| | 系辞下: |
八卦成列，象在其中矣。因而重之，爻在其中矣。刚柔相推，变在其中矣。系辞焉而命之，动在其中矣。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
The eight trigrams having been completed in their proper order, there were in each the (three) emblematic lines. They were then multiplied by a process of addition till the (six) component lines appeared. The strong line and the weak push themselves each into the place of the other, and hence the changes (of the diagrams) take place. The appended explanations attach to every form of them its character (of good or ill), and hence the movements (suggested by divination) are determined accordingly. |
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吉凶悔吝者，生乎动者也。刚柔者，立本者也。变通者，趣时者也。 |
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Good fortune and ill, occasion for repentance or regret, all arise from these movements. The strong and the weak (lines) have their fixed and proper places (in the diagrams); their changes, however varied, are according to the requirements of the time (when they take place). |
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吉凶者，贞胜者也。天地之道，贞观者也。日月之道，贞明者也，天下之动，贞夫一者也。 |
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Good fortune and ill are continually prevailing each against the other by an exact rule. By the same rule, heaven and earth, in their course, continually give forth (their lessons); the sun and moon continually emit their light; all the movements under the sky are constantly subject to this one and the same rule. |
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夫乾，确然示人易矣。夫坤，隤然示人简矣。爻也者，效此者也。象也者，像此者也。 |
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Qian, (the symbol of heaven, and) conveying the idea of strength, shows to men its easy (and natural) action. Kun, (the symbol of earth, and) conveying the idea of docility, shows to men its compendious (receptivity and operation). The Yao (or lines) are imitative representations of this. The Xiang, or emblematic figures, are pictorial representations of the same. |
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爻象动乎内，吉凶见乎外，功业见乎变，圣人之情见乎辞。 |
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The movements of the lines and figures take place (at the hand of the operator), and are unseen; the good fortune or ill is seen openly and is beyond. The work to be done appears by the changes; the sympathies of the sages are seen in their explanations. |
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天地之大德曰生，圣人之大宝曰位。何以守位曰仁，何以聚人曰财。理财正辞，禁民为非曰义。 |
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The great attribute of heaven and earth is the giving and maintaining life. What is most precious for the sage is to get the (highest) place - (in which he can be the human representative of heaven and earth). What will guard this position for him? Men. How shall he collect a large population round him? By the power of his wealth. The right administration of that wealth, correct instructions to the people, and prohibitions against wrong-doing; - these constitute his righteousness. |
| | 系辞下: |
古者包牺氏之王天下也，仰则观象于天，俯则观法于地，观鸟兽之文，与地之宜，近取诸身，远取诸物，于是始作八卦，以通神明之德，以类万物之情。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
Anciently, when Bao-xi had come to the rule of all under heaven, looking up, he contemplated the brilliant forms exhibited in the sky, and looking down he surveyed the patterns shown on the earth. He contemplated the ornamental appearances of birds and beasts and the (different) suitabilities of the soil. Near at hand, in his own person, he found things for consideration, and the same at a distance, in things in general. On this he devised the eight trigrams, to show fully the attributes of the spirit-like and intelligent (operations working secretly), and to classify the qualities of the myriads of things. |
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作结绳而为罔罟，以佃以渔，盖取诸离。 |
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He invented the making of nets of various kinds by knitting strings, both for hunting and fishing. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Lu (the third trigram, and thirtieth hexagram). |
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包牺氏没，神农氏作，斫木为耜，揉木为耒，耒耨之利，以教天下，盖取诸益。 |
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On the death of Bao-xi, there arose Shen-nong (in his place). He fashioned wood to form the share, and bent wood to make the plough-handle. The advantages of ploughing and weeding were then taught to all under heaven. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Yi (the forty-second hexagram). |
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日中为市，致天下之民，聚天下之货，交易而退，各得其所，盖取诸噬嗑。 |
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He caused markets to be held at midday, thus bringing together all the people, and assembling in one place all their wares. They made their exchanges and retired, every one having got what he wanted. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Shi He (the twenty-first hexagram). |
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神农氏没，黄帝、尧、舜氏作，通其变，使民不倦，神而化之，使民宜之。易穷则变，变则通，通则久。是以自天佑之，吉无不利，黄帝、尧、舜垂衣裳而天下治，盖取诸乾坤。 |
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After the death of Shen-nong, there arose Huang Di, Yao, and Shun. They carried through the (necessarily occurring) changes, so that the people did (what was required of them) without being wearied; yea, they exerted such a spirit-like transformation, that the people felt constrained to approve their (ordinances) as right. When a series of changes has run all its course, another change ensues. When it obtains free course, it will continue long. Hence it was that 'these (sovereigns) were helped by Heaven; they had good fortune, and their every movement was advantageous.' Huang Di, Yao, and Shun (simply) wore their upper and lower garments (as patterns to the people), and good order was secured all under heaven. The idea of all this was taken, probably, from Qian and Kun (the first and eighth trigrams, or the first and second hexagrams). |
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刳木为舟，剡木为楫，舟楫之利，以济不通，致远以利天下，盖取诸涣。 |
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They hollowed out trees to form canoes; they cut others long and thin to make oars. Thus arose the benefit of canoes and oars for the help of those who had no means of intercourse with others. They could now reach the most distant parts, and all under heaven were benefited. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Huan (the fifty-ninth hexagram). |
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服牛乘马，引重致远，以利天下，盖取诸随。 |
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They used oxen (in carts) and yoked horses (to chariots), thus providing for the carriage of what was heavy, and for distant journeys - thereby benefiting all under the sky. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Sui (the seventeenth hexagram). |
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重门击柝，以待暴客，盖取诸豫。 |
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They made the (defence of the) double gates, and (the warning of) the clapper, as a preparation against the approach of marauding visitors. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Yu (the sixteenth hexagram). |
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断木为杵，掘地为臼，臼杵之利，万民以济，盖取诸小过。 |
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They cut wood and fashioned it into pestles; they dug in the ground and formed mortar's. Thus the myriads of the people received the benefit arising from the use of the pestle and mortar. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Xiao Guo (the sixty-second hexagram). |
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弦木为弧，剡木为矢，弧矢之利，以威天下，盖取诸睽。 |
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They bent wood by means of string so as to form bows, and sharpened wood so as to make arrows. This gave the benefit of bows and arrows, and served to produce everywhere a feeling of awe. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Kui (the thirty-eighth hexagram). |
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上古穴居而野处，后世圣人易之以宫室，上栋下宇，以待风雨，盖取诸大壮。 |
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In the highest antiquity they made their homes (in winter) in caves, and (in summer) dwelt in the open country. In subsequent ages, for these the sages substituted houses, with the ridge-beam above and the projecting roof below, as a provision against wind and rain. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Da Zhuang (the thirty-fourth hexagram). |
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古之葬者，厚衣之以薪，葬之中野，不封不树，丧期无数。后世圣人易之以棺椁，盖取诸大过。 |
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When the ancients buried their dead, they covered the body thickly with pieces of wood, having laid it in the open country. They raised no mound over it, nor planted trees around; nor had they any fixed period for mourning. In subsequent ages the sages substituted for these practices the inner and outer coffins. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Da Guo (the twenty-eighth hexagram). |
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上古结绳而治，后世圣人易之以书契，百官以治，万民以察，盖取诸夬。 |
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In the highest antiquity, government was carried on successfully by the use of knotted cords (to preserve the memory of things). In subsequent ages the sages substituted for these written characters and bonds. By means of these (the doings of) all the officers could be regulated, and (the affairs of) all the people accurately examined. The idea of this was taken, probably, from Guai (the forty-third hexagram). |
| | 系辞下: |
是故，易者，象也，象也者像也。彖者，材也，爻也者，效天下之动者也。是故，吉凶生，而悔吝著也。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
Therefore what we call the Yi is (a collection of) emblematic lines. They are styled emblematic as being resemblances. What we call the Tuan (or king Wen's explanations) are based on the significance (of each hexagram as a whole). We call the lines (of the figures) Yao from their being according to the movements taking place all under the sky. In this way (we see) the rise of good fortune and evil, and the manifestation of repentance and regret. |
| | 系辞下: |
阳卦多阴，阴卦多阳，其故何也？阳卦奇，阴卦偶。其德行何也？阳一君而二民，君子之道也。阴二君而一民，小人之道也。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
In the Yang trigrams (or those of the undivided line) there are more of the Yin lines, and in the Yin trigrams (or those of the divided line) there are more of the Yang lines. What is the cause of this? It is because the Yang lines are odd (or made by one stroke), and the Yin lines are even (or. made by two strokes). What (method of) virtuous conduct is thus intimated? In the Yang trigrams we have one ruler, and two subjects, - suggesting the way of the superior man. In the Yin trigrams we have two rulers, and one subject, - suggesting the way of the small man. |
| | 系辞下: |
易曰：“憧憧往来，朋从尔思。”子曰：“天下何思何虑？天下同归而殊涂，一致而百虑，天下何思何虑？” |
| Xi Ci II: |
It is said in the Yi, 'Full of anxious thoughts you go and come; (only) friends will follow you and think with you.' The Master said: - 'In all (the processes taking place) under heaven, what is there of thinking? what is there of anxious scheming? They all come to the same (successful) issue, though by different paths; there is one result, though there might be a hundred anxious schemes. What is there of thinking? what is there of anxious scheming?' |
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“日往则月来，月往则日来，日月相推而明生焉。寒往则暑来，暑往则寒来，寒暑相推而岁成焉。往者屈也，来者信也，屈信相感而利生焉。” |
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The sun goes and the moon comes; the moon goes and the sun comes; - the sun and moon thus take the place each of the other, and their shining is the result. The cold goes and the heat comes; the heat goes and the cold comes; - it is by this mutual succession of the cold and heat that the year is completed. That which goes becomes less and less, and that which comes waxes more and more; - it is by the influence on each other of this contraction and expansion that the advantages (of the different conditions) are produced. |
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“尺蠖之屈，以求信也。龙蛇之蛰，以存身也。精义入神，以致用也。利用安身，以崇德也。过此以往，未之或知也。穷神知化，德之盛也。” |
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When the looper coils itself up, it thereby straightens itself again; when worms and snakes go into the state of hybernation, they thereby keep themselves alive. (So), when we minutely investigate the nature and reasons (of things), till we have entered into the inscrutable and spirit-like in them, we attain to the largest practical application of them; when that application becomes the quickest and readiest, and all personal restfulness is secured, our virtue is thereby exalted. Going on beyond this, we reach a point which it is hardly possible to know. We have thoroughly comprehended the inscrutable and spirit-like, and know the processes of transformation; - this is the fulness of virtue. |
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易曰：“困于石，据于蒺蔾，入于其宫，不见其妻，凶。”子曰：“非所困而困焉，名必辱。非所据而据焉，身必危。既辱且危，死期将至，妻其可得见耶？” |
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It is said in the Yi, '(The third line shows its subject) distressed before a rock, and trying to lay hold of thorns; entering into his palace and not seeing his wife: - there will be evil.' The Master said: - 'If one be distressed by what need not distress him, his name is sure to be disgraced; if he lay hold on what he should not touch, his life is sure to be imperilled. In disgrace and danger, his death will (soon) come; - is it possible for him in such circumstances to see his wife?' |
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易曰：“公用射隼，于高墉之上，获之无不利。”子曰：“隼者禽也，弓矢者器也，射之者人也。君子藏器于身，待时而动，何不利之有？动而不括，是以出而有获，语成器而动者也。” |
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It is said in the Yi, 'The duke with (his bow) shoots at the falcon on the top of the high wall; he hits it: - his every movement will be advantageous.' The Master said: - 'The falcon is a bird (of prey); the bow and arrow is a weapon (of war); the shooter is a man. The superior man keeps his weapon concealed about his person, and waits for the proper time to move; - doing this, how should his movement be other than successful? There is nothing to fetter or embarrass his movement; and hence, when he comes forth, he succeeds in his object. The language speaks of movement when the instrument necessary to it is ready and perfect.' |
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子曰：“小人不耻不仁，不畏不义，不见利不劝，不威不惩，小惩而大诫，此小人之福也。易曰：‘履校灭趾无咎，此之谓也’。” |
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The Master said: - 'The small man is not ashamed of what is not benevolent, nor does he fear to do what is not righteous. Without the prospect of gain he does not stimulate himself to what is good, nor does he correct himself without being moved. Self-correction, however, in what is small will make him careful in what would be of greater consequence; - and this is the happiness of the small man. It is said in the Yi, "His feet are in the stocks, and he is disabled in his toes: - there will be no (further) occasion for blame."' |
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“善不积，不足以成名；恶不积，不足以灭身。小人以小善为无益，而弗为也，以小恶为无伤，而弗去也，故恶积而不可掩，罪大而不可解。易曰：‘何校灭耳凶’。” |
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If acts of goodness be not accumulated, they are not sufficient to give its finish to one's name; if acts of evil be not accumulated, they are not sufficient to destroy one's life. The small man thinks that small acts of goodness are of no benefit, and does not do them; and that small deeds of evil do no harm, and does not abstain from them. Hence his wickedness becomes great till it cannot be covered, and his guilt becomes great till it cannot be pardoned. This is what the Yi says, 'He wears the cangue and his ears are destroyed: - there will be evil.' |
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子曰：“危者，安其位者也；亡者，保其存者也；乱者，有其治者也。是故，君子安而不忘危，存而不忘亡，治而不忘乱；是以身安而国家可保也。易曰：‘其亡其亡，系于苞桑’。” |
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The Master said: - 'He who keeps danger in mind is he who will rest safe in his seat; he who keeps ruin in mind is he who will preserve his interests secure; he who sets the danger of disorder before him is he who will maintain the state of order. Therefore the superior man, when resting in safety, does not forget that danger may come; when in a state of security, he does not forget the possibility of ruin; and when all is in a state of order, he does not forget that disorder may come. Thus his person is kept safe, and his states and all their clans can be preserved. This is according to what the Yi says, "(Let him say), 'Shall I perish? shall I perish?' (so shall this state be firm, as if) bound to a clump of bushy mulberry trees."' |
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子曰：“德薄而位尊，知小而谋大，力小而任重，鲜不及矣，易曰：‘鼎折足，覆公餗，其形渥，凶。’言不胜其任也。” |
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The Master said: - 'Virtue small and office high; wisdom small and plans great; strength small and burden heavy: - where such conditions exist, it is seldom that they do not end (in evil). As is said in the Yi, "The tripod's feet are overthrown, and the ruler's food is overturned. The body of him (who is thus indicated) is wet (with shame):there will be evil."' |
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子曰：“知几其神乎？君子上交不谄，下交不渎，其知几乎，几者动之微，吉之先见者也，君子见几而作，不俟终日。易曰：‘介于石，不终日，贞吉。’介如石焉，宁用终日，断可识矣，君子知微知彰，知柔知刚，万夫之望。” |
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The Master said: - 'Does not he who knows the springs of things possess spirit-like wisdom? The superior man, in his intercourse with the high, uses no flattery, and, in his intercourse with the low, no coarse freedom: - does not this show that he knows the springs of things? Those springs are the slight beginnings of movement, and the earliest indications of good fortune (or ill). The superior man sees them, and acts accordingly without waiting for (the delay of) a single day. As is said in the Yi, "He is firm as a rock, (and acts) without the delay of a single day. With firm goodness there will be good fortune." Firm as a rock, how should he have to wait a single day to ensure his knowing (those springs and his course)? The superior man knows the minute and the manifested; he knows what is weak, and what is strong: - he is a model to ten thousand.' |
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子曰：“颜氏之子，其殆庶几乎？有不善未尝不知，知之未尝复行也。易曰：‘不远复，无祇悔，元吉。’” |
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The Master said: - 'I may venture to say that the son of the Yan family had nearly attained (the standard of perfection). If anything that he did was not good, he was sure to become conscious of that; and when he knew it, he did not do the thing again. As is said in the Yi, "(The first line shows its subject) returning from an error that has not led him far away. There is no occasion for repentance. There will be great good."' |
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天地絪縕，万物化醇，男女构精，万物化生，易曰：‘三人行，则损一人；一人行，则得其友。’言致一也。 |
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There is an intermingling of the genial influences of heaven and earth, and transformation in its various forms abundantly proceeds. There is an intercommunication of seed between male and female, and transformation in its living types proceeds. What is said in the Yi, 'Three individuals are walking together and one is made to disappear; there is (but) one man walking, and he gets his mate,' tells us of the effort (in nature) at oneness (of operation). |
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子曰：“君子安其身而后动，易其心而后语，定其交而后求，君子修此三者，故全也，危以动，则民不与也，惧以语，则民不应也，无交而求，则民不与也，莫之与，则伤之者至矣。易曰：‘莫益之，或击之，立心勿恒，凶。’。” |
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The Master said: - 'The superior man (in a high place) composes himself before he (tries to) move others; makes his mind restful and easy before he speaks; settles (the principles of) his intercourse with others before he seeks anything from them. The superior man cultivates these three things, and so is complete. If he try to move others while he is himself in unrest, the people will not (act) with him; if he speak while he is himself in a state of apprehension, the people will not respond to him; if without (certain principles of) intercommunication, he issue his requests, the people will not grant them. When there are none to accord with him, those who (work to) injure him will make their appearance. As is said in the Yi, "(We see one) to whose advantage none will contribute, while some will seek to assail him. He observes no regular rule in the ordering of his heart: - there will be evil."' |
| | 系辞下: |
子曰：“乾坤其易之门邪？乾，阳物也；坤，阴物也；阴阳合德，而刚柔有体，以体天地之撰，以通神明之德，其称名也杂而不越，于稽其类，其衰世之意邪？”夫易，彰往而察来，而微显阐幽，开而当名，辨物正言，断辞则备矣，其称名也小，其取类也大，其旨远，其辞文，其言曲而中，其事肆而隐，因贰以济民行，以明失得之报。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
The Master said: - '(The trigrams) Qian and Kun may be regarded as the gate of the Yi.' Qian represents what is of the yang nature (bright and active); Kun what is of the yin nature (shaded and inactive). These two unite according to their qualities, and there comes the embodiment of the result by the strong and weak (lines). In this way we have the phenomena of heaven and earth visibly exhibited, and can comprehend the operation of the spiritual intelligence. The appellations and names (of the diagrams and lines) are various, but do not go beyond (what is to be ascribed to the operation of these two conditions). When we examine the nature and style (of the appended explanations), they seem to express the ideas of a decaying age. The Yi exhibits the past, and (teaches us to) discriminate (the issues of) the future; it makes manifest what is minute, and brings to light what is obscure. (Then king Wen) opened (its symbols), and distinguished things in accordance with its names, so that all his words were correct and his explanations decisive; - (the book) was now complete. The appellations and names (of the diagrams and lines) are but small matters, but the classes of things comprehended under them are large. Their scope reaches far, and the explanations attached to them are elegant. The words are indirect, but to the point; the matters seem plainly set forth, but there is a secret principle in them. Their object is, in cases that are doubtful, to help the people in their conduct, and to make plain the recompenses of good and evil. |
| | 系辞下: |
易之兴也，其于中古乎，作易者，其有忧患乎。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
Was it not in the middle period of antiquity that the Yi began to flourish? Was not he who made it familiar with anxiety and calamity? |
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是故，履，德之基也；谦，德之柄也；复，德之本也；恒，德之固也；损德之修也；益，德之裕也；困，德之辨也；井，德之地也；巽，德之制也。 |
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Therefore (the 10th diagram), Lu, shows us the foundation of virtue; (the 15th), Xian, its handle; (the 24th), Fu, its root; (the 32nd), Heng, its solidity; (the 41st), Sun, its cultivation; (the 42nd), Yi, its abundance; (the 47th), Kun, its exercise of discrimination; (the 48th), Jing, its field and (the 57th), Xun, its regulation. |
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履，和而至；谦，尊而光；复，小而辨于物；恒，杂而不厌；损，先难而后易；益，长裕而不设；困，穷而通；井，居其所而迁，巽，称而隐。 |
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In Lu we have the perfection of harmony; in Xian, we have the giving honour to others, and the distinction thence arising; in Fu we have what is small (at first), but there is in it a (nice) discrimination of (the qualities of) things; in Ming we have a mixed experience, but without any weariness; in Sun we have difficulty in the beginning and ease in the end; in Yi we have abundance of growth without any contrivance; in Kun we have the pressure of extreme difficulty, ending in a free course,; in Jing we have abiding in one's place and at the same time removal (to meet the movement of others); and in Xun we have the weighing of things (and action accordingly), but secretly and unobserved. |
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履以和行，谦以制礼，复以自知，恒以一德，损以远害，益以兴利，困以寡怨，井以辩义，巽以行权。 |
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(The use of) Lu appears in the harmony of the conduct; of Xian, in the regulation of ceremonies; of Fu, in self-knowledge; of Heng, in uniformity of virtue; of Sun, in keeping what is harmful at a distance; of Yi, in the promotion of what is advantageous; of Kun, in the diminution of resentments; of Jing, in the discrimination of what is righteous; and of Xun, in the doing of what is appropriate to time and to circumstances. |
| | 系辞下: |
易之为书也不可远，为道也屡迁，变动不居，周流六虚，上下无常，刚柔相易，不可为典要，唯变所适，其出入以度，外内使知惧，又明于忧患与故，无有师保，如临父母，初率其辞，而揆其方，既有典常，苟非其人，道不虚行。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
The Yi is a book which should not be let slip from the mind. Its method (of teaching) is marked by the frequent changing (of its lines). They change and move without staying (in one place), flowing about into any one of the six places of the hexagram. They ascend and descend, ever inconstant. The strong and the weak lines change places, so that an invariable and compendious rule cannot be derived from them; - it must vary as their changes indicate. The goings forth and comings in (of the lines) are according to rule and measure. (People) learn from them in external and internal affairs to stand in awe. (The book), moreover, makes plain the nature of anxieties and calamities, and the causes of them. Though (its students) have neither master nor guardian, it is as if their parents drew near to them. Beginning with taking note of its explanations, we reason out the principles to which they point. We thus find out that it does supply a constant and standard rule. But if there be not the Proper men (to carry this out), the course cannot be pursued without them. |
| | 系辞下: |
易之为书也，原始要终，以为质也，六爻相杂，唯其时物也，其初难知，其上易知，本末也，初辞拟之，卒成之终，若夫杂物撰德，辨是与非，则非其中爻不备。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
The Yi is a book in which the form (of each diagram) is determined by the lines from the first to the last, which must be carefully observed. The six lines are mixed together, according to the time (when they enter the figure) and their substance (as whole and divided). There is difficulty in knowing (the significance of) the first line, while to know that of the topmost line is easy; - they form the beginning and the end (of the diagram). The explanation of the first line tasks the calculating (of the makers), but in the end they had (but) to complete this. As to the variously-disposed intermediate lines with their diverse formations, for determining their qualities, and discriminating the right and wrong in them, we should be unprovided but for the explanations of them. |
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噫，亦要存亡吉凶，则居可知矣，知者观其彖辞，则思过半矣。 |
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Yea, moreover, if we wish to know what is likely to be preserved and what to perish, what will be lucky and what will be unlucky, this may easily be known (from the explanations of the different lines). But if the wise will look at the explanations of the entire diagrams, their thoughts will embrace more than half of this knowledge. |
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二与四同功，而异位，其善不同，二多誉，四多惧，近也，柔之为道，不利远者，其要无咎，其用柔中也，三与五同功，而异位，三多凶，五多功，贵贱之等也，其柔危，其刚胜邪？ |
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The second and fourth lines are of the same quality (as being in even places), but their positions (with respect to the fifth line) are different, and their value is not the same; but the second is the object of much commendation, and the fourth the subject of many apprehensions, - from its nearness (to that line). But for a line in a place of weakness it is not good to be far (from the occupant of the place of strength), and what its subject should desire in such a case is (merely) to be without blame. The advantage (here) is in (the second line) being in the central place. The third and fifth lines are of the same quality, (as being in odd places), but their positions are different; and the (occupant of) the third meets with many misfortunes, while the occupant of the fifth achieves much merit: - this arises from one being in the noble position and the other in the mean. Are they occupied by the symbol of weakness? There will be peril. By that of strength? There will be victory. |
| | 系辞下: |
易之为书也，广大悉备，有天道焉，有人道焉，有地道焉。兼三材而两之，故六六者，非它也，三材之道也，道有变动，故曰爻，爻有等，故曰物，物相杂，故曰文，文不当，故吉凶生焉。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
The Yi is a book of wide comprehension and great scope, embracing everything. There are in it the way of heaven, the way of man, and the way of earth. It then takes (the lines representing) those three Powers, and doubles them till they amount to six. What these six lines show is simply this, - the way of the three Powers. This way is marked by changes and movements, and hence we have the imitative lines. Those lines are of different grades (in the trigrams), and hence we designate them from their component elements. These are mixed together, and elegant forms arise. When such forms are not in their appropriate places, the ideas of good fortune and bad are thus produced. |
| | 系辞下: |
易之兴也，其当殷之末世，周之盛德邪，当文王与纣之事邪，是故其辞危，危者使平，易者使倾，其道甚大，百物不废，惧以终始，其要无咎，此之谓易之道也。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
Was it not in the last age of Yin, when the virtue of Gou had reached its highest point, and during the troubles between king Wen and (the tyrant) Gou, that the (study of the Yi) began to flourish? On this account the explanations (in the book) express (a feeling of) anxious apprehension, (and teach) how peril may be turned into security, and easy carelessness is sure to meet with overthrow. The method in which these things come about is very comprehensive, and must be acknowledged in every sphere of things. If at the beginning there be a cautious apprehension as to the end, there will probably be no error or cause for blame. This is what is called the way of the Yi. |
| | 系辞下: |
夫乾，天下之至健也，德行恒易以知险，夫坤，天下之至顺也，德行恒简以知阻。 |
| Xi Ci II: |
(The hexagram) Qian represents the strongest of all under the sky. Through this quality its operations are always manifested with ease, for it knows where there would be peril and embarrassment. (The hexagram) Kun represents the most docile of all under the sky. Through this quality its operations are always manifested with the promptest decision, for it knows where there would be obstruction. |
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能说诸心，能研诸侯之虑，定天下之吉凶，成天下之亹亹者，是故，变化云为，吉事有祥，象事知器，占事知来。天地设位，圣人成能。人谋鬼谋，百姓与能。 |
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(The sages, who are thus represented, and who made the Yi,) were able to rejoice in heart (in the absolute truth of things), and were able (also) to weigh carefully all matters that could occasion anxiety; (thus) they fixed the good and bad fortune (of all things) under the sky, and could accomplish the things requiring strenuous efforts. Therefore amid the changes and transformations (taking place in heaven and earth), and the words and deeds of men, events that are to be fortunate have their happy omens. (The sages) knew the definite principles underlying the prognostications of the former class, and the future of those of the latter, (now to be) ascertained by divination. The places of heaven and earth (in the diagrams) having been determined, the sages were able (by means of the Yi) to carry out and complete their ability. (In this way even) the common people were able to share with them in (deciding about) the counsels of men and the counsels of spiritual beings. |
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八卦以象告，爻彖以情言，刚柔杂居，而吉凶可见矣。 |
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The eight trigrams communicate their information by their emblematic figures. The explanations appended to the lines and the completed figures tell how the contemplation of them affected (the makers). The strong and the weak lines appear mixed in them, and (thus) the good and the evil (which they indicate) can be seen. |
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变动以利言，吉凶以情迁。是故爱恶相攻而吉凶生，远近相取而悔吝生，情伪相感而利害生。凡易之情，近而不相得则凶，或害之，悔且吝。 |
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The changes and movements (which take place in the manipulation of the stalks and the formation of the diagrams) speak as from the standpoint of what is advantageous. The (intimations of) good and evil vary according to the place and nature (of the lines). Thus they may indicate a mutual influence (in any two of them) of love or hatred, and good or evil is the result; or that mutual influence may be affected by the nearness of the lines to, or their distance from, each other, and then repentance or regret is the result; or the influence may be that of truth or of hypocrisy, and then the result is what is advantageous, or what is injurious. In all these relations of the (lines in the) Yi, if two are near and do not blend harmoniously, there may be (all these results), - evil, or what is injurious, or occasion for repentance and regret. |
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将叛者其辞惭，中心疑者其辞枝，吉人之辞寡，躁人之辞多，诬善之人其辞游，失其守者其辞屈。 |
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The language of him who is meditating a revolt (from the right) betrays his inward shame; that of him whose inward heart doubts about it diverges to other topics. The words of a good man are few; those of a coarse man are many. The words of one who slanders what is good are unsubstantial; those of him who is losing what he ought to keep are crooked. |
