後知長短。物皆然,心為甚。王請度之!抑王興甲兵,危士臣,構怨於諸侯,然後快於心與?」
Mencius replied,'In such a thing as taking the Tai mountain under your arm, and leaping over the north sea with it, if you say to people "I am not able to do it," that is a real case of not being able. In such a matter as breaking off a branch from a tree at the order of a superior, if you say to people "I am not able to do it," that is a case of not doing it, it is not a case of not being able to do it. Therefore your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway, is not such a case as that of taking the Tai mountain under your arm, and leaping over the north sea with it. Your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway is a case like that of breaking off a branch from a tree. Treat with the reverence due to age the elders in your own family, so that the elders in the families of others shall be similarly treated; treat with the kindness due to youth the young in your own family, so that the young in the families of others shall be similarly treated - do this, and the kingdom may be made to go round in your palm. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "His example affected his wife. It reached to his brothers, and his family of the State was governed by it." The language shows how king Wen simply took his kindly heart, and exercised it towards those parties. Therefore the carrying out his kindness of heart by a prince will suffice for the love and protection of all within the four seas, and if he do not carry it out, he will not be able to protect his wife and children. The way in which the ancients came greatly to surpass other men, was no other but this - simply that they knew well how to carry out, so as to affect others, what they themselves did. Now your kindness is sufficient to reach to animals, and no benefits are extended from it to reach the people. How is this? Is an exception to be made here? By weighing, we know what things are light, and what heavy. By measuring, we know what things are long, and what short. The relations of all things may be thus determined, and it is of the greatest importance to estimate the motions of the mind. I beg your Majesty to measure it. You collect your equipments of war, endanger your soldiers and officers, and excite the resentment of the other princes - do these things cause you pleasure in your mind?'
王曰:「否。吾何快於是?將以求吾所大欲也。」
The king replied, 'No. How should I derive pleasure from these things? My object in them is to seek for what I greatly desire.'
曰:「王之所大欲可得聞與?」王笑而不言。
Mencius said, 'May I hear from you what it is that you greatly desire?' The king laughed and did not speak.
曰:「為肥甘不足於口與?輕煖不足於體與?抑為采色不足視於目與?聲音不足聽於耳與?便嬖不足使令於前與?王之諸臣皆足以供之,而王豈為是哉?」
Mencius resumed, 'Are you led to desire it, because you have not enough of rich and sweet food for your mouth? Or because you have not enough of light and warm clothing for your body? Or because you have not enough of beautifully coloured objects to delight your eyes? Or because you have not voices and tones enough to please your ears? Or because you have not enough of attendants and favourites to stand before you and receive your orders? Your Majesty's various officers are sufficient to supply you with those things. How can your Majesty be led to entertain such a desire on account of them?'
曰:「否。吾不為是也。」
'No,' said the king; 'my desire is not on account of them.'
曰:「然則王之所大欲可知已。欲辟土地,朝楚,莅中國而撫四夷也。以若所為求若所欲,猶緣木而求魚也。」
Mencius added, 'Then, what your Majesty greatly desires may be known. You wish to enlarge your territories, to have Qin and Chu wait at your court, to rule the Middle Kingdom, and to attract to you the barbarous tribes that surround it. But doing what you do to seek for what you desire is like climbing a tree to seek for fish.'
王曰:「若是其甚與?」
The king said, 'Is it so bad as that?'
曰:「殆有甚焉。緣木求魚,雖不得魚,無後災。以若所為,求若所欲,盡心力而為之,後必有災。」
'It is even worse,' was the reply. 'If you climb a tree to seek for fish, although you do not get the fish, you will not suffer any subsequent calamity. But doing what you do to seek for what you desire, doing it moreover with all your heart, you will assuredly afterwards meet with calamities.'
曰:「可得聞與?」
The king asked, 'May I hear from you the proof of that?'
曰:「鄒人與楚人戰,則王以為孰勝?」
Mencius said, 'If the people of Zou should fight with the people of Chu, which of them does your Majesty think would conquer?'
曰:「楚人勝。」
'The people of Chu would conquer.'
曰:「然則小固不可以敵大,寡固不可以敵眾,弱固不可以敵彊。海內之地方千里者九,齊集有其一。以一服八,何以異於鄒敵楚哉?蓋亦反其本矣。今王發政施仁,使天下仕者皆欲立於王之朝,耕者皆欲耕於王之野,商賈皆欲藏於王之市,行旅皆欲出於王之塗,天下之欲疾其君者皆欲赴愬於王。其若是,孰能禦之?」
'Yes - and so it is certain that a small country cannot contend with a great, that few cannot contend with many, that the weak cannot contend with the strong. The territory within the four seas embraces nine divisions, each of a thousand li square. All Qi together is but one of them. If with one part you try to subdue the other eight, what is the difference between that and Zou's contending with Chu? For, with such a desire, you must turn back to the proper course for its attainment. Now if your Majesty will institute a government whose action shall be benevolent, this will cause all the officers in the kingdom to wish to stand in your Majesty's court, and all the farmers to wish to plough in your Majesty's fields, and all the merchants, both travelling and stationary, to wish to store their goods in your Majesty's market-places, and all travelling strangers to wish to make their tours on your Majesty's roads, and all throughout the kingdom who feel aggrieved by their rulers to wish to come and complain to your Majesty. And when they are so bent, who will be able to keep them back?'
王曰:「吾惛,不能進於是矣。願夫子輔吾志,明以教我。我雖不敏,請嘗試之。」
The king said, 'I am stupid, and not able to advance to this. I wish you, my Master, to assist my intentions. Teach me clearly; although I am deficient in intelligence and vigour, I will essay and try to carry your instructions into effect.'
曰:「無恆產而有恆心者,惟士為能。若民,則無恆產,因無恆心。苟無恆心,放辟,邪侈,無不為已。及陷於罪,然後從而刑之,是罔民也。焉有仁人在位,罔民而可為也?是故明君制民之產,必使仰足以事父母,俯足以畜妻子,樂歲終身飽,凶年免於死亡。然後驅而之善,故民之從之也輕。今也制民之產,仰不足以事父母,俯不足以畜妻子,樂歲終身苦,凶年不免於死亡。此惟救死而恐不贍,奚暇治禮義哉?王欲行之,則盍反其本矣。五畝之宅,樹之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣;雞豚狗彘之畜,無失其時,七十者可以食肉矣;百畝之田,勿奪其時,八口之家可以無飢矣;謹庠序之教,申之以孝悌之義,頒白者不負戴於道路矣。老者衣帛食肉,黎民不飢不寒,然而不王者,未之有也。」
Mencius replied, 'They are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people, if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart. And if they have not a fixed heart, there is nothing which they will not do, in the way of self-abandonment, of moral deflection, of depravity, and of wild license. When they thus have been involved in crime, to follow them up and punish them - this is to entrap the people. How can such a thing as entrapping the people be done under the rule of a benevolent man? Therefore an intelligent ruler will regulate the livelihood of the people, so as to make sure that, for those above them, they shall have sufficient wherewith to serve their parents, and, for those below them, sufficient wherewith to support their wives and children; that in good years they shall always be abundantly satisfied, and that in bad years they shall escape the danger of perishing. After this he may urge them, and they will proceed to what is good, for in this case the people will follow after it with ease. Now, the livelihood of the people is so regulated, that, above, they have not sufficient wherewith to serve their parents, and, below, they have not sufficient wherewith to support their wives and children. Notwithstanding good years, their lives are continually embittered, and, in bad years, they do not escape perishing. In such circumstances they only try to save themselves from death, and are afraid they will not succeed. What leisure have they to cultivate propriety and righteousness? If your Majesty wishes to effect this regulation of the livelihood of the people, why not turn to that which is the essential step to it? Let mulberry-trees be planted about the homesteads with their five mu, and persons of fifty years may be clothed with silk. In keeping fowls, pigs, dogs, and swine, let not their times of breeding be neglected, and persons of seventy years may eat flesh. Let there not be taken away the time that is proper for the cultivation of the farm with its hundred mu, and the family of eight mouths that is supported by it shall not suffer from hunger. Let careful attention be paid to education in schools, the inculcation in it especially of the filial and fraternal duties, and grey-haired men will not be seen upon the roads, carrying burdens on their backs or on their heads. It never has been that the ruler of a State where such results were seen, the old wearing silk and eating flesh, and the black-haired people suffering neither from hunger nor cold, did not attain to the royal dignity.'

告子上 - Gaozi I

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12 告子上:
孟子曰:「今有無名之指,屈而不信,非疾痛害事也,如有能信之者,則不遠楚之路,為指之不若人也。指不若人,則知惡之;心不若人,則不知惡,此之謂不知類也。」
Gaozi I:
Mencius said, 'Here is a man whose fourth finger is bent and cannot be stretched out straight. It is not painful, nor does it incommode his business, and yet if there be any one who can make it straight, he will not think the way from Qin to Chu far to go to him; because his finger is not like the finger of other people. When a man's finger is not like those of other people, he knows to feel dissatisfied, but if his mind be not like that of other people, he does not know to feel dissatisfaction. This is called "Ignorance of the relative importance of things."'

禮記 - Liji

[Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)]
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[Also known as: 《小戴禮記》, "The Classic of Rites"]

檀弓下 - Tan Gong II

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181 檀弓下:
諸侯伐,曹桓公卒于會。諸侯請含,使之襲。
Tan Gong II:
The princes were engaged in an invasion of Qin, when duke Huan of Cao died at their meeting. The others asked leave to (see) the plugging of his teeth with the jade, and they were made to enshroud (his corpse).

法家 - Legalism

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韓非子 - Hanfeizi

[Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)]
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[Also known as: 《韓非》, 《韓子》]

存韓

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1 存韓:
韓事三十餘年,出則為扞蔽,入則為蓆薦,秦特出銳師取韓地,而隨之怨懸於天下,功歸於強秦。且夫韓入貢職,與郡縣無異也。今臣竊聞貴臣之計,舉兵將伐韓。夫趙氏聚士卒,養從徒,欲贅天下之兵,明秦不弱,則諸侯必滅宗廟,欲西面行其意,非一日之計也。今釋趙之患,而攘內臣之韓,則天下明趙氏之計矣。夫韓、小國也,而以應天下四擊,主辱臣苦,上下相與同憂久矣。修守備,戒強敵,有蓄積、築城池以守固。今伐韓未可一年而滅,拔一城而退,則權輕於天下,天下摧我兵矣。韓叛則魏應之,趙據齊以為原,如此,則以韓、魏資趙假齊以固其從,而以與爭強,趙之福而秦之禍也。夫進而擊趙不能取,退而攻韓弗能拔,則陷銳之卒,懃於野戰,負任之旅,罷於內攻,則合群苦弱以敵而共二萬乘,非所以亡趙之心也。均如貴臣之計,則秦必為天下兵質矣。陛下雖以金石相弊,則兼天下之日未也。

難言

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2 難言:
故度量雖正,未必聽也;義理雖全,未必用也。大王若以此不信,則小者以為毀訾誹謗,大者患禍災害死亡及其身。故子胥善謀而吳戮之,仲尼善說而匡圍之,管夷吾實賢而魯囚之。故此三大夫豈不賢哉?而三君不明也。上古有湯至聖也,伊尹至智也;夫至智說至聖,然且七十說而不受,身執鼎俎為庖宰,昵近習親,而湯乃僅知其賢而用之。故曰以至智說至聖,未必至而見受,伊尹說湯是也;以智說愚必不聽,文王說紂是也。故文王說紂而紂囚之,翼侯炙,鬼侯腊,比干剖心,梅伯醢,夷吾束縛,而曹羈奔陳,伯里子道乞,傅說轉鬻,孫子臏腳於魏,吳起收泣於岸門、痛西河之為秦、卒枝解於楚,公叔痤言國器、反為悖,公孫鞅奔,關龍逢斬,萇宏分胣,尹子阱於棘,司馬子期死而浮於江,田明辜射,宓子賤、西門豹不鬥而死人手,董安于死而陳於市,宰予不免於田常,范睢折脅於魏。此十數人者,皆世之仁賢忠良有道術之士也,不幸而遇悖亂闇惑之主而死,然則雖賢聖不能逃死亡避戮辱者何也?則愚者難說也,故君子不少也。且至言忤於耳而倒於心,非賢聖莫能聽,願大王熟察之也。

說難

Books referencing 《說難》 Library Resources
5 說難:
昔者鄭武公欲伐胡,故先以其女妻胡君以娛其意。因問於群臣:「吾欲用兵,誰可伐者?」大夫關其思對曰:「胡可伐。」武公怒而戮之,曰:「胡,兄弟之國也,子言伐之何也?」胡君聞之,以鄭為親己,遂不備鄭,鄭人襲胡,取之。宋有富人,天雨牆壞,其子曰:「不築,必將有盜。」其鄰人之父亦云。暮而果大亡其財,其家甚智其子,而疑鄰人之父。此二人說者皆當矣,厚者為戮,薄者見疑,則非知之難也,處知則難也。故繞朝之言當矣,其為聖人於晉,而為戮於也。此不可不察。

和氏

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3 和氏:
昔者吳起教楚悼王以楚國之俗曰:「大臣太重,封君太眾,若此則上偪主而下虐民,此貧國弱兵之道也。不如使封君之子孫三世而收爵祿,絕滅百吏之祿秩,損不急之枝官,以奉選練之士。」悼王行之期年而薨矣,吳起枝解於楚。商君教秦孝公以連什伍,設告坐之過,燔詩書而明法令,塞私門之請而遂公家之勞,禁游宦之民而顯耕戰之士。孝公行之,主以尊安,國以富強,八年而薨,商君車裂於秦。楚不用吳起而削亂,行商君法而富強,二子之言也已當矣,然而枝解吳起而車裂商君者何也?大臣苦法而細民惡治也。當今之世,大臣貪重,細民安亂,甚於秦、楚之俗,而人主無悼王、孝公之聽,則法術之士,安能蒙二子之危也而明己之法術哉!此世所以亂無霸王也。

問田

Books referencing 《問田》 Library Resources
2 問田:
堂谿公謂韓子曰:「臣聞服禮辭讓,全之術也;修行退智,遂之道也。今先生立法術,設度數,臣竊以為危於身而殆於軀。何以效之?所聞先生術曰:『楚不用吳起而削亂,行商君而富彊,二子之言已當矣,然而吳起支解而商君車裂者,不逢世遇主之患也。』逢遇不可必也,患禍不可斥也,夫舍乎全遂之道而肆乎危殆之行,竊為先生無取焉。」韓子曰:「臣明先生之言矣。夫治天下之柄,齊民萌之度,甚未易處也。然所以廢先王之教,而行賤臣之所取者,竊以為立法術,設度數,所以利民萌便眾庶之道也。故不憚亂主闇上之患禍,而必思以齊民萌之資利者,仁智之行也。憚亂主闇上之患禍,而避乎死亡之害,知明夫身而不見民萌之資利者,貪鄙之為也。臣不忍嚮貪鄙之為,不敢傷仁智之行。先王有幸臣之意,然有大傷臣之實。」

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