| | 桓公元年: |
元年，春，王正月，公即位。 |
| | In the first year [of his reign], spring, the king's first month, the Duke assumed the throne.
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三月，公会郑伯于垂，郑伯以璧假许田。 |
| | In March, the Duke met with Lord Zheng at Chui; Lord Zheng offered a jade disc as collateral for Xu Tian.
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夏，四月，丁未，公及郑伯盟于越。 |
| | In summer, fourth month, on the Dingwei day, the Duke and Lord Zheng concluded an alliance at Yue.
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秋，大水。 |
| | In autumn, there was a great flood.
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冬，十月。 |
| | In winter, the tenth month.
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| | 桓公元年: |
元年，春，公即位，修好于郑。郑人请复祀周公，卒易祊田。公许之，「三月，郑伯以璧假许田」，为周公、祊故也。 |
| | In the first year [of his rule], spring, the Duke assumed power and mended relations with Zheng. The people of Zheng requested to resume sacrifices to the Zhou Gong, and finally exchanged the fields at Bening. The Duke agreed; "In March, Lord Zheng offered a jade disc to temporarily obtain Xu Tian," this was for the sake of the Zhou Gong and Bening.
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夏，四月，丁未，公及郑伯盟于越。结祊成也，盟曰：「渝盟，无享国！」 |
| | In summer, fourth month, Dingwei day: the Duke and Lord Zheng formed an alliance at Yue. This was to conclude a settlement over Bening; the oath stated: "Whoever breaks this covenant shall not enjoy his state!"
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「秋，大水」，凡平原出水为大水。 |
| | "The autumn, great flood"—whenever water overflowed onto plains, it was called a great flood.
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冬，郑伯拜盟。 |
| | In winter, Lord Zheng paid homage and reaffirmed the alliance.
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宋华父督见孔父之妻于路，目逆而送之，曰，美而艳。 |
| | Song Huafu Du saw Kongfu's wife on the road, gazing at her as she passed and followed with his eyes; he said, "She is beautiful and graceful."
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| | 桓公二年: |
二年，春，王正月戊申，宋督弑其君与夷及其大夫孔父。 |
| | In the second year, spring, the first month of the reign of King Wáng, on the Wushen day (February 28, 722 BC), Song Du murdered his ruler Yu Yi and the official Kong Fu.
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滕子来朝。 |
| | The marquis of Teng came to pay homage.
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三月，公会齐侯、陈侯、郑伯于稷，以成宋乱。 |
| | In the third month, Duke Gong met with Marquis Qi, Marquis Chen, and Lord Zheng at Ji in order to resolve the turmoil in Song.
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夏四月，取郜大鼎于宋。戊申，纳于大庙。 |
| | In summer, the fourth month (May 18, 720 BC), a large tripod from Gao was taken from Song. On the Wushen day, it was enshrined in the Grand Temple.
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秋七月，杞侯来朝。 |
| | In autumn, the seventh month (August 13, 720 BC), Marquis Qi came to pay homage.
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蔡侯、郑伯会于邓。 |
| | Lord Cai and Lord Zheng met at Deng.
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九月，入杞。 |
| | In the ninth month (October 10, 720 BC), they entered Qi.
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公及戎盟于唐。冬，公至自唐」。 |
| | Duke Gong concluded an alliance with the Rong at Tang. In winter, Duke Gong returned from Tang.
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| | 桓公二年: |
二年春，宋督攻孔氏，杀孔父而取其妻。公怒，督惧，遂弑殇公。君子以督为有无君之心，而后动于恶，故先书弑其君。会于稷，以成宋乱，为赂故，立华氏也。宋殇公立，十年十一战，民不堪命。孔父嘉为司马，督为大宰，故因民之不堪命，先宣言曰：「司马则然。」已杀孔父而弑殇公，召庄公于郑而立之以亲郑。以郜大鼎赂公，齐、陈、郑皆有赂，故遂相宋公。夏四月，取郜大鼎于宋。戊申，纳于大庙，非礼也。臧哀伯谏曰，「君人者将昭德塞违以临照百官，犹惧或失之，故昭令德以示子孙。是以清庙茅屋，大路越席，大羹不致，粢食不凿，昭其俭也。衮冕，黻，珽，带，裳，幅，舄，衡，紞，紘，綖，昭其度也。藻率，鞞，鞛，鞶，厉，游，缨，昭其数也。火龙，黼，黻，昭其文也。五色比象，昭其物也。钖、鸾、和、铃，昭其声也。三辰旗旗，昭其明也。夫德，俭而有度，登降有数，文、物以纪之，声、明以发之，以临照百官。百官于是乎戒惧，而不敢易纪律。今灭德立违，而置其赂器于大庙，以明示百官。百官象之，其又何诛焉国家之败，由官邪也。官之失德，宠赂章也。郜鼎在庙，章孰甚焉？武王克商，迁九鼎于雒邑，义士犹或非之，而况将昭违乱之赂器于大庙，其若之何？」公不听，周内史闻之曰：「臧孙达其有后于鲁乎君违，不忘谏之以德。」 |
| | In spring of the second year, Song Du attacked Kong Shi, killed Kong Fu and took his wife. The duke was angry; Du feared, so he assassinated 殇 gong. The gentlemen considered Du to have no loyalty toward his ruler and thus acted in evil, so they recorded the assassination of his ruler first. They met at Ji to resolve the chaos in Song; it was for the sake of bribes, and they established the Hua clan. When Song Shanggong ascended the throne, there were eleven battles in ten years, and the people could no longer bear their burdens. Kong Fu Jia was the Sima, and Du was the Da Zai; thus, taking advantage of the people's unbearable situation, he first declared: "It is the Sima who caused this." After killing Kong Fu and assassinating Shanggong, he summoned Zhuanggong from Zheng to install him as ruler in order to be close to the state of Zheng. He bribed Duke Gong with a large tripod from Gao, and Qi, Chen, and Zheng all received bribes; thus he was appointed as the prime minister of Songgong. In summer, fourth month (May 20, 719 BC), a large tripod from Gāo was taken from Sòng. On the Wushen day it was enshrined in Grand Temple; this was not according to ritual. Zang Aibo advised, "A ruler should illuminate virtue and suppress transgressions to oversee all officials; he still fears making mistakes. Therefore, he demonstrates virtuous deeds for his descendants." Therefore, the ancestral temple has thatched roofs, the great chariot is covered with coarse mats, plain broth is not served in elaborate vessels, and unprocessed grain offerings are made—these demonstrate frugality. The ceremonial robes, the fubian, tingshi, sash, skirt, wide trousers, shoes, yue, dantou, hong, and yi—these demonstrate proper decorum. The zao lüe, bi, beng, pan, li, you, and ying—these demonstrate their proper numbers. The huolong, fu, and fu patterns—these demonstrate the appropriate designs. The five colors in harmonious arrangement—these demonstrate their proper forms. The chong, luan, he, and ling—these demonstrate appropriate sounds. The three constellations on the banners—these demonstrate clarity. Virtue means frugality with proper decorum, ascending and descending according to set numbers; patterns and forms are used to record it, sounds and clarity to express it, in order to oversee all officials. All officials thus remain cautious and fearful, and dare not neglect the rules and discipline. Now you destroy virtue and establish transgression by placing your bribed offerings in the Grand Temple, clearly showing it to all officials. If all officials imitate this behavior, what punishment can be applied? The downfall of a state arises from corrupt officials. The loss of virtue by officials is marked by favoritism and bribery. With the tripod from Gao in the temple, how much more glaring can this be? King Wu of Zhou defeated the Shang and moved the Nine Tripods to Luoyi; even virtuous men still criticized this, so how much more should we criticize placing a bribe symbolizing rebellion in the Grand Temple? What can be done about it?" The duke did not listen. The Zhou Neishi heard of this and said, "Will Zang Sun Da have descendants in Lu? When the ruler is wrong, he does not forget to advise him with virtue."
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秋七月，杞侯来朝，不敬。杞侯归，乃谋伐之。 |
| | In autumn, seventh month (August 9, 718 BC), Marquis Qi came for an audience but was disrespectful. After Marquis Qi returned, plans were made to attack him.
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「蔡侯、郑伯会于邓」，始惧楚也。 |
| | lık In the year when Lord Cai and Lord Zheng convened at Deng (October 5, 718 BC) marked the beginning of their fear of Chu.
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九月，入杞，讨不敬也。 |
| | In the ninth month (November 2, 718 AD), they entered Qi to punish its disrespectful behavior.
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公及戎盟于唐。修旧好也。 |
| | Duke Gong formed an alliance with the Rong people at Tang. To renew old friendly relations.
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「冬，公至自唐」，告于庙也。凡公行，告于宗庙，反行饮至，舍爵策勋焉。礼也，特相会，往来称地，让事也。自参以上，则往称地，来称会，成事也」。 |
| | "In winter, the duke returned from Tang"—this was to report his return to the ancestral temple. Whenever the duke traveled, he would inform the ancestral temples; upon returning, a banquet was held, and records were made of his achievements. This is in accordance with ritual. When two rulers met by mutual arrangement, they referred to the location when traveling back and forth; this was a matter of courtesy. "When it involved three or more states, then on departure they referred to the place, but upon return they called it an assembly—this signified that a matter had been completed."
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初，晋穆侯之夫人姜氏以条之役生太子，命之曰仇。其弟以千亩之战生，命之曰成师。师服曰：「异哉，君之名子也！夫名以制义，义以出礼，礼以体政，政以正民，是以政成而民听。易则生乱。嘉耦曰妃，怨耦曰仇，古之命也。今君命大子曰仇，弟曰成师，始兆乱矣。兄其替乎！」惠之二十四年，晋始乱，故封桓叔于曲沃。靖侯之孙栾宾傅之。师服曰：「吾闻国家之立也，本大而末小，是以能固。故天子建国，诸侯立家，卿置侧室，大夫有贰宗，士有隶子弟，庶人、工、商，各有分亲，皆有等衰。是以民服事其上，而下无觊觎。今晋，甸侯也，而建国。本既弱矣，其能久乎？」惠之三十年，晋潘父弑昭侯而立桓叔，不克。晋人立孝侯。惠之四十五年，曲沃庄伯伐翼，弑孝侯。翼人立其弟鄂侯。鄂侯生哀侯。哀侯侵陉庭之田。陉庭南鄙启曲沃伐翼。 |
| | Initially, Jiangshi, the wife of Duke Mu of Jin, gave birth to the crown prince during the campaign at Tiao and named him Chou. His younger brother was born during the battle at Qianmou, and he was given the name Chengshi. Shifu said: "Strange indeed is your naming of these sons!" Names are used to establish principles, and from those principles arise rites; rites form the basis of governance, and through governance the people are guided. Thus, when governance is well established, the people will obey. Changing these conventions leads to disorder. A harmonious couple is called fei, while a discordant one is called chou—this is the naming convention of ancient times. Now your highness has named the crown prince "Chou" and his younger brother "Chengshi"—this is the beginning of disorder. The elder brother will surely be replaced!" In the twenty-fourth year of Duke Hui's reign, Jin began to fall into disorder; thus, they enfeoffed Marquis Huanshu at Quwo. Luan Bin, the grandson of Duke Jinghou, served as his tutor. Shifu said: "I have heard that when a state is established, the root must be strong and the branches weak; this is why it can remain stable. Therefore, the Son of Heaven establishes states; feudal lords establish families; high officials set up collateral branches; ministers have secondary lineages; commoners and artisans, merchants all have their respective kinships, each with hierarchical distinctions. Therefore, the people serve those above them in obedience, and there is no coveting from below. Now Jin, a marquis of the Son of Heaven's fields, has established its own state. With its root already weak, how can it last long?" lık In the thirtieth year of Duke Hui's reign, Pan Fu of Jin assassinated Marquis Zhao and installed Huanshu, but failed to succeed. The people of Jin enthroned Xiaohou. In the forty-fifth year of Duke Hui's reign (March 23, 709 BC), Zhuangbo of Quwo attacked Yi and assassinated Xiaohou. The people of Yi enthroned his younger brother, Marquis Ehou. Ehou gave birth to Aihou. Aihou encroached upon the fields of Xingtang. The southern border of Xingtang incited Quwo to attack Yi.
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| | 桓公三年: |
三年，春，正月，公会齐侯于嬴。 |
| | In the third year, spring, first month, the Gong met with Duke Qi at Ying.
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夏，齐侯、卫侯胥命于蒲。 |
| | In summer, Duke Qi and Duke Wei issued a joint decree at Pu.
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六月，公会杞侯于郕。 |
| | In the sixth month, the Gong met with Marquis Qi at Cheng.
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秋，七月，壬辰朔，日有食之，既。 |
| | In autumn, seventh month, on the Rinchen day of the first lunar day, there was a total solar eclipse.
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公子翬如齐逆女。九月，齐侯送姜氏于欢。公会齐侯于欢。夫人姜氏至自齐。 |
| | Gongzi Hui went to Qi to meet his bride. In the ninth month, Duke Qi sent Lady Jiang to Huan. The Gong met with Duke Qi at Huan. Lady Jiang, the consort, arrived from Qi.
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冬，齐侯使其弟年来聘。 |
| | In winter, Duke Qi sent his younger brother Nian to pay a formal visit.
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有年。 |
| | There was a good harvest.
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| | 桓公三年: |
三年春，曲沃武公伐翼，次于陉庭。韩万御戎，梁弘为右。逐翼侯于汾隰，骖絓而止，夜获之，及栾共叔。 |
| | In spring of the third year, Marquis Wu of Quwo attacked Yi and stationed his troops at Xingteng. Han Wan served as charioteer, and Liang Hong was on the right side of the war chariot. They chased Duke Yi to Fenxi, where the spare horse became entangled and they had to stop. At night, they captured him along with Luan Gongshu.
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「会于嬴」，成昏于齐也。 |
| | "The meeting at Ying" refers to arranging a marriage in Qi.
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「夏，齐侯、卫侯胥命于蒲」，不盟也。 |
| | "In summer, Duke Qi and Duke Wei jointly issued an order at Pu"—this indicates that they did not form an alliance through a formal oath.
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公会杞侯于郕，杞求成也。 |
| | The Gong met with Marquis Qi in Cheng, because Qi sought peace.
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秋，公子翬如齐逆女。修先君之好，故曰公子，「齐侯送姜氏」，非礼也。凡公女嫁于敌国，姊妹则上卿送之，以礼于先君，公子则下卿送之。于大国，虽公子，亦上卿送之。于天子，则诸卿皆行，公不自送。于小国，则上大夫送之。 |
| | In autumn, Gongzi Hui went to Qi as a representative of the groom's family. This was to maintain the good relations established by previous rulers, hence he is referred to as Gongzi. "Duke Qi sent Lady Jiang"—this was not in accordance with ritual propriety. Whenever the Son of Heaven's daughter is married to a rival state, if she is a sister or younger sister, then a high-ranking minister should accompany her, as this is in accordance with the rites for previous rulers; if she is the daughter of a marquis, then a lower-ranking minister should accompany her. When marrying into a great state, even if she is merely the daughter of a marquis (Gongzi), a high-ranking minister must still accompany her. When marrying into the Son of Heaven, all ministers should attend, but the ruler himself does not personally see her off. When marrying into a minor state, then an upper-ranking official (Shang Da Fu) should accompany her.
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冬，齐仲年来聘，致夫人也。 |
| | In winter, Qi Zhongnian came to pay homage; this was to present the consort.
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芮伯万之母芮姜恶芮伯之多宠人也，故逐之，出居于魏。 |
| | The mother of Marquis Wan of Rui, Lady Jiang, disliked that Marquis Wan had many concubines; therefore, she drove him out and he went to live in Wei.
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| | 桓公五年: |
五年，春，正月，甲戌，己丑，陈侯鲍卒。 |
| | In the fifth year, spring, first month, on the Jia Xu and Ji Chou days, Lord Chen passed away.
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夏，齐侯、郑伯如纪。 |
| | In summer, Duke Qi and Duke Zheng went to Ji.
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天王使仍叔之子来聘。 |
| | The Son of Heaven sent the son of Shengshu to visit here.
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葬陈桓公。 |
| | Lord Huan of Chen was buried.
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城祝丘。 |
| | Zhuqiu was fortified with a wall.
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秋，蔡人、卫人、陈人从王伐郑。 |
| | In autumn, the people of Cai, Wei, and Chen followed the Son of Heaven in attacking Zheng.
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大雩。 |
| | A grand rain-summoning ceremony was held.
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螽。 |
| | Locusts were prevalent.
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冬，州公如曹。 |
| | In winter, Duke Zhou went to Cao.
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| | 桓公五年: |
五年，春，正月，甲戌，己丑，陈侯鲍卒，再赴也，于是陈乱，文公子佗杀太子免而代之。公疾病而乱作，国人分散，故再赴。 |
| | In the fifth year, spring, in the first month, on the jiaxu and jichou days, Lord Bao of Chen died. This was the second time he had been summoned; thus, there arose disorder in Chen, as Gongzi Tuo of Wen killed Crown Prince Mian and took his place. The lord was seriously ill when the disorder occurred, so the people scattered; hence, he had to be summoned again.
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夏，齐侯、郑伯朝于纪，欲以袭之。纪人知之。 |
| | In summer, Duke Qi and Marquis Zheng paid a court visit to Ji, intending to attack it by surprise. The people of Ji became aware of this.
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王夺郑伯政，郑伯不朝。 |
| | The king deprived Marquis Zheng of his authority, so Marquis Zheng did not pay homage.
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秋，王以诸侯伐郑。郑伯御之，王为中军，虢公林父将右军，蔡人，卫人，属焉，周公黑肩将左军，陈人属焉。郑子元请为左拒，以当蔡人，卫人，为右拒，以当陈人，曰：「陈乱，民莫有斗心。若先犯之，必奔。王卒顾之，必乱。蔡、卫不枝，固将先奔。既而萃于王卒，可以集事。」从之，曼伯为右拒，祭仲足为左拒，原繁、高渠弥以中军奉公，为鱼丽之陈。先偏后伍，伍承弥缝。战于繻葛。命二拒曰：「旝动而鼓！」蔡、卫、陈皆奔，王卒乱，郑师合以攻之，王卒大败。祝聃射王中肩，王亦能军。祝聃请从之。公曰：「君子不欲多上人，况敢陵天子乎？苟自救也，社稷无陨多矣，夜，郑伯使祭足劳王，且问左右。 |
| | In autumn, the king led feudal lords to attack Zheng. Marquis Zheng repelled them. The king commanded the central army, and Gou Gong Linfu led the right wing, with the people of Cai and Wei attached to it; Duke Zhou Heijian led the left wing, with the people of Chen attached to it. Zi Yuan of Zheng requested to form a left formation to face the people of Cai and Wei, and a right formation to face the people of Chen. He said: "Chen is in disorder; its people have no fighting spirit." If we attack them first, they will surely flee. The king's troops looking back at this would certainly become disordered. If Cai and Wei do not hold their ground, they will inevitably flee first. Then, after that, they would gather against the king's troops, which could accomplish our objective." They followed his plan. Man Bo formed the right formation, Zhai Zhongzu formed the left formation, Yuan Fan and Gao Quimi led the central army to support the lord, forming a Yu Li formation. The front was arranged in pairs followed by groups of five; the groups of five filled the gaps and covered the seams. A battle took place at Xuge. The lord gave orders to the two formations, saying: "When the flag moves, sound the drum!" The troops of Cai, Wei and Chen all fled; the king's forces became disordered. The army of Zheng united to attack them, and the king's forces suffered a crushing defeat. Zhu Dan shot at the king and hit his shoulder; yet the king was still able to command his troops. Zhu Dan requested permission to pursue them. The lord said: "A gentleman does not wish to surpass others too much, how much less dare he be disrespectful toward the Son of Heaven?" "If it was merely for self-defense, our state has already avoided great disaster. At night, Marquis Zheng sent Zhai Zu to attend upon the king and inquire about his well-being."
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仍叔之子，弱也。 |
| | The son of Shengshu was weak.
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秋，大雩，书，不时也。凡祀，启蛰而郊，龙见而雩，始杀而尝，闭蛰而烝。过则书。 |
| | In autumn, a grand rain-summoning ritual was held; this is recorded because it did not occur at the proper time. Generally, in sacrificial rites: when insects begin to stir, perform the suburban sacrifice; when dragons appear (a sign of rain), hold a rain-summoning rite; at the beginning of killing (harvest season), conduct the Shang sacrifice; and when insects retreat underground, perform the Zheng sacrifice. If performed too early or too late, it is recorded.
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冬，淳于公如曹。度其国危，遂不复。 |
| | In winter, Duke Chunyu went to Cao. Assessing his state as in peril, he did not return.
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| | 桓公六年: |
六年，春，正月，寔来。 |
| | In the sixth year, spring, first month, Shi came.
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夏，四月，公会纪侯于成。 |
| | Summer, fourth month, the Gong met Ji Hou at Cheng.
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秋，八月，壬午，大阅。蔡人杀陈佗。 |
| | Autumn, eighth month, on the Renwu day, a grand military review was held. The people of Cai killed Chen Tuo.
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九月，丁卯，子同生。 |
| | September, on the Dingmao day, Zi Tong was born.
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冬，纪侯来朝。 |
| | Winter, Ji Hou came to court.
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| | 桓公六年: |
六年春，自曹来朝。书曰「寔来」，不复其国也。 |
| | In spring of the sixth year, he came to court from Cao. The Book says "Shi comes," meaning that he did not return to his state.
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楚武王侵随，使薳章求成焉，军于瑕以待之。随人使少师董成。斗伯比言于楚子曰，吾不得志于汉东也，我则使然。我张吾三军而被吾甲兵，以武临之。彼则惧而协以谋我，故难间也，汉东之国，随为大。随张，必弃小国。小国离，楚之利也。少师侈，请羸师以张之。」熊率且比曰：「季梁在，何益？」斗伯比曰：「以为后图。少师得其君。」王毁军而纳少师。少师归，请追楚师，随侯将许之。季梁止之曰：「天方授楚。楚之羸，其诱我也。君何急焉臣闻小之能敌大也，小道大淫。所谓道，忠于民而信于神也。上思利民，忠也，祝史正辞，信也，今民馁而君逞欲，祝史矫举以祭，臣不知其可也。」公曰：「吾牲牷肥腯，粢盛丰备，何则不信？」对曰，夫民，神之主也。是以圣王先成民而后致力于神。故奉牲以告曰，博硕肥腯，谓民力之普存也，谓其畜之硕大蕃滋也，谓其不疾瘯蠡也，谓其备腯咸有也，奉盛以告曰，洁粢丰盛，谓其三时不害，而民和年丰也，奉酒醴以告曰，嘉栗旨酒，谓其上下皆有嘉德而无违心也。所谓馨香，无谗慝也。故务其三时，修其五教，亲其九族，以致其禋祀，于是乎民和而神降之福，故动则有成。今民各有心，而鬼神乏主，君虽独丰，其何福之有君姑修政，而亲兄弟之国，庶免于难。」随侯惧而修政，楚不敢伐。 |
| | Chu Wuwang invaded Sui, and sent Wei Zhang to seek a peace agreement with them, stationing the army at Xia in anticipation. The people of Sui sent Shao Shi Dongcheng. Dou Bobi said to the ruler of Chu, "We have not achieved our ambitions in the east of Han, and this is due to our own actions." "We displayed our three armies and armed forces, and confronted them with military might." lords They were frightened and conspired against us, so it is hard to mediate. Among the states east of Han River, Sui is the greatest. If Sui bows outwardly, they will certainly abandon the smaller states. The small states becoming estranged is advantageous to Chu. "Shao Shi is arrogant; I request that we feign weakness in our forces to provoke him." Xiong Shuaiqiebi said, "Jiliang is still there. What benefit will it bring?" Dou Bobi said, "It is for future plans." "The Shao Shi has gained the trust of his ruler." The king withdrew his troops and received the Shao Shi. Shao Shi returned, requested to pursue the Chu forces, and Duke Sui was about to agree. Jiliang stopped him, saying, "Heaven is just now bestowing power upon Chu." "The weakness of Chu's forces is a lure for us." "Why should the lord be in such haste? I have heard that small states can resist great ones when righteousness prevails and excess does not." What is called "righteousness" means being loyal to the people and faithful to the gods. "Superiors thinking of benefiting the people is loyalty; priests and historians using correct words in rituals is faithfulness. Now, when the people are starving but the ruler indulges his desires, and priests and historians falsify their offerings for sacrifices, I do not know if this can be justified." The ruler said, "My sacrificial animals are pure and fat, my offerings of millet and rice are abundant. What is there not to believe?" Jiliang replied, "The people are the masters of the gods." "Therefore, sage kings first ensured the well-being of the people before devoting efforts to the gods." "Therefore, when presenting the sacrificial animals and reporting, they said: 'Large and fat,' meaning that the people's strength is universally present; meaning their livestock are large and numerous; meaning they do not suffer from disease or pests; meaning all are well-fed. When presenting the offerings of grain and saying, 'Pure millet in abundance,' it means there were no calamities during the three seasons, and harmony among the people with a bountiful harvest. When offering wine and saying, 'Fine grains and fragrant wine,' it means both high and low have virtuous conduct without deviant hearts." What is called a "sweet fragrance" refers to the absence of slander or malice. "Therefore, one must attend to the three seasons of farming, cultivate the five teachings, be close to the nine clans, and thus offer sincere sacrifices. In this way, harmony among the people brings blessings from the gods, so that any action will achieve success." "Now, the people each have their own hearts and the gods lack a true master. Although you may be rich in offerings alone, what blessings can there possibly be? You should first improve governance and cultivate relations with your brothers' states; perhaps this will help avoid disaster." Duke Sui was frightened and improved his administration, so Chu dared not launch an attack.
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夏，会于成，纪来谘谋齐难也。 |
| | In summer, a meeting took place at Cheng; Ji came to consult on plans regarding the difficulties with Qi.
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北戎伐齐，齐使乞师于郑。郑大子忽帅师救齐。六月，大败戎师，获其二帅大良、少良，甲首三百，以献于齐。于是诸侯之大夫戍齐，齐人馈之饩，使鲁为其班，后郑。郑忽以其有功也，怒，故有郎之师。公之未昏于齐也，齐侯欲以文姜妻郑大子忽。大子忽辞。人问其故，大子曰：「人各有耦，齐大，非吾耦也。《诗》云：『自求多福。』在我而已，大国何为？」君子曰：「善自为谋。」及其败戎师也，齐侯又请妻之。固辞，人问其故，大子曰：「无事于齐，吾犹不敢。今以君命奔齐之急，而受室以归，是以师昏也。民其谓我何？」遂辞诸郑伯。 |
| | The northern Rong attacked Qi, and Qi sent envoys to Zheng requesting military assistance. Zheng's crown prince Hu led the troops to rescue Qi. In June, they decisively defeated the Rong forces, capturing their two commanders Daliang and Shaoliang, along with 300 enemy heads in armor, which were presented to Qi. At that time, the ministers of various states garrisoned at Qi, and the people of Qi provided them with provisions. They asked Lu to assign their order of precedence, placing V after Zheng. Zheng Hu was angry because they were placed behind Zheng despite his having rendered a service; thus the campaign at Lang occurred. Before the Gong married into Qi, Duke Qi had wanted to give Wenjiang as a wife to Zheng's crown prince Hu. Crown Prince Hu declined. Someone asked the reason, and the crown prince said, "Each person has their own match; Qi is too great for me to be her match." "The Book of Songs says: 'Seek blessings for yourself.'" "It is up to me, what does a great state have to do with it?" The gentlemen said: "He was good at planning for himself." When he defeated the Rong forces, Duke Qi once again requested to give him his daughter in marriage. He firmly declined. When people asked the reason, the crown prince said: "Even without any connection to Qi, I still dare not accept." "Now that I have come at your command to relieve the urgency of Qi and accepted a wife in return, this would be marrying for the sake of an army." "What will the people say about me?" He then declined it before Duke Zheng.
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「秋，大阅」，简车马也。 |
| | "The 'grand military review in autumn' refers to inspecting the chariots and horses."
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九月，丁卯，子同生。以大子生之礼举之，接以大牢，卜士负之，士妻食之，公与文姜、宗妇命之。公问名于申繻。对曰：「名有五，有信，有义，有象，有假，有类。以名生为信，以德名为义，以类命为象，取于物为假，取于父为类。不以国，不以官，不以山川，不以隐疾，不以畜牲，不以器币。周人以讳事神，名，终将讳之。故以国则废名，以官则废职，以山川则废主，以畜牲则废祀，以器币则废礼。晋以僖侯废司徒，宋以武公废司空，先君献武废二山，是以大物不可以命。」公曰：「是其生也，与吾同物，命之曰同。」 |
| | September, on the Dingmao Day, Zi Tong was born. The ceremony for the birth of a crown prince was observed, with a grand sacrifice to welcome him. A diviner carried the child on his back; the wife of an official fed him. The Gong, Wenjiang, and the female relatives of the clan bestowed names upon him. The Gong asked Shen Xu for a name. Shen Xu replied, "Names have five categories: there is 'xin' (credibility), 'yi' (righteousness), 'xiang' (resemblance), 'jia' (borrowing), and 'lei' (analogy)." "Naming after the day of birth is xin; naming according to virtue is yi; naming by analogy with a category is xiang; taking from an object is jia; and taking from the father's name is lei." "Do not use the name of a state, an official position, a mountain or river, a hidden illness, livestock, or objects used in ritual as names." "The Zhou people avoided using the name when addressing gods; since a name will eventually be tabooed," "therefore, using the name of a state would mean abandoning its name; using an official title would abandon one's post; using a mountain or river would abandon their master; using livestock would disrupt sacrifices; and using ritual objects would violate rites." "Jin abandoned the title of Situ because of Duke Xi; Song abandoned the title of Sikong because of Duke Wu. Our late lord Xianwu abolished the names of two mountains, so great things cannot be used as names." The Gong said, "He was born on a day with the same stem and branch as mine. I shall name him Tong."
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冬，纪侯来朝。请王命以求成于齐，公告不能。 |
| | In winter, Ji Hou came to pay homage. He requested the king's command in order to seek peace with Qi, but the Gong announced that he could not do so.
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| | 桓公八年: |
八年，春，正月，己卯，烝。 |
| | In the eighth year, spring, first month, on the Jimao day, there was a steam offering (zheng).
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天王使家父来聘。 |
| | The heavenly king sent Ji Fu to come and pay homage.
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夏，五月，丁丑，烝。 |
| | Summer, fifth month, on the Dingchou day, there was a steam offering.
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秋，伐邾。 |
| | Autumn, they attacked Zhu.
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冬，十月，雨雪。 |
| | Winter, tenth month, it rained snow.
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祭公来，遂逆王后于纪。 |
| | Ji Gong came, and thus went to meet the queen at Ji.
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| | 桓公八年: |
八年，春，灭翼。 |
| | In the eighth year, spring, YI was annihilated.
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随少师有宠，楚斗伯比曰：「可矣雠有衅，不可失也。」夏，楚子合诸侯于沈鹿。黄、随不会。使薳章让黄。楚子伐随，军于汉、淮之间。季梁请下之，弗许而后战，所以怒我而怠寇也」。少师谓随侯曰：「必速战不然，将失楚师。」随侯御之，望楚师。季梁曰，楚人上左，君必左，无与王遇。且攻其右，右无良焉，必败。偏败，众乃携矣。」少师曰：「不当王，非敌也。」弗从，战于速杞，随师败绩。随侯逸，斗丹获其戎车，与其戎右少师。秋，随及楚平。楚子将不许。斗伯比曰：天去其疾矣，随未可克也。」乃盟而还。 |
| | Sui's Shao Shi had favor; the Chu Dou Bobi said, "Now is the time. Our enemy has a weakness; we must not miss this opportunity." Summer, the ruler of Chu convened feudal lords at Shenlu. Huang and Sui did not attend. They sent Wei Zhang to reprimand Huang. The ruler of Chu attacked Sui, stationing his army between the Han and Huai rivers. Ji Liang requested to lower our defenses first; if we do not agree and then fight, this will anger us and make the enemy complacent," he said. Shao Shi told Duke Sui, "We must fight quickly; otherwise, we will lose the opportunity to defeat the Chu army." Duke Sui confronted them and looked toward the Chu army. Ji Liang said, "The people of Chu place their left side as superior; you must be on the left side, so do not engage directly with King Wu." Moreover, attack their right flank. The right has no capable forces; they will surely be defeated. "If one side is defeated, the whole army will become disheartened," he said. Shao Shi said, "Not facing the king directly means we are not his equal." He did not follow this advice. A battle took place at Suqi, and the Sui army suffered a crushing defeat. Duke Sui fled; Dou Dan captured his war chariot and also captured Shao Shi, the commander of the right wing. Autumn, Sui made peace with Chu. The ruler of Chu was about to refuse. Dou Bobi said, "Heaven has removed their illness; Sui is not yet conquerable," he said. So they concluded an alliance and returned.
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冬王命虢仲立晋哀侯之弟缗于晋。 |
| | In winter, the king ordered Guo Zhong to establish Jin Ai Hou's younger brother Min as ruler in Jin.
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「祭公来，遂逆王后于纪」，礼也。 |
| | "The visit of Ji Gong and his subsequent journey to meet the queen at Ji"—this was in accordance with ritual propriety.
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| | 桓公九年: |
九年春，纪季姜归于京师。 |
| | In spring of the ninth year, Ji Jijiang was married to the capital.
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夏，四月。 |
| | In summer, fourth month.
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秋，七月。 |
| | In autumn, seventh month.
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冬，曹伯使其世子射姑来朝。 |
| | In winter, Cao Bo sent his crown prince Shegu to pay homage.
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| | 桓公九年: |
九年春，纪季姜归于京师。凡诸侯之女行，唯王后书。 |
| | In spring of the ninth year (1054 AD), Ji Jijiang married into the capital. The marriages of daughters of feudal lords are recorded only when they become empresses.
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巴子使韩服告于楚，请与邓为好。楚子使道朔将巴客以聘于邓。邓南鄙鄾人，攻而夺之币，杀道朔及巴行人。楚子使薳章让于邓，邓人弗受，夏，楚使斗廉帅师，及巴师围鄾，邓养甥，聃甥，帅师救鄾，三逐巴师不克，斗廉衡陈其师于巴师之中，以战，而北。邓人逐之，背巴师，而夹攻之。邓师大败，鄾人宵溃。 |
| | Bazi sent Han Fu to inform Chu, requesting peace with Deng. Chu zi sent Dao Shuo to lead the envoys from Ba on a visit to Deng. The people of You in the southern outskirts of Deng attacked and robbed them, killing Dao Shuo and the Ba envoys. Chu zi sent Wei Zhang to reprimand Deng, but the people of Deng refused. In summer, Chu sent Dou Lian to lead an army along with the Ba forces to besiege You. Deng Yangsheng and Dan Sheng led their troops to rescue You. Three times they drove back the Ba forces without success. Dou Lian arranged his troops in a balanced formation among those of the Ba army for battle but was defeated. The Deng people drove them back, turned their backs on the Ba forces, and launched a joint attack from both sides. The Deng army suffered a crushing defeat, and the You people fled in confusion at night.
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秋，虢仲、芮伯、梁伯、荀侯、贾伯伐曲沃。 |
| | In autumn, Guo Zhong, Rui Bo, Liang Bo, Xun Hou, and Jia Bo launched a campaign against Quwo.
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冬，曹大子来朝。宾之以上卿，礼也。享曹太子，初献乐，奏而叹，施父曰：「曹大子其有忧乎非叹所也。」 |
| | In winter, the heir apparent of Cao came to pay homage. He was received as a high-ranking official; this was in accordance with ritual propriety. During the banquet for the heir of Cao, when the music was first performed, it was played and then paused with a sigh. Shifu said: "The heir of Cao must have some worries; this is not a place to sigh."
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| | 桓公十年: |
十年，春，王正月，庚申，曹伯终生卒。 |
| | In the tenth year [of the reign period], spring, the first month of the king's calendar, on the Gengshen day, Cao Bosheng died.
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夏五月，葬曹桓公。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, Duke Huan of Cao was buried.
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秋，公会卫侯于桃丘，弗遇。 |
| | In autumn, the Gong met Marquis Wei at Taoqiu, but did not meet him.
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冬，十有二月，丙午，齐侯、卫侯、郑伯来战于郎。 |
| | In winter, the twelfth month, on the Bingwu day, Marquis Qi, Marquis Wei, and Duke Zheng came to fight at Lang.
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| | 桓公十年: |
十年春，曹桓公卒。 |
| | In spring of the tenth year, Duke Huan of Cao died.
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虢仲谮其大夫詹父于王。詹父有辞，以王师伐虢。 |
| | Guo Zhong slandered his minister Zhanfu to the king. Zhanfu had a just cause, and with the king's army attacked Guo.
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夏，虢公出奔虞。 |
| | In summer, Duke Guo fled to Yu.
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秋，秦人纳芮伯万于芮。 |
| | In autumn, the Qin people restored Rui Bowan to power in Rui.
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初，虞叔有玉，虞公求旃。弗献，既而悔之。曰周谚有之，匹夫无罪，怀璧其罪，吾焉用此其以贾害也。」乃献，又求其宝剑。叔曰：「是无厌也。无厌，将及我。」遂伐虞公，故虞公出奔共池。 |
| | Originally, Yu Shu had a piece of jade, and Duke Yu sought it. He did not present it, but later regretted it. "There is a proverb in Zhou: 'An ordinary person has no crime, but carrying jade brings guilt.' How can I use this to invite harm upon myself?" So he presented it, and the Duke then asked for his precious sword. Shu said: "This is insatiable. Without satisfaction, it will reach me." So he attacked Duke Yu, and thus Duke Yu fled to Gongchi.
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冬，「齐、卫、郑来战于郎」，我有辞也。初北戎病齐，诸侯救之。郑公子忽有功焉。齐人饩诸侯，使鲁次之。鲁以周班后郑，郑人怒，请师于齐。齐人以卫师助之，故不称侵伐。先书齐、卫，王爵也。 |
| | In winter, "Qi, Wei, Zheng came to fight at Lang," but we had a just cause. Originally, the northern Rong attacked Qi, and the feudal lords came to its rescue. Duke Hushi of Zheng had a role in it. The people of Qi sent gifts to the feudal lords, and ordered Lu to be second in line. Lu placed itself after Zheng according to the Zhou order, which angered the people of Zheng, who then requested troops from Qi. The people of Qi used Wei's army to assist them, hence it was not recorded as an invasion or attack. Qi and Wei were mentioned first because they held royal titles.
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| | 桓公十一... : |
十有一年，春，正月，齐人、卫人、郑人盟于恶曹。 |
| | In the eleventh year [of the reign period], in spring, first month, people from Qi, Wei, and Zheng formed an alliance at Ecao.
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夏，五月，癸未，郑伯寤生卒。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, on the Gweiwei day, Lord Wusheng of Zheng died.
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秋，七月，葬郑庄公。 |
| | In autumn, seventh month, Duke Zhuang of Zheng was buried.
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九月，宋人执郑祭仲。突归于郑。郑忽出奔卫。 |
| | In the ninth month, Song people arrested Zhai Zhong of Zheng. Tu returned to Zheng. Zheng Hu fled to Wei.
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柔会宋公、陈侯、蔡叔盟于折。 |
| | Rou met Duke Song, Marquis Chen, and Shu of Cai to form an alliance at She.
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公会宋公，于夫锺，冬，十有二月，公会宋公于阚。 |
| | The duke met Duke Song at Fuzhong. In winter, twelfth month, the duke met Duke Song at Kan.
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| | 桓公十一... : |
十一年，春，齐、卫、郑、宋盟于恶曹。 |
| | In the eleventh year, in spring, Qi, Wei, Zheng, and Song formed an alliance at Ecao.
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楚屈瑕将盟贰、轸。郧人军于蒲骚，将与随、绞、州、蓼伐楚师。莫敖患之。斗廉曰：「郧人军其郊，必不诫，且日虞四邑之至也。君次于郊郢，以御四邑。我以锐师宵加于郧。郧有虞心而恃其城，莫有斗志。若败郧师，四邑必离。」莫敖曰：「盍请济师于王？」对曰：「师克在和，不在众。商、周之不敌，君之所闻也。成军以出，又何济焉？」莫敖曰：「卜之。」对曰：「卜以决疑。不疑何卜？」遂败郧师于蒲骚，卒盟而还。 |
| | Chu Quxia was about to form alliances with Er and Zhen. The people of Yun stationed their army at Pusao, intending to join Suí, Jiao, Zhou, and Liao in attacking the Chu forces. Mao Ao was worried about it. Dou Lian said, "The Yun people have stationed their army in the outskirts; they must not be on guard, and they will daily expect the arrival of the four fiefs." "The lord should stay at Jiaoying to resist the four fiefs." "We will send our sharp forces under cover of night to attack Yun." "Yun has a cautious mind and relies on its city walls, so no one is prepared for battle." "If we defeat the Yun forces, the four fiefs will surely part ways." Mao Ao said, "Why not request reinforcements from the king?" The reply was: "Victory in battle depends on harmony, not on numbers. "The reason why Shang could not match Zhou is something you have heard of." "We are ready with our forces to go out; what more reinforcements do we need?" Mao Ao said, "Let us consult the oracle." The reply was: "Consulting the oracle is to resolve doubts. "If there are no doubts, why consult the oracle?" So they defeated the Yun forces at Pusao and finally formed an alliance before returning.
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郑昭公之败北戎也，齐人将妻之，昭公辞。祭仲曰：「必取之君多内宠，子无大援，将不立。三公子，皆君也。」弗从。 |
| | When Duke Zhao of Zheng defeated the northern Rong tribes, people from Qi intended to give him a wife in marriage, but Duke Zhao declined. Zhai Zhong said: "You must accept her. The lord has many favored concubines, and you have no strong support; otherwise, you will not be established as heir." "The three sons of the prince are all potential heirs to the throne." He did not follow the advice.
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夏，郑庄公卒。初祭封人仲足有宠于庄公，庄公使为卿。为公娶邓曼，生昭公，故祭仲立之。宋雍氏女于郑庄公，曰雍姞，生厉公。雍氏宗有宠于宋庄公，故诱祭仲而执之，曰：「不立突，将死！」亦执厉公而求赂焉。祭仲与宋人盟，以厉公归而立之。 |
| | In summer, Duke Zhuang of Zheng died. Initially, Zhai Fengren Zhong Zu was favored by Duke Zhuang, and Duke Zhuang appointed him as an official of high rank. He arranged for the duke to marry Deng Man, who bore Duke Zhao; therefore, Zhai Zhong established him as ruler. Song Yongshi's daughter was married to Duke Zhuang of Zheng, named Yong Ji, who bore Duke Li. Yongshi's family was favored by Duke Zhuang of Song, so they lured Zhai Zhong and arrested him, saying: "If you do not establish Tu as ruler, you will die!" They also seized Duke Li and demanded a bribe. Zhai Zhong formed an alliance with the people of Song, brought back Duke Li, and established him as ruler.
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秋，九月，丁亥，昭公奔卫。已亥，厉公立。 |
| | In autumn, ninth month, on the Dinghai day, Duke Zhao fled to Wei. On the Yihai day, Duke Li was established as ruler.
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| | 桓公十二... : |
十有二年，春，正月。 |
| | In the twelfth year, spring, first month.
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夏，六月，壬寅，公会杞侯、莒子，盟于曲池。 |
| | In summer, sixth month, on the Rinyin day, the Gong met with Marquis Qi and Lord Ju, and they formed an alliance at Quchi.
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秋，七月，丁亥，公会宋公、燕人，盟于谷丘。 |
| | In autumn, seventh month, on the Dinghai day, the Gong met with Duke Song and people from Yan, and they formed an alliance at Guqiu.
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八月，壬辰，陈侯跃卒。 |
| | In the eighth month, on the Renchen day, Marquis Chen Yue died.
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公会宋公于虚。 |
| | The Gong met with Duke Song at Xu.
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冬，十有一月，公会宋公于龟。 |
| | In winter, the eleventh month, the Gong met with Duke Csong at Gui.
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丙戌，公会郑伯，盟于武父。 |
| | On the Bingxu day, the Gong met with Lord Zheng and formed an alliance at Wufu.
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丙戌，卫侯晋卒。 |
| | On the Bingxu day, Marquis Wei Jin died.
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十有二月，及郑师伐宋。丁未，战于宋。 |
| | In the twelfth month, along with the army of Zheng, they attacked Song. On the Dingwei day, a battle took place in Song.
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| | 桓公十二... : |
十二年，夏，「盟于曲池」，平杞、莒也。 |
| | In the twelfth year, summer, "forming an alliance at Quchi," this was to pacify Qi and Ju.
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公欲平宋、郑。秋，公及宋公盟于句渎之丘。宋成未可知也，故又会于虚。冬又会于龟，宋公辞平。故与郑伯盟于武父，遂帅师而伐宋，战焉，宋无信也。君子曰，苟信不继，盟无益也。《诗》云：『君子屡盟，乱是用长。』无信也。 |
| | The Gong wished to pacify Song and Zheng. In autumn, the Gong and Duke Song formed an alliance at Gudu Qiu. The success of pacifying Song was still uncertain, so they met again at Xu. In winter, they met again at Gui; Duke Song declined to be pacified. Therefore, an alliance was formed with Lord Zheng at Wufu, and then the army led by them attacked Song, engaging in battle; this was because Song lacked trustworthiness. The gentlemen said: If sincerity does not follow, alliances are of no benefit. The "Poetry" says: "When a gentleman repeatedly forms alliances, disorder thereby grows." This is due to the lack of trustworthiness.
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楚伐绞，军其南门。莫敖屈瑕曰，绞小而轻，轻则寡谋，谋无捍采樵者以诱之，从之，绞人获三十人。明日，绞人争出，驱楚役徒于山中。楚人坐其北门，而覆诸山下，大败之，为城下之盟而还。伐绞之役，楚师分涉于彭。罗人欲伐之，使伯嘉谍之，三巡数之。 |
| | Chu attacked Jiao and stationed their army before its southern gate. Maoao Qu Xia said, "Jiao is small and careless; carelessness means a lack of strategy. Without strategy, they will not guard against those who go to gather firewood. Use this as bait to lure them in, follow it up, and the people of Jiao captured thirty men." The next day, the people of Jiao rushed out and drove the Chu laborers into the mountains. The Chu forces sat before its northern gate, ambushed them at the foot of the mountain, and thoroughly defeated them. They made a treaty under the city walls and then returned. In the campaign against Jiao, the Chu army divided its crossing at Peng. The people of Luo wanted to attack them and sent Bojia as a spy; he circled the area three times, counting it each time.
|
| | 桓公十三... : |
十有三年，春，二月，公会纪侯、郑伯。己巳，及齐侯，宋公，卫侯，燕人，战，齐师、宋师、卫师、燕师败绩。 |
| | In the thirteenth year [of his reign], spring, second month, the Gong met with Ji Hou and Zheng Bo. On the Jisi day, [the forces of] Qi Hou, Song Gong, Wei Hou, and the people of Yan were defeated in battle. The armies of Qi, Song, Wei, and Yan suffered a crushing defeat.
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三月，葬卫宣公。 |
| | In the third month, Wei Xuangong was buried.
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夏，大水。 |
| | In summer, there was a great flood.
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秋，七月。 |
| | In autumn, seventh month.
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冬，十月。 |
| | In winter, tenth month.
|
| | 桓公十三... : |
十三年春，楚屈瑕伐罗，斗伯比送之。还，谓其御曰：「莫敖必败，举趾高，心不固矣。」遂见楚子曰：「必济师。」楚子辞焉，入告夫人邓曼，邓曼曰：「大夫其非众之谓，其谓君抚小民以信，训诸司以德，而威莫敖以刑也。莫敖狃于蒲骚之役，将自用也，必小罗，君若不镇抚，其不设备乎夫固谓君训众而好镇抚之，召诸司而劝之以令德，见莫敖而告诸天之不假易也。不然，夫岂不知楚师之尽行也？」楚子使赖人追之，不及。莫敖使徇于师曰：「谏者有刑。」及鄢，乱次以济。遂无次，且不设备。及罗，罗与卢戎两军之，大败之，莫敖缢于荒谷，群帅囚于冶父，以听刑，楚子曰：「孤之罪也！」皆免之。 |
| | In spring of the thirteenth year, Chu Qu Xia attacked Luo, and Dou Bo Bi saw him off. Returning, he said to his charioteer: "Mo Ao will surely be defeated; his steps are lofty, and his heart is not steadfast." He then presented himself before the ruler of Chu and said: "The army must cross [the river]." The ruler of Chu declined. He went in and told his wife Deng Man, who said: "That official is not referring to the multitude; he means that you should govern the common people with trustworthiness, instruct the officials with virtue, and intimidate Mo Ao with punishment." "Mo Ao has grown complacent from the campaign at Pusao, and he will rely on his own judgment. He is bound to underestimate Luo. If you do not calm and pacify him, would he then fail to prepare? That is why I say that you should train the people and be fond of calming and pacifying them, summon the officials and encourage them with virtuous conduct, and confront Mo Ao while informing him about Heaven's unwillingness to grant ease." "If not so, how could he possibly be unaware that the entire army of Chu is marching out?" The ruler of Chu sent someone from Lai to pursue him, but failed to catch up. Mo Ao had a proclamation circulated among the army saying: "Those who offer advice will be punished." When they reached Yan, they crossed [the river] in disorder. Thus, there was no formation, and preparations were not made. When they reached Luo, the people of Luo and the Lu Rong surrounded them on both sides and utterly defeated them. Mo Ao hanged himself in Huang Gu, and the commanders were imprisoned at Ye Fu to await punishment. The ruler of Chu said: "This is my fault!" He pardoned them all.
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宋多责赂于郑，郑不堪命，故以纪、鲁及齐与宋、卫、燕战。不书所战，后也。 |
| | Song imposed heavy demands for bribes on Zheng, and Zheng could no longer bear the burden; thus, he allied with Ji, Lu, and Qi to fight against Song, Wei, and Yan. The location of the battle is not recorded because it was later determined.
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郑人来请修好。 |
| | People from Zheng came to request renewed friendly relations.
|
| | 桓公十四... : |
十有四年，春，正月，公会郑伯于曹。 |
| | In the fourteenth year [of his reign], spring, first month, the Duke met with Lord Zheng at Cao.
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无冰。 |
| | There was no ice.
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夏，五。 |
| | Summer, fifth month.
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郑伯使其弟语来盟。 |
| | Duke Zheng sent his younger brother Yu to come and form an alliance.
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秋，八月，壬申，御廪灾。乙亥，尝。 |
| | Autumn, eighth month, on the Renshen day, a fire occurred at Yulin. On the Yi Hai day, tasting [ceremony] took place.
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冬，十有二月，丁巳，齐侯禄父卒。 |
| | Winter, twelfth month, on the Dingsi day, Duke Qi Lu Fu died.
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宋人以齐人、蔡人、卫人、陈人伐郑。 |
| | The Song people, together with the Qi people, Cai people, Wei people, and Chen people, attacked Zheng.
|
| | 桓公十四... : |
十四年，春，会于曹，曹人致饩，礼也。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, spring, they met at Cao; the people of Cao presented provisions, which was in accordance with ritual.
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夏，郑子人来寻盟，且修曹之会。 |
| | Summer, Zi Ren from Zheng came to seek an alliance and also to renew the meeting at Cao.
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秋，八月，壬申，御廪灾。乙亥，尝，书，不害也」。 |
| | Autumn, eighth month, Renshen day: a fire occurred in Yulin. On the Yi Hai day, there was a tasting ceremony; it is recorded because it did not cause harm.
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冬，宋人以诸侯伐郑，报宋之战也。焚渠门，入，及大逵。伐东郊，取牛首。以大宫之椽，归为卢门之椽。 |
| | Winter, the Song people led by feudal lords attacked Zheng, in retaliation for the Battle of Song. They set fire to Qu Men, entered [the city], and reached Da Kui Avenue. They attacked the eastern suburbs and captured Niushou. They took the beams from Dangong and used them as beams for Lumen.
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|
| | 桓公十五... : |
十有五年，春，二月，天王使家父来求车。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, spring, second month, the Son of Heaven sent Ji Fu to request a carriage.
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三月，乙未，天王崩。夏四月，己巳，葬齐僖公，五月，郑伯突出奔蔡。郑世子忽复归于郑。 |
| | On the Yiwèi day of the third month, the Son of Heaven died. In summer, fourth month, on the Jisi day, Duke Xi of Qi was buried. In fifth month, Lord Zheng fled to Cai. The heir apparent of Zheng, Hu, returned to Zheng again.
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许叔入于许。 |
| | Shu of Xu entered Xu.
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公会齐侯于艾。 |
| | The Duke met Marquis Qi at Ai.
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邾人、牟人、葛人来朝。 |
| | People from Zhu, Mou, and Ge came to pay homage.
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秋，九月，郑伯突入于栎。 |
| | In autumn, ninth month, Lord Zheng Tuo entered Lu.
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冬，十有一月，公会宋公，卫侯，陈侯，于袲，伐郑。 |
| | In winter, the eleventh month, the Duke met Duke Song, Marquis Wei, and Marquis Chen at Qi to launch a campaign against Zheng.
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| | 桓公十五... : |
十五年，春，天王使家父来求车，非礼也。诸侯不贡车服，天子不私求财。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, in spring, the Son of Heaven sent Jia Fu to request a carriage, which was not according to ritual. Feudal lords did not present carriages and ceremonial attire as tribute, and the Son of Heaven did not privately request wealth.
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祭仲专，郑伯患之，使其婿雍纠杀之。将享诸郊，雍姬知之，谓其母曰：「父与夫孰亲？」其母曰：「人尽夫也，父一而已，胡可比也？」遂告祭仲曰：「雍氏舍其室而将享子于郊。吾惑之，以告。」祭仲杀雍纠，尸诸周氏之汪。公载以出，曰：「谋及妇人，宜其死也。」 |
| | Zhao Zhong acted with sole authority; Duke Zheng was troubled by this and sent his son-in-law Yong Jiu to kill him. He planned to hold a banquet in the suburbs, but Yong Ji learned of it and asked her mother: "Which is closer, father or husband?" Her mother said: "Men can all become husbands; a father is only one. How could they be compared?" She then informed Zhao Zhong, saying: "The Yong family has abandoned their home and will entertain you in the suburbs. I am confused about it, so I have informed you." Zhao Zhong killed Yong Jiu and displayed his corpse at the pond of the Zhou family. The Duke took him out in a carriage and said: "To consult with women on matters of state, his death was well deserved."
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夏，厉公出奔蔡。 |
| | In summer,厉公 fled to Cai.
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六月，乙亥，昭公入。 |
| | On the Yihai day of the sixth month, Duke Zhao entered [the capital].
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许叔入于许。 |
| | Shu of Xu entered into Xu.
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「公会齐侯于艾」，谋定许也。 |
| | "The Duke met Marquis Qi at Ai"—this was to plan the settlement of Xu.
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秋，郑伯因栎人杀檀伯，而遂居栎。 |
| | In autumn, Lord Zheng took advantage of the people of Lu to kill Tan Bo and then settled in Lu permanently.
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冬，会于袲，谋伐郑，将纳厉公也。弗克而还。 |
| | In winter, a meeting was held at Qi to plan an attack on Zheng, intending to restore Duke Li. They failed in their attempt and returned.
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| | 桓公十六... : |
十有六年，春，正月，公会宋公，蔡侯，卫侯，于曹。 |
| | In the sixteenth year [of his reign], in spring, first month, the Gong met with Song Gong, Cai Hou, and Wei Hou at Cao.
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夏，四月，公会宋公，卫侯，陈侯。 |
| | In summer, fourth month, the Gong met with Songgong, Weihou, and Chenhou.
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侯，伐郑。 |
| | They attacked Zheng.
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秋，七月，公至自伐郑。 |
| | In autumn, seventh month, the Gong returned from his expedition against Zheng.
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冬，城向。 |
| | In winter, Xiang was fortified with walls.
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十有一月，卫侯朔出奔齐。 |
| | On the eleventh month of the tenth year, Weihou Suo fled to Qi.
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| | 桓公十六... : |
十六年，春，正月，会于曹，谋伐郑也。 |
| | In the sixteenth year, in spring, first month, they met at Cao; this was to plan an attack on Zheng.
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夏，伐郑，秋，七月，公至自伐郑，以饮至之礼也。 |
| | In summer, they attacked Zheng. In autumn, seventh month, the Gong arrived back from his expedition against Zheng; this was in accordance with the yinzhi ritual.
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「冬，城向」，书，时也。 |
| | "The winter, fortifying Xiang"—this is recorded because it happened at that time.
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初，卫宣公烝于夷姜，生急子，属诸右公子。为之娶于齐，而美，公取之。生寿及朔，属寿于左公子。夷姜缢，宣姜与公子朔构急子。公使诸齐，使盗待诸莘，将杀之。寿子告之，使行。不可，曰：「弃父之命，恶用子矣有无父之国则可也。」及行，饮以酒。寿子载其旌以先，盗杀之。急子至，曰：「我之求也，此何罪请杀我乎！」又杀之，二公子故怨惠公。十一月，左公子泄、右公子职立公子黔牟。惠公奔齐。 |
| | Initially, Wei Xuangong had an incestuous relationship with Yijiang, and gave birth to Jizi, who was entrusted to Yougongzi. He arranged a marriage for him with a woman from Qi, but she was beautiful, so the Gong took her for himself. From this union were born Shou and Suo; Shou was entrusted to Zuogongzi. Yijiang committed suicide, and Xuanjiang conspired with Gongzisuo against Jizi. lington The ruler sent Jizi to Qi, and ordered bandits to await him at Shen, intending to kill him. Shou's son informed him of the plot and urged him to flee. He refused, saying: "To abandon my father's command is no different from being without a son; only if there were a country without fathers would this be acceptable." When he set out on his journey, they gave him wine to drink. Shou's son carried the banner ahead of him; the bandits killed him. Jizi arrived and said: "This was what I sought to avoid—what crime has he committed? Please kill me instead!" They killed him again. The two gongzis thus resented Huigong. In the eleventh month, Zuogongzi Xie and Yougongzi Zhi installed Gongzi Qianmou as ruler. Huigong fled to Qi.
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| | 桓公十七... : |
十有七年，春，正月，丙辰，公会齐侯、纪侯盟于黄。 |
| | In the seventeenth year [of his reign], in spring, first month, Bingchen day, the Gong met with Duke Qi and Duke Ji to form an alliance at Huang.
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二月，丙午，公会邾仪父，盟于趡。 |
| | In February, on the Bingwu day, the Gong met Lord Yifu of Zhu and formed an alliance at Ci.
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夏，五月，丙午，及齐师战于奚。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, on the Bingwu day, he fought against the Qi army at Xi.
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六月，丁丑，蔡侯封人卒。 |
| | On the Dingchou day of the sixth moon, Duke Fengren of Cai died.
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秋，八月，蔡季自陈归于蔡。 |
| | In autumn, eighth month, Ji of Cai returned from Chen to Cai.
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癸巳，葬蔡桓侯。 |
| | On the Guisi day, Duke Huan of Cai was buried.
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及宋人、卫人伐邾。 |
| | The Song and Wei forces attacked Zhu.
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冬，十月，朔，日有食之。 |
| | In winter, tenth month, on the first day of the month, there was a solar eclipse.
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| | 桓公十七... : |
十七年，春，盟于黄，平齐、纪，且谋卫故也。 |
| | In the seventeenth year, in spring, an alliance was formed at Huang to reconcile Qi and Ji, and also to plan for the sake of Wei.
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「及邾仪父盟于趡」，寻蔑之盟也。 |
| | "The forming of an alliance with Lord Yifu of Zhu at Ci" refers to the Xunmie Alliance.
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「夏，及齐师战于奚」，疆事也。于是齐人侵鲁疆，疆吏来告。公曰，疆场之事，慎守其一，而备其不虞，姑尽所备焉。事至而战，又何谒焉？」 |
| | "In summer, fighting against the Qi army at Xi"—this was a border-related military engagement. At that time, the Qi forces invaded the borders of Lu, and officials in charge of the frontier came to report. The Gong said: "Regarding matters on the border, be careful to hold one's ground and prepare for unforeseen events; we should exhaust all preparations." "When the matter comes to battle, what more is there to request?"
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蔡桓侯卒，蔡人召蔡季于陈。 |
| | After Duke Huan of Cai died, the people of Cai summoned Ji of Cai from Chen.
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秋，蔡季自陈归于蔡，蔡人嘉之也。 |
| | In autumn, Ji of Cai returned to Cai from Chen; this was praised by the people of Cai.
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「伐邾」，宋志也。 |
| | "The attack on Zhu"—this was in accordance with Song's intentions.
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冬，十月，朔，日有食之。不书日，官失之也。天子有日官，诸侯有日御。日官居卿以底日，礼也。日御不失日，以授百官于朝。 |
| | In winter, tenth month, first day of the lunar month, there was a solar eclipse observed. The specific date is not recorded; this was due to an oversight by the officials. The Son of Heaven had a Solar Official, and feudal lords had their own Solar Attendants. It was proper for the Solar Official to hold the rank of Qing in order to determine the solar events; this conformed to ritual propriety. The Solar Attendant did not miss a day, and thus could convey the calendar information to all officials in court.
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初，郑伯将以高渠弥为卿。昭公恶之，固谏，不听。昭公立，惧其杀己也，辛卯，弑昭公而立公子亹。君子谓昭公知所恶矣。公子达曰，「高伯其为戮乎复恶，已甚矣」。 |
| | Initially, Duke Bo of Zheng was going to appoint Gao Qumi as an official. Zhaogong disliked this and strongly advised against it, but he did not listen. After Zhaogong was enthroned, Gao Qumi feared that Zhaogong would kill him; on the Xinmao day, he assassinated Duke Zhaogong and installed Gongzi Wei as ruler. The gentlemen said that Duke Zhaogong knew who his enemies were. Gongzi Da said, "High Bo will surely be punished; to repeat evil and go too far is certain."
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| | 桓公十八... : |
十有八年，春，王正月，公会齐侯于泺。 |
| | In the eighteenth year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king's calendar, the Duke met with Lord Qi at Shuo.
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公与夫人姜氏遂如齐。 |
| | The Duke and Lady Jiang, his wife, then went to Qi.
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夏，四月，丙子，公薨于齐。丁酉，公之丧至自齐。 |
| | In summer, the fourth month, on the Bingzi day, the Duke died in Qi. On the Dingyou day, the funeral procession of the Duke arrived from Qi.
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秋，七月。 |
| | Autumn, seventh month.
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冬，十有二月，己丑，葬我君桓公。 |
| | In winter, the twelfth month, on the Jichou day, our lord Duke Huan was buried.
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| | 桓公十八... : |
十八年春，公将有行，遂与姜氏如齐。申繻曰：「女有家，男有室，无相渎也，谓之有礼。易此必败。」公会齐侯于泺，遂及文姜如齐。齐侯通焉，公谪之，以告。 |
| | In spring of the eighteenth year, the Duke was about to make a journey and thus went with Lady Jiang to Qi. Shen Xu said, "A woman has her family, a man his home; they should not be disrespectful to each other. This is called propriety." Change this and disaster will surely follow." The Duke met with Lord Qi at Shu, and thus went together with Wen Jiang to Qi. Lord Qi had an affair with her; the Duke reproached him for this and informed [the court].
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夏，四月，丙子，享公。使公子彭生乘公，公薨于车。鲁人告于齐曰：「寡君畏君之威，不敢宁居，来修旧好。礼成而不反，无所归咎，恶于诸侯。请以彭生除之。」齐人杀彭生。 |
| | In summer, fourth month, on the Bingzi day [they] honored the Duke. They made Gongzi Pengsheng ride with the Duke; the Duke died in the carriage. The people of Lu informed Qi, saying: "Our lord fears your lord's might and dared not remain at ease, coming to renew old amity. The rites were completed but he did not return; there is no one to blame, which will be shameful among the feudal lords." "Please allow us to execute Pengsheng for this matter." The people of Qi killed Pengsheng.
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秋，齐侯师于首止。子亹会之，高渠弥相。七月，戊戌，齐人杀子亹，而轘高渠弥，祭仲逆郑子于陈而立之。是行也，祭仲知之，故称疾不往。人曰：「祭仲以知免。」仲曰：「信也。」 |
| | In autumn, Lord Qi stationed his army at Shouzhi. Zi Men met with him, and Gao Quimi served as his assistant. On the Wuxu day of the seventh month, the people of Qi killed Zi Men and hanged Gao Quimi. Zhao Zhong went to Chen to bring back Zhengzi and installed him as ruler. On this journey, Zhao Zhong knew about the plot, so he claimed illness and did not go. People said: "Zhao Zhong used his wisdom to avoid disaster." Zhong said, "That is indeed trustworthy."
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周公欲弑庄王而立王子克。辛伯告王，遂与王杀周公黑肩。王子克奔燕。初，子仪有宠于桓王，桓王属诸周公。辛伯谏曰，并后，匹嫡，两政，耦国，乱之本也。」周公弗从，故及。 |
| | Duke Zhou wanted to kill King Zhuangwang and install Prince Ke. Xin Bo informed the king, so they joined forces with the king to kill Gong Heijian of Zhou. Prince Ke fled to Yan. Initially, Zi Yi was favored by King Huanwang, who entrusted him to Duke Zhou. Xin Bo advised, saying: "Having two queens, equaling the legitimate heir, having dual authority, and dividing a state—these are the roots of chaos." Duke Zhou did not follow this advice, hence his downfall.
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