| | 文公元年: |
元年，春，王正月，公即位。 |
| | In the first year [of his reign], spring, the king's first month, the Duke assumed the throne.
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二月，癸亥，日有食之。 |
| | In February, on the Guihai day, there was a solar eclipse.
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天王使叔服来会葬。 |
| | The Son of Heaven sent Shufu to come and attend the funeral rites.
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夏，四月，丁巳，葬我君僖公。 |
| | In summer, fourth month, on the Dingsi day, our lord Duke Xi was buried.
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天王使毛伯来锡公命。 |
| | The Son of Heaven sent Mao Bo to come and bestow a mandate upon the Duke.
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晋侯伐卫。 |
| | Duke of Jin attacked Wei.
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叔孙得臣如京师。 |
| | Shusun Dechen went to the capital.
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卫人伐晋。 |
| | The people of Wei attacked Jin.
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秋，公孙敖会晋侯于戚。 |
| | In autumn, Gongsun Ao met Duke of Jin at Qi.
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冬，十月，丁未，楚世子商臣弑其君頵。 |
| | In winter, tenth month, on the Dingwei day, Crown Prince Shangchen of Chu assassinated his ruler Yu.
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公孙敖如齐。 |
| | Gongsun Ao went to Qi.
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| | 文公元年: |
元年，春，王使内史叔服来会葬。公孙敖闻其能相人也，见其二子焉。叔服曰：「谷也食子，难也收子。」谷也丰下，必有后于鲁国。 |
| | In the first year, spring, the Son of Heaven sent Neishi Shufu to come and participate in the funeral rites. Gongsun Ao heard that he was capable of judging people, so he presented his two sons to him. Shufu said: "Gu will provide for you; Nan will bring misfortune." Gu has a full lower part of the face, and he must have descendants who will be prominent in the state of Lu.
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于是闰三月，非礼也。先王之正时也，履端于始，举正于中，归馀于终。履端于始，序则不愆，举正于中，民则不惑，归馀于终，事则不悖。 |
| | At that time, the intercalary third month was not in accordance with ritual propriety. The former kings' proper regulation of seasons began by establishing the beginning, maintained correctness at the midpoint, and concluded by returning any surplus. Establishing the beginning properly ensures that order does not deviate; maintaining correctness at the midpoint ensures that the people are not confused; returning any surplus at the end ensures that affairs do not become contradictory.
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夏，四月，丁巳，葬僖公。 |
| | In summer, fourth month, on Ding Si day, Duke Xi was buried.
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王使毛伯卫来锡公命，叔孙得臣如周拜。 |
| | The Son of Heaven sent Mao Bai to bestow a mandate upon the duke; Shusun Dechen went to Zhou to pay homage.
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晋文公之季年，诸侯朝晋。卫成公不朝，使孔达侵郑，伐绵、訾及匡。晋襄公既祥，使告于诸侯，而伐卫，及南阳，先且居曰：「效尤，祸也。请君朝王，臣从师。」晋侯朝王于温，先且居、胥臣伐卫。五月，辛酉，朔，晋师围戚。六月，戊戌，取之，获孙昭子。卫人使告于陈。陈共公曰：「更伐之，我辞之。」卫孔达帅师伐晋，君子以为古。古者越国而谋。 |
| | In the later years of Duke Wen of Jin, the feudal lords paid homage to Jin. Duke Cheng of Wei did not pay homage; he sent Kong Da to invade Zheng and attack Mian, Zi, and Kuang. After Duke Xiang of Jin had completed the mourning rites, he sent a message to the feudal lords and then attacked Wei, reaching Nanyang. Xian Qiaju said: "Imitating evil is a disaster." "Please let our lord pay homage to the king while I follow the army." Duke of Jin paid homage to the Son of Heaven at Wen, and Xian Qiaju and Xu Chen attacked Wei. In May, on the Xin You day (the first day of the month), the Jin army surrounded Qi. In June, on the Wu Xu day, they captured it and took Sun Zhaozi prisoner. The people of Wei sent a message to inform Chen. Duke Gong of Chen said: "Attack them again, and I will make an excuse for it." Kong Da of Wei led troops to attack Jin; the gentlemen considered this action old-fashioned. In ancient times, one would plan across borders.
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秋，晋侯疆戚田，故公孙敖会之。 |
| | In autumn, Duke of Jin demarcated the fields at Qi; therefore, Gongsun Ao joined him.
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初，楚子将以商臣为大子，访诸令尹子上。子上曰，君之齿未也，而又多爱，黜乃乱也。楚国之举，在少者，且是人也，蜂目而豺声，忍人也，不可立也」。弗听，既又欲立王子职而黜大子商臣。商臣闻之而未察，告其师潘崇曰：「若之何而察之？」潘崇曰：「享江芊而勿敬也。」从之，江芊怒曰：「呼，役夫宜君王之欲杀女而立职也。」告潘崇曰：「信矣。」潘崇曰：「能事诸乎？」曰不能，能行乎，曰，不能，「能行大事乎？」曰能，冬，十月，以宫甲围成王。王请食熊蹯而死，弗听，丁未，王缢。谥之曰灵，不瞑，曰成，乃瞑，穆王立，以其为大子之室与潘崇，使为大师，且掌环列之尹。 |
| | Initially, King of Chu was going to appoint Shangchen as crown prince and consulted the Ling Yin Zi Shang about it. Zi Shang said, "The king's age is not yet mature, and he also has many favorites; to depose one would cause disorder." "In the state of Chu, when choosing a successor, it is customary to select from among the younger sons. Moreover, this man has the eyes of a wasp and the voice of a jackal; he is cruel-hearted and cannot be appointed." The king did not listen. Later, he wanted to appoint Prince Zhi as crown prince while deposing Crown Prince Shangchen. Shangchen heard about this but was uncertain, and told his teacher Pan Chong: "What should I do to find out the truth?" Pan Chong said: "Entertain Jiang Qian but show no respect." Shangchen followed his advice. Jiang Qian became angry and said: "Hey, servant! It is the king's wish to kill you and appoint Zhi as crown prince." Shangchen told Pan Chong: "It is true now." Pan Chong asked, "Are you able to deal with this?" He said he could not. "Can you run away?" "I cannot." "Can you carry out a great deed?" He said, "Yes, I can." In winter, tenth month, he surrounded King Cheng with palace troops. The king requested to eat xiong fan and then die; they did not listen. On the Dingwei day, the king hanged himself. He was posthumously given the title "Ling," but his eyes did not close. When he was called "Cheng," they closed, and Duke Mu took the throne. He gave the residence of the former crown prince to Pan Chong, appointed him as Da Shi (Grand Master), and also made him in charge of Huan Lie Yin (the official overseeing the palace guards).
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穆伯如齐，始聘焉，礼也。凡君即位，卿出并聘，践修旧好，要结外援，好事邻国，以卫社稷，忠信卑让之道也。」忠德之正也，信，德之固也，卑让，德之基也。 |
| | Duke Mu went to Qi, beginning a visit; this was in accordance with ritual. Whenever a ruler assumes the throne, high-ranking ministers should go out together to visit other states, to renew old friendships, to seek alliances from external powers, and to cultivate good relations with neighboring countries in order to protect the state. This is the way of loyalty, trustworthiness, humility, and courtesy. Loyalty is the uprightness of virtue; faithfulness is the foundation of virtue; humility and courtesy are the basis of virtue.
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淆之役，晋人既归秦师，秦大夫及左右皆言于秦伯曰：「是败也，孟明之罪也，必杀之。」秦伯曰：「是孤之罪也。周芮良夫之诗曰：『大风有隧，贪人败类。听言则对，诵言如醉。匪用其良，覆俾我悖。』是贪故也，孤之谓矣。孤实贪以祸夫子，夫子何罪？」复使为政。 |
| | During the campaign at Xiao, after the Jin had returned the captured Qin forces to them, Qin officials and those on both sides advised Duke Bo of Qin: "This defeat is due to Meng Ming's fault; he must be executed." Duke Bo of Qin said, "This is my own fault. The poem by Zhou Ruiliangfu says: "A great wind has a path; greedy men destroy their kind." "Listening to words brings response, reciting them is like being drunk. 'Not using the good ones causes me to be confused.'" This is greed, and I am exactly what it refers to. "I was indeed greedy and brought misfortune upon the master; how can the master be at fault?" He was then reinstated to office.
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| | 文公二年: |
二年，春，王二月，甲子，晋侯及秦师战于彭衙，秦师败绩。 |
| | In the second year [of his reign], spring, the first month of winter in the lunar calendar, on the Jiazi day, Duke Jin and the Qin forces fought a battle at Pengya; the Qin forces suffered a crushing defeat.
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丁丑，作僖公主。 |
| | On the Dingchou day, Princess Xi was created.
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三月，乙巳，及晋处父盟。 |
| | In the third month, on the Yisi day, an alliance was made with Jin Chufu.
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夏，六月，公孙敖会宋公、陈侯、郑伯、晋士縠、盟于垂陇。 |
| | In summer, in the sixth month, Gongsun Ao met with Duke Song, Marquis Chen, Lord Zheng, Jin Shihu, and they formed an alliance at Chuilong.
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自十有二月不雨，至于秋七月。 |
| | From the twelfth month there was no rain until the seventh month of autumn.
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八月，丁卯，大事于大庙，跻僖公。 |
| | In August, on the Dingmao day, a major ceremony was held at the Grand Temple to elevate Duke Xi.
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冬，晋人、宋人、陈人、郑人伐秦。 |
| | In winter, the Jin people, Song people, Chen people, and Zheng people launched a campaign against Qin.
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公子遂如齐纳币。 |
| | Gongzi Sui went to Qi to present gifts.
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| | 文公二年: |
二年，春，秦孟明视帅师伐晋，以报淆之役。二月，晋侯御之。先且居将中军，赵衰佐之。王官无地御戎，狐鞫居为右。甲子，及秦师战于彭衙，秦师败绩。晋人谓秦「拜赐」之师。战于淆也，晋梁弘御戎，莱驹为右。战之明日，晋襄公缚秦囚，使莱驹以戈斩之。囚呼，莱驹失戈，狼瞫取戈以斩囚，禽之以从公乘，遂以为右。箕之役，先轸黜之，而立续简伯。狼瞫怒，其友曰：「盍死之？」瞫曰：「吾未获死所。」其友曰：「吾与女为难。」瞫曰：「《周志》有之，『勇则害上，不登于明堂。』死而不义，非勇也。共用之谓勇。吾以勇求右，无勇而黜，亦其所也。谓上不我知，黜而宜，乃知我矣。子姑待之。」及彭衙，既陈，以其属驰秦师，死焉。晋师从之，大败秦师。君子谓狼瞫于是乎君子。《诗》曰：「君子如怒，乱庶遄沮。」又曰：「王赫斯怒，爰整其旅。」怒不作乱，而以从师，可谓君子矣。 |
| | In the second year, spring, Qin Mengming Shi led his troops to attack Jin in retaliation for the Battle of Yao. In the second month, Duke Jin repelled them. Xian Qiju commanded the central army, and Zhao Cui assisted him. Wanguan Wudi was in charge of defending against the Rong tribes, while Hu Jju served as the right general. On the Jiazi day, a battle was fought with the Qin forces at Pengya; the Qin army suffered a crushing defeat. The Jin people referred to the Qin as an "attending-grace" army. During the Battle of Yao, Jin Lianghong was in command of defending against the Rong forces, and Lai Ju served as the right general. The day after the battle, Duke Xiang of Jin bound the captured Qin prisoners and ordered Lai Ju to behead them with a halberd. The prisoner cried out, causing Lai Ju to drop his halberd; Lang Shen then took up the halberd and beheaded the prisoner. He captured him and followed Duke Xiang in his chariot, thus succeeding Lai Ju as the right general. During the Battle of Ji, Xian Zhen dismissed him and appointed Xu Jianbo in his place. Lang Shen was angry; his friend said, "Why not die for it?" Shen replied, "I have yet to find a worthy cause to die for." His friend said, "I will join you in creating trouble." Shen replied, "The Zhou Records say: 'Bravery that harms superiors cannot be honored in the Hall of Illumination.'" "To die without righteousness is not true bravery." "Bravery lies in acting together for the right cause." I sought to become a right general through bravery, and now I was dismissed due to lack of bravery; this is only what should happen. He said, "If my superiors do not understand me and demote me justly, then they truly know me." "Let us wait for the time being," he said. When they reached Pengya, after forming their ranks, he led his men to charge at the Qin forces and died there. The Jin army followed him, resulting in a major defeat of the Qin forces. The gentlemen considered Lang Shen to be a true gentleman at this point. The Book of Songs says: "When the gentleman is angry, disorder will quickly subside." It also says: "The king was wrathful and thus marshaled his troops." Anger that does not lead to disorder but instead follows the army can truly be called gentlemanly.
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秦伯犹用孟明。孟明增修国政，重施于民。赵成子言于诸大夫曰，「秦师又至，将必辟之。惧而增德，不可当也。《诗》曰：『毋念尔祖，聿修厥德。』孟明念之矣。念德不怠，其可敌乎？」 |
| | Lord Qin still employed Mengming. Mengming further improved the state's administration and bestowed generous benefits upon the people. Zhao Chengzi said to the other high officials, "The Qin army is coming again; we will certainly have to avoid them." "Fear has led them to enhance their virtue; such a force cannot be withstood." The Book of Songs says: "Do not forget your ancestors, but diligently cultivate virtue." Mengming has remembered this. "To think of virtue without slackness, can such a force be opposed?"
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丁丑，作僖公主。书，不时也。 |
| | On the Dingchou day, the Princess Xi was created. This is recorded because it did not occur at an appropriate time.
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晋人以公不朝来讨。公如晋，夏，四月，己巳，晋人使阳处父盟公以耻之。书曰「及晋处父盟」，以厌之也。适晋不书，讳之也。 |
| | The Jin people came to punish the ruler for failing to pay homage. The ruler went to Jin. In summer, in April, on the Jisi day, the Jin people sent Yang Chufu to form an alliance with the ruler as a means of humiliating him. The Records state "formed an alliance with Jin Chufu," in order to pacify the situation. His journey to Jin is not recorded, as it was concealed.
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公未至，六月，穆伯会诸侯，及晋司空士縠盟于垂陇，晋讨卫故也。书士縠，堪其事也。陈侯为卫请成于晋，执孔达以说。 |
| | Before the ruler arrived, in June, Duke Mu Bo met with the feudal lords and formed an alliance with Jin Sikong Shihu at Chuilong; this was because Jin had launched a campaign against Wei. The Records mention Shihu, indicating that he was capable of handling the matter. Marquis Chen requested peace for Wei from Jin and handed over Kong Da as a gesture to appease them.
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秋，八月，丁卯，「大事于大庙，跻僖公」，逆祀也。于是夏父弗忌为宗伯，尊僖公，且明见曰：「吾见新鬼大，故鬼小。先大后小，顺也。跻圣贤，明也。明顺，礼也。」君子以为失礼。礼无不顺。祀，国之大事也，而逆之，可谓礼乎子虽齐圣，不先父食，久矣。故禹不先鲧，汤不先契，文、武不先不窋。宋祖帝乙，郑祖厉王，犹上祖也。是以《鲁颂》曰：「春秋匪解，享祀不忒，皇皇后帝，皇祖后稷。」君子曰礼，谓其后稷亲而先帝也。《诗》曰：「问我诸姑，遂及伯姊。」君子曰礼，谓其姊亲而先姑也。仲尼曰：「臧文仲，其不仁者三，不知者三。下展禽，废六关，妾织蒲，三不仁也。作虚器，纵逆祀，祀爰居，三不知也。」 |
| | In autumn, in August, on the Dingmao day, "a major ceremony was held at the Great Temple to elevate Duke Xi"—this was an improper ritual. At that time, Xiafu Foji was the Minister of Rites; he honored Duke Xi and clearly stated: "I have seen new ghosts as great, while old ghosts are small." "To honor the greater before the lesser is in accordance with propriety." "To elevate sages and virtuous men is to be enlightened." "Enlightenment and propriety are the essence of ritual," he said. The gentlemen considered this to be a violation of ritual. Ritual is always in accordance with the right order. Sacrificial rites are major affairs of the state, yet to conduct them improperly—can this be called ritual? Even if a son is as wise and virtuous as possible, he does not precede his father in eating; this has been long established. Therefore, Yu did not precede Gun, Tang did not precede Xi, and Wen and Wu did not precede Bu Zhu. Song honored Emperor Yi as its ancestor, Zheng honored King Li as its ancestor—these are still considered distant ancestors. Therefore, the "Lu Ode" says: "The Spring and Autumn Annals are not mistaken; sacrifices are offered without error. The great and illustrious emperor, our venerated ancestor Houji." Gentlemen said this was ritual, meaning that they honored the closer ancestor Hou Ji before the more distant emperor. The Book of Songs says: "When I asked my aunts, it extended to my elder sister." Gentlemen said this is ritual, meaning that the closer relative, one's sister, was honored before the more distant aunt. Zhong Ni said: "Zang Wenzhong had three instances of unkindness and three instances of ignorance." "He demoted Zhan Qin, abolished the six checkpoints, and allowed his concubine to weave mats—these were three acts of unkindness." "He made hollow ritual vessels, permitted improper sacrificial rites, and honored Yuan Ju—these were three instances of ignorance," he said.
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冬，晋先且居、宋公子成、陈辕选、郑公子归生伐秦，取汪及彭衙而还，以报彭衙之役。卿不书，为穆公故，尊秦也，谓之崇德。 |
| | In winter, Jin Xian Qiju, Song Gongzi Cheng, Chen Yuanxuan, and Zheng Gongzi Guisheng launched a campaign against Qin, capturing Wang and Pengya before returning; this was in retaliation for the Battle of Pengya. The high officials are not recorded because of Duke Mu's sake, showing respect to Qin; this is called honoring virtue.
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襄仲如齐纳币，礼也。凡君即位，好舅甥，修昏姻，娶元妃以奉粢盛，孝也。孝，礼之始也。 |
| | Xiang Zhong went to Qi to present gifts—this was in accordance with ritual. Whenever a ruler ascends the throne, he should be kind to his maternal uncles and nephews, cultivate marital relations, and marry a principal wife in order to offer sacrifices—this is filial piety. Filial piety is the beginning of ritual.
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| | 文公三年: |
三年，春，王正月，叔孙得臣会晋人、宋人、陈人、卫人、郑人伐沈。沈溃。 |
| | In the third year, spring, in the first month of the king's reign, Shusun Dechen met with the people of Jin, Song, Chen, Wei, and Zheng to attack Shen. Shen collapsed.
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夏，五月，王子虎卒。 |
| | In summer, in the fifth month, Wang Zi Hu died.
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秦人伐晋。 |
| | The Qin people attacked Jin.
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秋，楚人围江。 |
| | In autumn, the Chu people besieged Jiang.
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雨螽于宋。 |
| | Locusts rained down in Song.
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冬，公如晋。十有二月，己巳，公及晋侯盟。 |
| | In winter, the Gong went to Jin. On the Jisi day of the twelfth month, the Gong and Duke of Jin formed an alliance.
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晋阳处父帅师伐楚以救江。 |
| | Jin Yangchufu led his troops to attack Chu in order to rescue Jiang.
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| | 文公三年: |
三年，春，庄叔会诸侯之师伐沈，以其服于楚也。沈溃，凡民逃其上曰溃。在上曰逃。 |
| | In the third year, spring, Zhuangshu joined the armies of the feudal lords to attack Shen because it had submitted to Chu. Shen collapsed; when common people fled from their ruler, it was called "kui." When the ruler fled, it was referred to as "tao."
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卫侯如陈，拜晋成也。 |
| | Duke of Wei went to Chen to express gratitude for Jin's assistance.
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夏，四月，乙亥，王叔文公卒，来赴，吊如同盟，礼也。 |
| | In summer, in the fourth month, on the Yihai day, Duke Wenshong of Wang died. The envoy came to report his death and paid condolences as if he were an ally; this was according to ritual propriety.
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秦伯伐晋，济河焚舟，取王官及郊。晋人不出。遂自茅津济，封淆尸而还。遂霸西戎，用孟明也。君子是以知秦穆公之为君也，举人之周也，举人之壹也，孟明之臣也。其不解也。能惧思也。子桑之忠也。其知入也，能举善也。《诗》曰「于以采蘩？于沼于沚，于以用之，公侯之事」，秦穆有焉。「夙夜匪解，以事一人」，孟明有焉。「诒厥孙谋，以燕翼子」，子桑有焉。 |
| | Duke Qin attacked Jin, crossed the Yellow River and burned his boats, capturing Wangguan and Jiao. The people of Jin did not come out to fight. Thus, he crossed the river at Maojin, buried the corpses from the Battle of Xiao and returned. He thus became dominant over the western Rong tribes, due to Mengming's leadership. Because of this, the gentlemen knew that Duke Mu of Qin was a wise ruler: his thoroughness in selecting people, his consistency in appointing them—Mengming was such an official. He did not let go of him. He was able to inspire fear and reflection. This was the loyalty of Zi Sang. His wisdom in understanding people, and his ability to appoint virtuous individuals. The "Ode" says: "Where shall we gather the fán?" "At the marsh and at the islet, where shall it be used? For the affairs of marquises and dukes"—Duke Mu of Qin embodied this. "Day and night without respite, to serve one person"—Mengming embodied this. "To bequeath strategies for future generations, to provide peace and support for descendants"—Zi Sang embodied this.
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「秋，雨螽于宋」，队而死也。 |
| | "In autumn, locusts rained down on Song," meaning they fell in droves and died.
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楚师围江，晋先仆伐楚以救江。 |
| | The Chu army besieged Jiang; Xianpu of Jin attacked Chu to rescue Jiang.
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冬，晋以江故告于周。王叔桓公，晋阳处父，伐楚，以救江，门于方城，遇息公子朱而还。晋人惧其无礼于公也，请改盟。公如晋，及晋侯盟。晋侯飨公，赋《菁菁者莪》。庄叔以公降拜，曰：「小国受命于大国，敢不慎仪君贶之以大礼，何乐如之抑小国之乐，大国之惠也。」晋侯降辞，登成拜，公赋《嘉乐》。 |
| | In winter, because of the matter concerning Jiang, Jin reported to Zhou. Duke Huangong of Wang and Yangchufu of Jin attacked Chu in order to rescue Jiang, marched toward Fangcheng Pass, encountered Zi Zhu, son of Duke Xi, and then returned. The people of Jin feared that they had been disrespectful to the Gong, so they requested to renegotiate the alliance. The Gong went to Jin and formed an alliance with Duke of Jin. 茏 Duke of Jin hosted a banquet for the Gong, who recited "Jingjing Zhe E." Zhuangshu led the Gong in a formal bow, saying: "A small state receiving orders from a great state, how could it dare not to observe proper ceremonies? To be honored with grand rites by Your Majesty is what brings us the greatest joy. This joy of the small state is indeed the grace of the great state." Duke of Jin descended from his position to respond politely, then ascended and performed a formal bow; the Gong recited "Jiale" (Ode of Joyful Music).
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| | 文公四年: |
四年，春，公至自晋。 |
| | In the fourth year, spring, the Duke returned from Jin.
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夏，逆妇姜于齐。 |
| | Summer, they went to Qi to meet the bride Jiang.
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狄侵齐。 |
| | The Di invaded Qi.
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秋，楚人灭江。 |
| | Autumn, the Chu people annihilated Jiang.
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晋侯伐秦。 |
| | Duke of Jin attacked Qin.
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卫侯使甯俞来聘。 |
| | Duke of Wei sent Ning Yu to pay a visit.
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冬，十有一月，壬寅，夫人风氏薨。 |
| | Winter, the eleventh month, on the Rinyin day, Lady Feng, the wife, died.
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| | 文公四年: |
四年，春，晋人归孔达于卫，以为卫之良也，故免之。 |
| | In the fourth year, spring, people of Jin returned Kong Da to Wei, considering him a good man of Wei, so they pardoned him.
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夏，卫侯如晋拜。曹伯如晋会正。 |
| | Summer, Duke of Wei went to Jin to pay respects. Duke Cao Bo went to Jin for a formal meeting.
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逆妇姜于齐，卿不行，非礼也。君子是以知出姜之不允于鲁也。曰贵聘而贱逆之，君而卑之，立而废之，弃信而坏其主，在国必乱，在家必亡。不允宜哉诗曰：『畏天之威，于时保之。』敬主之谓也。」 |
| | They went to Qi to meet the bride Jiāng, but the high officials did not go; this was against ritual propriety. It is for this reason that gentlemen knew Lady Jiang would not be acceptable to Lu. To send a high-ranking envoy for the marriage proposal but to meet her with someone of low rank, to treat one's ruler with disrespect, to appoint and then discard him, to abandon trust and undermine his lord—such actions would surely bring chaos in the state and destruction in the family. Indeed, it was not acceptable. As the Odes say: "Reverent of Heaven's might, thus preserving his position." This is what is meant by respecting one's lord.
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秋，晋侯伐秦，围刓、新城，以报王官之役。 |
| | Autumn, Duke of Jin attacked Qin and besieged Wan and Xincheng, to avenge the campaign at Wangguan.
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楚人灭江，秦伯为之降服，出次，不举，过数。大夫谏，公曰：「同盟灭，虽不能救，敢不矜乎吾自惧也。」君子曰，诗云，惟彼二国，其政不获，惟此四国，爰究爰度，其秦穆之谓矣。」 |
| | The Chu people annihilated Jiang; Duke Qin mourned for it by lowering his ceremonial robes, withdrew to a temporary residence outside the palace, abstained from sacrifices, and exceeded the prescribed mourning period. The ministers advised against it, but Duke said: "An allied state has been destroyed; although I could not save it, how dare I not feel sympathy? I am doing this out of my own fear." The gentlemen said: "As the Odes say, 'Only those two states failed to govern well; only these four states carefully examined and measured.' This is what was meant by Duke Mu of Qin."
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卫甯武子来聘，公与之宴，为赋湛露，及彤弓，不辞，又不荅赋，使行人私焉。对曰：「臣以为肄业及之也。昔诸侯朝正于王，王宴乐之，于是乎赋《湛露》，则天子当阳，诸侯用命也。诸侯敌王所忾，而献其功，王于是乎赐之彤弓一、彤矢百、玈弓矢千、以觉报宴。今陪臣来继旧好，君辱贶之，其敢干大礼以自取戾？」 |
| | Ning Wuzi of Wei came to pay a visit. The Duke entertained him with a banquet and recited the poems "Zhan Lu" and "Tong Gong." Ning did not refuse, nor did he reciprocate with a poem; thus, the envoy was sent privately to inquire. He replied: "I thought I had merely reached the level of practice and study." In former times, when feudal lords paid homage to the king at the beginning of the year, the king would entertain and amuse them. At that time, they recited "Zhan Lu," signifying that the Son of Heaven was in his proper place and the feudal lords were carrying out their duties. When feudal lords, equal in status to the king's might, expressed their indignation and presented their achievements, the king then bestowed upon them one red bow, a hundred red arrows, a thousand black bows and arrows, as a sign of recognition during the banquet. Now that I, a subordinate minister, have come to continue our old friendship, Your Majesty has honored me with your generous gifts. How could I dare to interfere with such great rites and invite blame upon myself?"
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四年，春，晋人归孔达于卫，以为卫之良也，故免之。 |
| | In the fourth year, spring; people of Jin returned Kong Da back to Wei, considering him an outstanding man of Wei, thus pardoning him.
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夏，卫侯如晋拜。曹伯如晋会正。 |
| | Summer, Duke of Wei visited Jin to pay homage. Duke Cao Bo visited Jin for a formal assembly.
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逆妇姜于齐，卿不行，非礼也。君子是以知出姜之不允于鲁也。曰贵聘而贱逆之，君而卑之，立而废之，弃信而坏其主，在国必乱，在家必亡。不允宜哉诗曰：『畏天之威，于时保之。』敬主之谓也。」 |
| | Going to Qi to welcome the bride Jiang, but high-ranking officials did not accompany her; this was against proper rites. łó For this reason, gentlemen knew that Lady Jiang would not be accepted by Lu. To send a high-ranking official for the marriage proposal yet meet her with someone lowly, to treat one's sovereign with disrespect, to appoint then discard him, to forsake trust and undermine his lord — such actions would surely bring disorder in the state and ruin within the family. Indeed it was not acceptable. The Odes say: "Reverent of Heaven's power, thus preserving one's position." This is what is meant by revering one's lord.」
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秋，晋侯伐秦，围刓、新城，以报王官之役。 |
| | Autumn, Duke of Jin launched an attack on Qin and besieged Wan and Xin Cheng, to avenge the battle at Wangguan.
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楚人灭江，秦伯为之降服，出次，不举，过数。大夫谏，公曰：「同盟灭，虽不能救，敢不矜乎吾自惧也。」君子曰，诗云，惟彼二国，其政不获，惟此四国，爰究爰度，其秦穆之谓矣。」 |
| | The people of Chu annihilated Jiang; Duke Qin lowered his ceremonial attire in mourning, withdrew to a temporary residence, abstained from sacrificial rites, and exceeded the prescribed period of mourning. The ministers advised against it; Duke said: "An allied state has been destroyed, although I could not rescue it, how dare I fail to feel sympathy? It is out of my own fear." The gentlemen said: "As the Odes say: 'Only those two states, their governance failed; only these four states, they examined and measured carefully.' This refers to Duke Mu of Qin."」
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卫甯武子来聘，公与之宴，为赋湛露，及彤弓，不辞，又不荅赋，使行人私焉。对曰：「臣以为肄业及之也。昔诸侯朝正于王，王宴乐之，于是乎赋《湛露》，则天子当阳，诸侯用命也。诸侯敌王所忾，而献其功，王于是乎赐之彤弓一、彤矢百、玈弓矢千、以觉报宴。今陪臣来继旧好，君辱贶之，其敢干大礼以自取戾？」 |
| | Ning Wuzi from Wei came to visit. The Duke hosted a banquet for him and recited the poem "Zhan Lu" as well as "Tong Gong." Ning did not refuse, but also did not reciprocate with his own verse; thus, an envoy was sent privately to enquire. He replied: "I thought I had only reached the level of study and practice." In former times, when the feudal lords paid homage to the Son of Heaven at the beginning of spring, the king entertained and rejoiced them; thus they recited "Zhan Lu," signifying that the Son of Heaven held his proper position and the feudal lords carried out their duties. When the feudal lords, equal to the king in might, expressed their indignation on behalf of the Son of Heaven and presented their achievements, then the king bestowed upon them one red bow (tong gong), a hundred red arrows (tong shi), and a thousand black bows and black arrows (lu gong shi) as a token during the banquet to acknowledge their service. Now that I, your subordinate minister, have come here to continue our old friendship and Your Majesty has so kindly honored me, how could I dare to violate the great rites and bring upon myself blame?"
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冬，成风薨。 |
| | Winter, Cheng Feng died.
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| | 文公五年: |
五年，春，王正月，王使荣叔归含且賵。 |
| | In the fifth year, spring, the first month of the reign-period Wang, the king sent Rong Shu to return Hanqie and funeral gifts.
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三月，辛亥，葬我小君成风。王使召伯来会葬。 |
| | On the Xinhai day of the third month, we buried my junior queen Chengfeng. The king sent Zhao Bo to come and attend the funeral rites.
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夏，公孙敖如晋。 |
| | In summer, Gongsun Ao went to Jin.
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秦人入鄀。 |
| | The Qin people entered Ruo.
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秋，楚人灭六。 |
| | In autumn, the Chu people destroyed Lu.
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冬，十月，甲申，许男业卒。 |
| | In winter, tenth month, on the Jia Shen day, Xun Nan Ye died.
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| | 文公五年: |
五年，春，王使荣叔来含且賵，召昭公来会葬，礼也。 |
| | The fifth year, spring, The king sent Rong Shu here to offer condolences and funeral gifts; Zhao Zhao Gong came here to attend the burial rites. This was in accordance with ritual propriety.
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初，鄀叛楚即秦，又贰于楚。夏，秦人入鄀。 |
| | Initially, Ruo rebelled against Chu and submitted to Qin, but then became disloyal again by returning to Chu. In summer, the Qin people entered Ruo.
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六人叛楚即东夷。秋，楚成大心、仲归帅师灭六。 |
| | The Lu people rebelled against Chu and submitted instead to the eastern Yi tribes. In autumn, Chug Cheng Daxin and Zhong Gui led an army to destroy Lu.
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冬，楚子燮灭蓼。臧文公闻六与蓼灭，曰，皋陶庭坚不祀，忽诸，德之不建，民之无援，哀哉。 |
| | In winter, the ruler of Chu, Xie, destroyed Liao. Zang Wengong heard of the destruction of Lu and Liao, and said: "Gaotao Tingjian is no longer honored with sacrifices. How suddenly they have been forgotten! When virtue is not established, people have no support. How sad."
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晋阳处父聘于卫，反过甯，甯嬴从之，及温而还，其妻问之。嬴曰：「以刚。《商书》曰：『沈渐刚克，高明柔克。』夫子壹之，其不没乎？天为刚德，犹不于时，况在人乎且华而不实，怨之所聚也。犯而聚怨，不可以定身。余惧不获其利，而离其难，是以去之，晋赵成子、栾贞子、霍伯、臼季皆卒。 |
| | Jin Yang Chufu was on a diplomatic mission to Wei, and while returning passed through Ning. Ning Ying followed him; they reached Wen but turned back. His wife asked about it. Ying said: "Because of his rigidity." The Shang Shu says: "Those who are deep and patient overcome through firmness; those who are lofty and enlightened overcome through gentleness." If a gentleman adheres to one principle, would he not be lost? Heaven embodies the virtue of firmness, yet still does not act inappropriately at times; how much less should this be expected from people? Moreover, one who is showy but lacking in substance becomes a gathering place for resentment. To provoke resentment and accumulate it cannot help establish one's character. I fear I will not gain any benefit but instead invite trouble, so I left. At that time, Jin Zhao Chengzi, Luan Zhenzi, Huo Bo, and Jiu Ji all died.
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| | 文公六年: |
六年，春，葬许僖公。 |
| | In the sixth year, spring, Duke Xi of Xu was buried.
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夏，季孙行父如陈。秋，季孙行父如晋。 |
| | In summer, Ji Sun Xingfu went to Chen. In autumn, Ji Sun Xingfu went Jin.
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八月，乙亥，晋侯驩卒。 |
| | On the Yihai day of the eighth month, Duke Huan of Jin died.
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冬，十月，公子遂如晋，葬晋襄公。晋杀其大夫阳处父。 |
| | In winter, on the tenth month, Gongzi Sui went to Jin and buried Duke Xiang of Jin. Jin killed its official Yang Chufu.
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晋狐射姑出奔狄。 |
| | Fu Shegu of Jin fled to Di.
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闰月不告月，犹朝于庙。 |
| | In the intercalary month, the month was not announced; yet court was still held at the temple.
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| | 文公六年: |
六年，春，晋蒐于夷，舍二军。使狐射姑将中军，赵盾佐之。阳处父至自温，改蒐于董，易中军，阳子成季之属也，故党于赵氏，且谓赵盾能，曰：「使能，国之利也。」是以上之。宣子于是乎始为国政。制事典，正法罪，辟刑狱，董逋逃，由质要，治旧洿，本秩礼，续常职，出滞淹，既成，以授大傅阳子与大师贾佗，使行诸晋国，以为常法。 |
| | In the sixth year, in spring, Jin conducted a military review at Yi and disbanded two armies. Fu Shegu was appointed to command the central army, with Zhao Dun as his deputy. Yang Chufu arrived from Wen. A military review was then held at Dong, and the command of the central army was changed. Yangzi was a subordinate of Cheng Ji; therefore, he supported the Zhao clan, and also said: "Appointing capable people is in the interest of the state." That is why they were favored by him. At this time, Xuangzi began to hold state affairs. He established regulations for state affairs, rectified legal punishments, reformed the penal system, supervised fugitives, enforced guarantees and contracts, managed neglected land, restored proper ranks and rites, continued regular duties, cleared up long-standing delays. After completing these measures, he handed them over to Da Fu Yangzi and Da Shi Jia Tuo, instructing them to implement them throughout Jin as a permanent law.
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臧文仲以陈、卫之睦也，欲求好于陈。夏，季文子聘于陈，且娶焉。 |
| | Zang Wenzhong, because of the friendly relations between Chen and Wei, wished to seek good relations with Chen. In summer, Ji Wenzhen was sent as an envoy to Chen, and also married there.
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秦伯任好卒。以子车氏之三子，奄息，仲行，针虎，为殉，皆秦之良也。国人哀之，为之赋《黄鸟》。君子曰：「秦穆之不为盟主也，宜哉死而弃民。先王违世，犹诒之法，而况夺之善人乎《诗》曰：『人之云亡，邦国殄瘁。』无善人之谓。若之何夺之古之王者，知命之不长，是以并建圣哲，树之风声，分之采物，著之话言，为之律度，陈之艺极，引之表仪。予之法制，告之训典，教之防利，委之常秩，道之以礼，则使毋失其土宜，众隶赖之，而后即命，圣王同之。今纵无法以遗后嗣，而又收其良以死，难以在上矣。」君子是以知秦之不复东征也。 |
| | Lord Renhao of Qin died. He was buried with the three sons of Yizi Che Shi: Yan Xi, Zhonghang, and Zhen Hu, who were all outstanding men of Qin. The people mourned for them, composing the poem "Huangniao" in their memory. A man of virtue said: "It was indeed appropriate that Duke Mu of Qin did not become a hegemon, for he died and abandoned his people. When previous kings passed away, they still left behind laws for their successors; how much more so should one not deprive the state of its virtuous people? The "Poem" says: "When worthy men depart, the realm suffers greatly." This is what it means by the absence of virtuous people. How could one possibly deprive the state of them? The ancient kings, knowing that life was not long, therefore established many virtuous and wise men together, set an example for moral conduct, distributed responsibilities according to their talents, recorded exemplary words, formulated laws and standards, presented artistic excellence, and provided models of behavior. They were given legal systems, instructed in traditional teachings, taught to guard against profit-driven actions, entrusted with regular ranks and duties, guided by rites so that they would not lose their proper roles. The common people relied on them, and only then did they accept office; this was the practice of sage kings alike. Now, if one does not leave behind laws for future generations and yet takes away their virtuous men to die with him, it is difficult for such a person to remain in high office." It was because of this that the man of virtue knew that Qin would never again launch eastern campaigns.
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秋，季文子将聘于晋，使求遭丧之礼以行。其人曰：「将焉用之？」文子曰：「备豫不虞，古之善教也。求而无之，实难。过求何害？」 |
| | In autumn, Ji Wenzhen planned to pay a visit to Jin and had the rites for mourning en route investigated in advance. His attendants said: "How will you use it?" Wenzhen said: "Being prepared for unexpected events is a good teaching from ancient times. To seek and not find it would be truly difficult." "What harm is there in seeking a little more?"
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八月，乙亥，晋襄公卒。灵公少，晋人以难故，欲立长君。赵孟曰：「立公子雍。好善而长，先君爱之，且近于秦，秦，旧好也。置善则固，事长则顺，立爱则孝，结旧则安。为难故，故欲立长君。有此四德者，难必抒矣。」贾季曰：「不如立公子乐。辰嬴嬖于二君，立其子，民必安之。」赵孟曰，辰嬴贱，班在九人，其子何震之有且为二嬖，淫也。为先君子，不能求大，而出在小国，辟也。母淫子辟，无威，陈小而远，无援，将何安焉？杜祁以君故，让逼姞而上之，以狄故，让季隗而已次之，故班在四，先君是以爱其子，而仕诸秦，为亚卿焉。秦大而近，足以为援，母义子爱，足以威民，立之，不亦可乎？」使先蔑、士会如秦，逆公子雍。贾季亦使召公子乐于陈。赵孟使杀诸郫。贾季怨阳子之易其班也，而知其无援于晋也。九月，贾季使续鞫居杀阳处父。书曰：「晋杀其大夫。」侵官也。 |
| | On the Yihai day of August, Duke Xiang of Jin died. Duke Ling was young; because of difficulties at court, the people of Jin wanted to install an older ruler. Zhao Meng said: "We should install Gongzi Yong." He is kind and mature; the late ruler loved him, and he is close to Qin. Qin was an old ally. Establishing a virtuous man ensures stability; following the elder ensures order; installing one loved by the late ruler demonstrates filial piety; and connecting with old allies brings peace. Because of the difficulties, we want to install an older ruler. lando With these four virtues, the difficulties will surely be resolved." Jia Ji said: "It would be better to install Gongzi Yue." Chen Ying was favored by two rulers; if we install her son, the people will surely accept him with peace of mind." Zhao Meng said: "Chen Ying is lowly ranked, placed among nine concubines; how could her son cause any great stir? Moreover, to install the son of two favored concubines would be an act of licentiousness." For the late ruler's sake, we cannot seek a great one but instead choose someone from a minor state; this would be an act of avoidance. A mother who is licentious and a son who avoids responsibility will lack authority. Chen is small and distant, lacking support; how can there be peace?" Du Qi, out of respect for the late ruler, yielded her rank to Bi Ji and placed her above herself. Because of Di, she yielded to Ji Kui but ranked below her; thus, she was fourth in rank. The late ruler therefore loved her son and sent him to serve in Qin, where he became a vice-minister. Qin is great and nearby, sufficient to serve as support; the mother was virtuous and the son beloved, enough to command respect from the people. To install him would not be inappropriate, would it?" They sent Xian Mie and Shi Hui to Qin to fetch Gongzi Yong. Jia Ji also sent envoys to summon Gongzi Yue from Chen. Zhao Meng ordered his killing in Pi. Jia Ji resented Yangzi for altering his rank and knew that Gongzi Yue had no support in Jin. In September, Jia Ji sent Xu Juju to kill Yang Chufu. The Records state: "Jin killed its official." This was an act of usurping authority.
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冬，十月，襄仲如晋，葬襄公。 |
| | In winter, on the tenth lunar month, Xiang Zhong went to Jin for the burial of Duke Xiang.
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十一月，丙寅，晋杀续简伯。贾季奔狄。宣子使臾骈送其帑。夷之蒐，贾季戮臾骈，臾骈之人，欲尽杀贾氏以报焉，臾骈曰：「不可。吾闻《前志》有之，曰：『敌惠敌怨，不在后嗣。』忠之道也。夫子礼于贾季，我以其宠报私怨，无乃不可乎？介人之宠，非勇也，损怨益仇，非知也，以私害公，非忠也。释此三者，何以事夫子？」尽具其帑，与其器用财贿，亲师捍之，送致诸竟。 |
| | On the Bingyin day of the eleventh month, Jin killed Xu Jianbo. Jia Ji fled to Di. Xuanguzi sent Yu Pian to escort his family and property. At the military review in Yi, Jia Ji killed Yu Pian. The people of Yu Pian wished to completely exterminate the Jia clan as revenge. Yu Pian said: "No, it cannot be done." I have heard in The Former Records that it says: "Gratitude and resentment toward an enemy should not fall upon future generations." This is the way of loyalty. My master treated Jia Ji with courtesy; if I were to repay a personal grudge by taking advantage of his favor, would that not be unacceptable?" To take advantage of another's favor is not bravery; to reduce resentment by creating new enemies is not wisdom; and to harm the public interest for personal reasons is not loyalty. If I abandon these three principles, how could I serve my master?" He gathered all of their family members and belongings, along with their tools, equipment, and valuables, personally guarded them, and escorted them to the frontier.
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闰月不告朔，非礼也。闰以正时，时以作事，事以厚生，生民之道，于是乎在矣。不告闰朔，弃时政也。何以为民？ |
| | Not announcing the beginning of the month in an intercalary month is against ritual propriety. Intercalary months are used to correct the seasons; seasons determine when actions should be taken; and these actions support life. The way of sustaining the people lies precisely in this. Not announcing the intercalary new moon is to abandon the governance of time. How can one govern for the people?
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| | 文公七年: |
七年，春，公伐邾。 |
| | In the seventh year, spring, the Gong attacked Zhu.
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三月，甲戌，取须句，遂城郚。 |
| | On the Jia Xu day of the third month, they captured Xugu and then built a city at Wu.
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夏，四月，宋公王臣卒。 |
| | In summer, on the fourth month, Song Gong Wangchen died.
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宋人杀其大夫。 |
| | The Song people killed their official.
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戊子，晋人及秦人战于令狐。 |
| | On the Wuzi day, the Jin forces and the Qin forces fought a battle at Linghu.
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晋先蔑奔秦。 |
| | Jin Xianmie fled to Qin.
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狄侵我西鄙。 |
| | The Di invaded the western outskirts of our territory.
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秋，八月，公会诸侯、晋大夫盟于扈。 |
| | In autumn, on the eighth month, the Gong met with feudal lords and Jin officials to form an alliance at Hu.
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冬，徐伐莒。公孙敖如莒莅盟。 |
| | In winter, Xu attacked Ju. Gongsun Ao went to Ju to oversee the alliance.
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| | 文公七年: |
七年，春，公伐邾，间晋难也。 |
| | In the seventh year, in spring, the Gong attacked Zhu, taking advantage of the Jin's difficulties.
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三月，甲戌，取须句，置文公子焉，非礼也。 |
| | On the Jia Xu day in the third month, they took Xugu and placed a son of Duke Wen there; this was not according to ritual.
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夏，四月，宋成公卒。于是公子成为右师，公孙友为左师，乐豫为司马，鳞矔为司徒，公子荡为司城，华御事为司寇。昭公将去群公子，乐豫曰，不可，公族，公室之枝叶也，若去之，则本根无所庇阴矣，葛藟犹能庇其本根，故君子以为比，况国君乎此谚所谓『庇焉而纵寻斧焉』者也。必不可，君其图之。亲之以德，皆股肱也，谁敢携贰若之何去之？」不听，穆襄之族，率国人以攻公，杀公孙固、公孙郑于公宫。六卿和公室，乐豫舍司马以让公子卬。昭公即位而葬。书曰：「宋人杀其大夫。」不称名，众也，且言非其罪也。 |
| | In summer, on the fourth moon, Song Chenggong died. At this time, Gongzi Cheng became the Right Shi, Gongsun You became the Left Shi, Yue Yu became the Sima, Lin Kun became the Siku, Gongzi Dang became the Shicheng, and Hua Yushi became the Sikou. Zhaogong was about to expel the marquises of his clan. Yue Yu said, "It is not advisable. The noble family is like the branches and leaves of the royal house; if they are removed, then the roots will have no shade for protection. Even Meng 藟 can still protect its roots, so gentlemen use this as a metaphor; how much more so for a national ruler? This is what the proverb means by 'providing shelter yet freely wielding the axe.'" It must not be done. You, my lord, should consider this carefully. "By virtue, they are all close confidants and trusted ministers; who would dare to be disloyal? How could one possibly remove them?" He did not listen. The Mu Xiang clan led the citizens to attack the ruler, killing Gongsun Gu and Gongsun Zheng in the royal palace. The six high officials reconciled with the royal family; Yue Yu gave up his position as Sima to yield it to Gongzi Ang. Zhaogong assumed the throne and was buried. The Records state: "The Song people killed their officials." Their names are not mentioned, indicating that many were involved; and it also implies that they were not guilty of any crime.
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秦康公送公子雍于晋，曰：「文公之入也无卫，故有吕、郤之难。」乃多与之徒卫。穆嬴日抱太子以啼于朝，曰，先君何罪，其嗣亦何罪？舍适嗣不立，而外求君，将焉置此，出朝则抱以适赵氏，顿首于宣子曰，先君奉此子也，而属诸子曰，此子也才，吾受子之赐，不才，吾唯子之怨，今君虽终，言犹在耳，而弃之，若何？」宣子与诸大夫皆患穆嬴，且畏逼，乃背先蔑而立灵公，以御秦师。箕郑居守。赵盾将中军，先克佐之，荀林父佐上军，先蔑将下军，先都佐之。步招御戎，戎津为右。及堇阴，宣子曰，我若受秦，秦则宾也，不受，寇也，既不受矣，而复缓师，秦将生心。先人有夺人之心，军之善谋也，逐寇如追逃，军之善政也，训卒利兵，秣马蓐食，潜师夜起。戊子，败秦师于令狐，至于刳首。己丑，先蔑奔秦，士会从之。先蔑之使也，荀林父止之，曰：「夫人、大子犹在，而外求君，此必不行。子以疾辞，若何不然，将及。摄卿以往，可也，何必子同官为寮，吾尝同寮，敢不尽心乎？」弗听，为赋板之三章，又弗听，及亡，荀伯尽送其帑及其器用财贿于秦，曰：「为同寮故也。」士会在秦三年，不见士伯。其人曰，能亡人于国，不能见于此，焉用之？」士季曰，吾与之同罪，非义之也，将何见焉？」及归，遂不见。 |
| | Qin Kanggong sent Gongzi Yong to Jin and said, "When Duke Wen entered the country, there was no escort, hence arose the difficulties of Lu and Xi." So he gave him a large number of attendants as an escort. Mu Ying daily carried the crown prince and wept in court, saying, "What crime did our late lord commit? What crime has his heir committed?" "If we abandon the legitimate heir and do not install him, yet seek a ruler from outside, where shall we place this child? When leaving court, she would carry the prince to the Zhao family and kowtowed to Xuanzi, saying: 'Our late lord raised this child and entrusted him to you, saying: "This child is talented; I will receive your favor. If he is not talented, I shall bear your resentment." Now although our lord has passed away, his words still echo in our ears, yet we are about to abandon the child—how can that be done?'" Xuanzi and all the other officials were troubled by Mu Ying, and also feared pressure. Therefore, they abandoned Xianmie and installed Linggong to resist the Qin forces. Ji Zheng remained as the city's administrator. Zhao Dun commanded the central army, with Xian Ke as his assistant; Xun Linfu assisted in the upper army; Xian Mie commanded the lower army, and Xian Du was his assistant. Bu Zhao served as charioteer for the Rong forces, while Rong Jin served on their right side. When they reached Jin Yin, Xuanzi said, "If we accept the Qin forces, then they will be our guests; if we do not accept them, they become invaders. Since we have already refused to accept them, yet still delay our troops, the Qin will begin to harbor ill intentions." To anticipate the enemy's intent to take advantage is a good strategy for an army; to pursue invaders as one would chase fugitives is sound military governance. Training troops, sharpening weapons, feeding horses, and preparing meals in advance, then secretly mobilizing at night. On the Wuzi day (June 24, 576 AD), they defeated the Qin forces at Linghu and pursued them as far as Koushou. On the Jichou day (June 25, 576 AD), Xian Mie fled to Qin, and Shi Hui followed him. Xian Mie's mission was to seek a ruler from outside the country. Xun Linfu stopped him, saying: "The Lady and the Crown Prince are still here, yet you wish to find a ruler abroad; this plan will surely not succeed." "If you claim illness as an excuse, how could it be otherwise? The consequences will soon reach you." "It would suffice to send a temporary official in your place. Why must it be you? We were once colleagues, and I dare not withhold my utmost effort?" He did not listen, so a poem of the "Ban" was composed in three chapters. Still he did not listen; and when Xian Mie fled, Xun Bo sent all his family members along with their belongings and treasures to Qin, saying: "This is for the sake of our former colleagues." Shi Hui remained in Qin for three years without meeting Shi Bo. His people said, "He could cause a man to be exiled from his country but cannot meet him here; then what use is he?" Shi Ji said, "I shared the same guilt with him. I do not consider it just; how then could I meet him?" When Shi Hui returned home, he did not see him either.
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狄侵我西鄙，公使告于晋。赵宣子使因贾季问酆舒，且让之。酆舒问于贾季曰：「赵衰、赵盾孰贤？」对曰，赵衰，冬日之日也，赵盾，夏日之日也。 |
| | The Di invaded the western borders of our territory; the Gong sent envoys to inform Jin. Zhao Xuanzi ordered someone through Jia Ji to inquire about Feng Shu, and also reprimanded him. Feng Shu asked Jia Ji: "Between Zhao Cui and Zhao Dun, who is the more virtuous?" Jia Ji replied: "Zhao Cui was like the sun in winter; Zhao Dun, like the sun in summer."
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秋，八月，齐侯、宋公、卫侯、郑伯、许男、曹伯会晋赵盾，盟于扈，晋侯立故也。公后至，故不书所会。凡会诸侯，不书所会，后也。后至不书其国，辟不敏也。 |
| | In autumn, on the eighth moon, Duke Qi, Gong Song, Gong Wei, Bo Zheng, Nan Xu, and Bo Cao met with Jin Zhao Dun to form an alliance at Hu; this was because the ruler of Jin had been installed. The Gong arrived later, so it is not recorded which feudal lords he met with. Whenever a ruler convened an assembly of feudal lords but the records do not mention those present, it was because he arrived late. When one arrives late and is not recorded by his state's name, this avoids implying sluggishness or insensitivity.
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穆伯娶于莒，曰，戴已，生文伯，其娣声已，生惠叔，戴已卒，又聘于莒，莒人以声已辞，则为襄仲聘焉。 |
| | Mu Bo married a woman from Ju, named Dai Yi. She bore Wenbo. His junior wife was Sheng Yi, who bore Huishu. After Dai Yi died, Mu Bo again proposed marriage to Ju; the people of Ju refused with Sheng Yi as an excuse, so he arranged for Xiang Zhong to be married there instead.
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冬，徐伐莒。莒人来请盟。穆伯如莒莅盟，且为仲逆。及鄢陵，登城见之，美，自为娶之。仲请攻之，公将许之。叔仲，惠伯。谏曰：「臣闻之，兵作于内为乱，于外为寇。寇犹及人，乱自及也。今臣作乱，而君不禁，以启寇雠，若之何？」公止之，惠伯成之。使仲舍之，公孙敖反之，复为兄弟如初。从之。 |
| | In winter, Xu attacked Ju. The people of Ju came to request a treaty. Mu Bo went to Ju to oversee the treaty and also to escort Zhong back. When they reached Yanling, he climbed onto a city wall to see her; finding her beautiful, he decided to marry her himself. Zhong requested permission to attack them, and the Gong was about to agree. Shu Zhong, Huibo. He advised: "I have heard that when armed conflict arises within the state, it is called chaos; when it occurs outside, it is termed an invasion. "Invasion still affects others, but internal disorder directly harms oneself." "Now if I were to cause internal chaos and the ruler does not forbid it, this would invite enemies. How could that be justified?" The Gong stopped him, and Huibo arranged for the marriage to proceed. They ordered Zhong to abandon her; Gongsun Ao opposed this decision, and they once again became brothers as before. He followed their advice.
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晋郤缺言于赵宣子曰：「日卫不睦，故取其地。今已睦矣，可以归之，叛而不讨，何以示威服而不柔，何以示怀非威非怀，何以示德无德，何以主盟子为正卿，以主诸侯，而不务德，将若之何？夏书曰，戒之用休，董之用威。劝之以九歌，勿使坏。』九功之德皆可歌也，谓之九歌。六府、三事谓之九功。水、火、金、木、土、谷、谓之六府。正德、利用、厚生，谓之三事。义而行之，谓之德礼。无礼不乐，所由叛也。若吾子之德，莫可歌也，其谁来之盍使睦者歌吾子乎？」宣子说之。 |
| | Jin Xi Que said to Zhao Xuanzi: "In the past, because Wei was not harmonious, we took their territory." "Now that Wei has become harmonious, we can return the land to them. If they rebel and we do not punish them, how can we demonstrate authority? If they submit but we do not show leniency, how can we display benevolence? Without authority or benevolence, how can we exemplify virtue? Without virtue, how can one lead an alliance? You are the chief minister in charge of feudal lords yet neglect moral cultivation—how then will you proceed?" The Records state: "Encourage them with virtue, and supervise them with authority." "Urge them with the Nine Songs to prevent their downfall." The virtues of the nine achievements are all worthy of song, hence called the "Nine Songs." The Six Departments and Three Offices are referred to as the Nine Achievements. Water, fire, metal, wood, earth, and grain are called the Six Departments. Upholding virtue, utilizing resources effectively, and enriching life are referred to as the Three Offices. Acting in accordance with righteousness is called moral propriety. Without ritual, there can be no joy; this is the cause of rebellion. "If your virtue cannot be sung about, who will come to you? Why not let those in harmony compose songs praising you?" Xuanzi was pleased with this advice.
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| | 文公八年: |
八年，春，王正月。 |
| | The eighth year, spring, the first month of the king.
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夏，四月。 |
| | Summer, fourth month.
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秋，八月，戊申，天王崩。 |
| | Autumn, eighth month, on the Wushen day, the Son of Heaven died.
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冬，十月，壬午，公子遂会晋赵盾，盟于衡雍。 |
| | Winter, tenth month, on the Renwu day, Gongzi Sui met with Jin Zhao Dun and concluded an alliance at Hengyong.
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乙酉，公子遂会雒戎盟于暴。 |
| | On the Yiyou day, Gongzi Sui convened a meeting with Luorong and concluded an alliance in Bao.
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公孙敖如京师，不至而复。丙戌，奔莒。 |
| | Gongsun Ao went to the capital but did not arrive before returning. On the Bingxu day, he fled to Ju.
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螽。 |
| | Locusts.
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宋人杀其大夫司马，宋司城来奔。 |
| | The Song people killed their official Sima, and the Song Sicheng came to take refuge.
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| | 文公八年: |
八年，春，晋侯使解扬归匡、戚之田于卫，且复致公婿池之封，自申至于虎牢之竟。 |
| | The eighth year, spring, Jin Hou sent Jie Yang to return the fields of Kuang and Qi to Wei, and also restored the fief of Gongxu Chi, from Shen to the border at Hulu.
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夏，秦人伐晋，取武城，以报令狐之役。 |
| | Summer, the Qin people attacked Jin, captured Wucheng, in retaliation for the Battle of Linghu.
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秋，襄王崩。 |
| | Autumn, King Xiang died.
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晋人以扈之盟来讨。 |
| | The Jin people came to punish [us] because of the Oath at Hu.
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冬，襄仲会晋赵孟，盟于衡雍，报扈之盟也，遂会伊雒之戎。书曰「公子遂」，珍之也。 |
| | ල Winter, Xiang Zhong met with Jin Zhao Meng and concluded an alliance at Hengying, to reciprocate the Oath of Hu. They then convened a meeting with the Yi Luo Rong. The Records say "Gongzi Sui," meaning he was esteemed.
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穆伯如周吊丧，不至，以币奔莒，从已氏焉。 |
| | Mu Bo went to Zhou to mourn, but did not arrive; instead, with gifts, he fled to Ju and joined the family of Yi Shi.
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宋襄夫人，襄王之姊也，昭公不礼焉。夫人因戴氏之族，以杀襄公之孙孔叔，公孙锺离，及大司马公子卬，皆昭公之党也，司马握节以死，故书以官。司城荡意诸来奔，效节于府人而出。公以其官逆之，皆复之，亦书以官，皆贵之也。 |
| | The Lady of Song Xiang was the elder sister of King Xiang; Duke Zhao did not treat her with proper courtesy. The lady, through the Dài clan, killed Kongshu, a grandson of Duke Xiang, Gongsun Zhongli, and the Grand Sima Gongzi Ang; all were partisans of Duke Zhao. The Sima held fast to his principles and died as a result, hence he is recorded by his official title. Sicheng Dang Yizhu came to take refuge, demonstrating loyalty at the Fu Ren's residence before leaving. The Duke received them according to their official positions and restored all of them; they are also recorded by their official titles, indicating that they were esteemed.
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夷之蒐，晋侯将登箕郑父，先都，而使士縠、梁益耳将中军。先克曰：「狐、赵之勋，不可废也。」从之，先克夺蒯得田于堇阴，故箕郑父，先都，士縠，梁益耳，蒯得，作乱。 |
| | At the inspection at Yi, Jin Hou was about to appoint Ji Zhengfu and Xiandou but instead appointed Shi Hu and Liang Yier as commanders of the central army. Xian Ke said, "The merits of Hu and Zhao cannot be disregarded." They followed his advice. Xian Ke seized Kuaidi's fields in Jinyin, so Ji Zhengfu, Xiandou, Shi Hu, Liang Yier, and Kuaidi rebelled.
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| | 文公九年: |
九年，春，毛伯来求金。 |
| | In the ninth year, spring, Mao Bo lai sought gold.
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夫人姜氏如齐。 |
| | Lady Jiang Shi went to Qi.
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二月，叔孙得臣如京师。辛丑，葬襄王。 |
| | In the second month, Shu Sun Dechen went to the capital. On the Xichou day, King Xiang was buried.
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晋人杀其大夫先都。 |
| | The Jin people killed their official Xian Du.
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三月，夫人姜氏至自齐。 |
| | In the third month, Lady Jiang Shi returned from Qi.
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晋人杀其大夫士縠，及箕郑父。 |
| | The Jin people killed their officials Shi Hu and Ji Zhengfu.
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楚人伐郑。 |
| | The Chu people attacked Zheng.
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公子遂会晋人、宋人、卫人、许人救郑。 |
| | Gongzi Sui met with the Jin, Song, Wei, and Xu people to rescue Zheng.
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夏，狄侵齐。 |
| | In summer, the Di invaded Qi.
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秋，八月，曹伯襄卒。 |
| | In autumn, in the eighth month, Gong Boxiang died.
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九月，癸酉，地震。 |
| | In the ninth month, on the Gyu day, an earthquake occurred.
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冬，楚子使椒来聘。秦人来归僖公成风之隧。 |
| | In winter, Chuzi sent Jiao Lai as an envoy. The Qin people came to return the tunnel of Xigong Chengfeng.
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葬曹共公。 |
| | Gonggong was buried.
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| | 文公九年: |
九年，春，王正月，己酉，使贼杀先克。乙丑，晋人杀先都、梁益耳。 |
| | In the ninth year, in spring, the first month of the reign of the king, on the Jiyou day, he sent bandits to kill Xian Ke. On the Yichou day, the Jin people killed Xian Du and Liang Yier.
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毛伯卫来求金，非礼也。不书王命，未葬也。 |
| | Mao Bo Wei came to seek gold, which was not in accordance with ritual propriety. The king's command is not recorded because the king had not yet been buried.
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二月，庄叔如周葬襄王。 |
| | In the second month, Zhuang Shu went to Zhou to bury King Xiang.
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三月，甲戌，晋人杀箕郑父、士縠、蒯得。 |
| | In the third month, on the Jia Xu day, the Jin people killed Ji Zhengfu, Shi Hu, and Kuai De.
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范山言于楚子曰：「晋君少，不在诸侯，北方可图也。」楚子师于狼渊以伐郑，囚公子坚、公子尨及乐耳。郑及楚平。 |
| | Fan Shan said to Chuzi: "The ruler of Jin is young and not among the feudal lords; the northern regions can be targeted." Chuzi stationed his army at Langyuan to attack Zheng, capturing Gongzi Jian, Gongzi Mang, and Yue Er. Zheng made peace with Chu.
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公子遂会晋赵盾、宋华耦、卫孔达、许大夫救郑，不及楚师。卿不书，缓也，以惩不恪。 |
| | Gongzi Sui joined Jin Zhao Dun, Song Hua Ou, Wei Kong Da, and the official of Xu to rescue Zheng, but they arrived too late to meet the Chu army. 략 The high officials are not recorded; this was deliberate delay, as a punishment for their lack of reverence.
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夏，楚侵陈，克壶丘，以其服于晋也。 |
| | In summer, Chu invaded Chen, captured Huqiu, because it had submitted to Jin.
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秋，楚公子朱自东夷伐陈，陈人败之，获公子茷。陈惧，乃及楚平。 |
| | In autumn, Gongzi Zhu of Chu attacked Chen from the Dongyi region; the people of Chen defeated them and captured Gongzi Fa. Chen was afraid, so it made peace with Chu.
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冬，楚子越椒来聘，执币傲。叔仲惠伯曰：「是必灭若敖氏之宗。傲其先君，神弗福也。」 |
| | In winter, Chuzi Yuejiao came as an envoy and presented gifts in a haughty manner. Shu Zhong Huibo said: "This man will surely destroy the lineage of Ruao Shi." He is disrespectful to his ancestors; the gods will not bless him."
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秦人来归僖公成风之襚，礼也。诸侯相吊贺也，虽不当事，苟有礼焉，书也，以无忘旧好。 |
| | The Qin people came back with the funeral gifts for Xigong Chengfeng, which was in accordance with ritual. The feudal lords sent condolences and congratulations to each other; even if the matter was not appropriate, as long as there was ritual propriety involved, it was recorded, so that old friendships would not be forgotten.
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| | 文公十年: |
十年，春，王三月，辛卯，臧孙辰卒。 |
| | In the tenth year [of the reign period], spring, the third month of the king's calendar, on the Xinmao day, Zang Sunchen died.
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夏，秦伐晋。 |
| | Summer, the state of Qin attacked Jin.
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楚杀其大夫宜申。 |
| | Chu killed its official Yishen.
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自正月不雨，至于秋七月。 |
| | From the first month, there was no rain, until the seventh month of autumn.
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及苏子盟于女栗。 |
| | And Su Zi concluded an alliance at Nuli.
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冬，狄侵宋。 |
| | Winter, the Di people raided Song.
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楚子、蔡侯次于厥貉。 |
| | Chu Zi and Cai Hou stationed their troops at Juehe.
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| | 文公十年: |
十年，春，晋人伐秦，取少梁。夏秦伯伐晋，取北徵。 |
| | In the tenth year, spring, the Jin people attacked Qin and captured Shaoliang. Summer, Duke Qin attacked Jin and captured Beizheng.
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初楚范巫矞似，谓成王与子玉、子西曰：「三君皆将强死」。城濮之役，王思之，故使止子玉曰：「毋死。」不及，止子西，子西缢而县绝，王使适至，遂止之，使为商公。沿汉泝江，将入郢，王在渚宫，下见之，惧而辞曰：「臣免于死，又有谗言，谓臣将逃，臣归死于司败也」。王使为工尹，又与子家谋弑穆王。穆王闻之。五月，杀斗宜申及仲归。秋七月，及苏子盟于女栗。顷王立故也。 |
| | Initially, Fan Wu Yusi of Chu said to King Chengwang and Zi Yu, Zi Xi: "All three lords will die violent deaths." During the campaign at Chengpu, the king thought of this and therefore sent someone to stop Zi Yu, saying: "Do not die." It was too late to reach him in time. They tried to stop Zi Xi, but Zi Xi hanged himself and the rope broke. When the king's messenger arrived just in time, he stopped it and appointed him as Shang Gong. Following the Han River and going upstream along the Yangtze, he was about to enter Ying. King Wang was at Zhugong, where he saw him from below and, frightened, said: "I have escaped death, yet there are slanderous words saying I am about to flee; I will return and face death before the Office of Punishment." The king appointed him as Gong Yin, but he conspired with Zi Jia to assassinate King Mu. King Mu heard about it. In the fifth month, Dou Yishen and Zhong Gui were killed. In the seventh month of autumn, an alliance was concluded with Su Zi at Nuli. This was because King Qing had just ascended the throne.
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陈侯、郑伯会楚子于息。冬遂及蔡侯，次于厥貉，将以伐宋。宋华御事曰：「楚欲弱我也，先为之弱乎何必使诱我我实不能，民何罪？」乃逆楚子，劳且听命。遂道以田孟诸。宋公为右盂，郑伯为左盂。期思公复遂，为右司马，子朱及文之无畏为左司马。命夙驾载燧，宋公违命，无畏抶其仆以徇，或谓子舟曰，国君不可戮也，子舟曰：「当官而行，何强之有《诗》曰：『刚亦不吐，柔亦不茹。』『毋纵诡随，以谨罔极。』是亦非辟强也，敢爱死以乱官乎？」 |
| | Marquis Chen and Duke Zheng met with Chu Zi at Xi. In winter, they proceeded to meet Marquis Cai, stationed their troops at Jue He, intending to attack Song. Hua Yushi of Song said: "Chu wants to weaken us; why should we be the first to weaken ourselves? Why must they entice us? We are truly unable, but what crime have the people committed?" They then went out to meet Chu Zi, offering hospitality and accepting his commands. Thus they led him on a hunting expedition in Mengzhu. Duke Song was the right warden, and Duke Zheng was the left warden. Qi Si Gong Fu Sui served as the Right Sima, while Zi Zhu and Wen Zhi Wuwei served as Left Sima. An order was given to prepare the chariot and carry torches, but Duke Song violated the command. Wuwei struck his driver in public. Someone told Zi Zhou: "A ruler of a state cannot be punished," to which Zi Zhou replied: "To act according to one's official duty is not an act of aggression. As the Odes say: 'Firm things are not expelled, and soft ones are not swallowed.'" "Do not let deceitful followers go free, for this leads to boundless disorder." "This is also not an act of tyranny. How could I dare spare death in order to disrupt official duties?"
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厥貉之会，麇子逃归。 |
| | At the meeting at Juehe, Jun Zi fled back home.
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| | 文公十一... : |
十有一年，春，楚子伐麇。 |
| | In the eleventh year, spring, the ruler of Chu attacked Qin.
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夏，叔仲彭生，会晋郤缺于承筐。 |
| | In summer, Shu Zhong Pengsheng met with Xi Qie of Jin at Chengkuang.
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秋，曹伯来朝。 |
| | In autumn, the ruler of Cao came to pay homage.
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公子遂如宋。 |
| | Gongzi Sui went to Song.
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狄侵齐。 |
| | The Di people raided Qi.
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冬，十月，甲午，叔孙得臣败狄于咸。 |
| | In winter, the tenth month, on the Jiawu day (, AD), Shu Sun Dechen defeated the Di people at Xian.
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十有一年，春，楚子伐麇。 |
| | In the eleventh year, in spring, Duke of Chu attacked Jin.
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夏，叔仲彭生，会晋郤缺于承筐。 |
| | In summer, Shu Zhongpengsheng met with Xi Que of Jin at Chengkuang ().
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秋，曹伯来朝。 |
| | In autumn, Duke Cao came to court.
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公子遂如宋。 |
| | Gongzi Sui went as an envoy to Song.
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狄侵齐。 |
| | The Di people invaded Qi.
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冬，十月，甲午，叔孙得臣败狄于咸。 |
| | In winter, the tenth month on the Jiawu day, Shusun Dechen defeated the Di at Xian ().
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| | 文公十一... : |
十一年，春，楚子伐麇，成大心败麇师于防渚。潘崇复伐麇，至于钖穴。 |
| | In the eleventh year, during spring, Duke of Chu launched a campaign against Jin. Cheng Daxin defeated the Jin forces at Fangzhu (). Pan Chong again attacked Jin, reaching Xiaoxue ().
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夏，叔仲，惠伯。会晋郤缺于承筐，谋诸侯之从于楚者。 |
| | In summer, Shu Zhongsun, Duke Huibo. Met with Xi Que of Jin at Chingkuang (), planning against the feudal lords who followed Chu.
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秋，曹文公来朝，即位而来见也。 |
| | In autumn, Cao Wen Gong came to pay homage; he had just ascended the throne and came to present himself.
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襄仲聘于宋，且言司城荡意诸而复之，因贺楚师之不害也。 |
| | Xiang Zhong was dispatched as an envoy to Song, and also spoke in favor of Sicheng Dang Yizhu and restored him, taking the opportunity to congratulate the Chu forces for not causing harm.
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鄋瞒侵齐，遂伐我，公卜使叔孙得臣追之，吉。侯叔夏御庄叔，绵房甥为右，富父终甥驷乘。 |
| | The Suanman people invaded Qi and then attacked our state. The ruler divined that sending Shu Sun Dechen to pursue them would be auspicious, and the result was favorable. Hou Shuxia drove Zhuangshu; Mian Fangsheng served as his right-hand man, and Fufu Zhongsheng rode the fourth horse.
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冬，十月，甲午，败狄于咸，获长狄侨如，富父终甥桩其喉，以戈杀之，埋其首于子驹之门，以命宣伯。初，宋武公之世，鄋瞒伐宋。司徒皇父帅师御之，耏班御皇父充石，公子谷甥为右，司寇牛父驷乘，以败狄于长丘，获长狄缘斯，皇父之二子死焉。宋公于是以门赏耏班，使食其征谓之耏门。晋之灭潞也，获侨如之弟焚如。齐襄公之二年，鄋瞒伐齐，齐王子成父获其弟荣如，埋其首于周首之北门。卫人获其季弟简如，鄋瞒由是遂亡。 |
| | In winter, the tenth month. On the Jiawu day (date), they defeated the Di at Xian and captured Qiao Ru, a tall Di warrior. Fufu Zhongsheng pierced his throat with a spear and killed him. They buried his head at the gate of Ziju to command Duke Xuanye. Initially, during the reign of Duke Wu of Song, the Suanman people attacked Song. The Minister of Works Huangfu led the army to resist them. Nei Ban drove Huangfu Chongshi, Gongzi Gu Sheng served as his right-hand officer, and the Minister of Justice Niufu rode the fourth horse; together they defeated the Di at Changqiu and captured Yunsis, a tall Di warrior, but two sons of Huangfu were killed in the battle. Therefore, Duke of Song awarded Nei Ban with a gate as a reward and allowed him to collect taxes from it; this was called Neimen. When Jin destroyed Lu, they captured Fenru, the younger brother of Qiaoru. In the second year of Duke Xiang of Qi, the Suanman attacked Qi. Prince Chengfu of Qi captured his younger brother Rongru and buried his head at the northern gate of Zhou Shou (). The people of Wei captured his youngest brother Jianru, and from then on, the Suanman gradually perished.
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郕大子朱儒，自安于夫锺，国人弗徇。 |
| | Cheng's crown prince Zhu Ru found peace in Fu Zhong by himself; however, the people of the state did not follow him.
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| | 文公十二... : |
十有二年，春，王正月，郕伯来奔。杞伯来朝。 |
| | In the twelfth year, spring, the first month of the reign of King [Wang], Lord Cheng Bo came to take refuge (in the state). Lord Qi Bo paid a visit to court.
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二月，庚子，子叔姬卒。 |
| | In the second month, on the Gengzi day, Lady Shu Ji of the Zi clan died.
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夏，楚人围巢。 |
| | In summer, the people of Chu besieged Chao.
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秋，滕子来朝。秦伯使术来聘。 |
| | In autumn, Lord Teng Zi paid a visit to court. Lord Qin Bo sent Shu Lai as an envoy for courtesy visits.
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冬，十有二月，戊午，晋人，秦人，战于河曲。 |
| | In winter, in the twelfth month, on the Wufu day, the people of Jin and the people of Qin fought a battle at Hequ.
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季孙行父帅师，城诸及郓。 |
| | Jisun Xingfu led an army to build walls around Zhu and Yun.
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| | 文公十二... : |
十二年，春，郕伯卒，郕人立君。大子以夫锺与郕邽来奔，公以诸侯逆之，非礼也。故书曰：「郕伯来奔。」不书地，尊诸侯也。 |
| | In the twelfth year, in spring, Lord Cheng Bo died; the people of Cheng installed a new ruler. Daizi brought Fu Zhong and Cheng Gui to take refuge (here). The Duke received him with the attendance of feudal lords, which was not in accordance with ritual. Therefore, the Records state: "Lord Cheng Bo came to take refuge." The place is not recorded, showing respect for feudal lords.
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杞桓公来朝，始朝公也。且请绝叔姬而无绝昏，公许之。二月，叔姬卒。不言杞，绝也。书叔姬，言非女也。 |
| | ões Lord Qi Huan Gong paid a visit to court; this was the first time he came to pay homage to the Duke. Moreover, he requested to cut ties with Lady Shu Ji without breaking the marriage alliance; the Duke agreed to this. In the second month, Lady Shu Ji died. The state of Qi is not mentioned; this indicates that ties have been severed. The Records mention Lady Shu Ji, indicating she was not a daughter (of the Duke).
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楚令尹大孙伯卒。成嘉为令尹。群舒叛楚。夏，子孔执舒子平及宗子，遂围巢。 |
| | The Lord Chancellor of Chu, Daisun Bo, died. Cheng Jia became the Lord Chancellor. The Qun Shu rebelled against Chu. In summer, Zi Kong captured Shuzi Ping and Zongzi, and then besieged Chao.
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秋，滕昭公来朝，亦始朝公也。 |
| | In autumn, Duke Zhuanggong of Teng paid a visit to court; this was also the first time he visited the Duke.
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秦伯使西乞术来聘，且言将伐晋。襄仲辞玉，曰：「君不忘先君之好，照临鲁国，镇抚其社稷，重之以大器，寡君敢辞玉。」对曰：「不腆敝器，不足辞也」。主人三辞。宾客曰，寡君愿徼福于周公，鲁公，以事君，不腆先君之敝器。使下臣致诸执事，以为瑞节。要结好命，所以藉寡君之命，结二国之好，是以敢致之。」襄仲曰：「不有君子，其能国乎国无陋矣。」厚贿之。 |
| | Lord Qin Bo sent Xi Qi Shu as an envoy for courtesy visits, and also stated that they would launch a campaign against Jin. Xiang Zhong declined the jade, saying: "Your Lordship has not forgotten the friendship of our late ruler and has shown your grace upon the State of Lu, stabilizing and protecting its state. To add to this with such a precious gift, our lord dares to decline the jade." The envoy replied: "Our humble gifts are not worth declining." The host declined three times. The guest said, "Our lord wishes to seek blessings from Duke Zhou and Duke Lu in order to serve your Lordship; these are not valuable gifts from our late ruler." He sent his subordinate minister to present them to the officials, as a token of auspiciousness and ceremony. "To strengthen the bond of good relations, this is done in accordance with our lord's command to establish friendly ties between the two states; therefore we dare to present them." Xiang Zhong said: "Without virtuous men, how could a state be governed? A state cannot afford to be narrow-minded." He gave him generous gifts.
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秦为令狐之役故，冬，秦伯伐晋，取羁马。晋人御之。赵盾将中军，荀林父佐之，郤缺将上军，臾骈佐之，栾盾将下军，胥甲佐之。范无恤御戎，以从秦师于河曲，臾骈曰：「秦不能久，请深垒固军以待之。」从之秦人欲战，秦伯谓士会曰：「若何而战？」对曰：「赵氏新出其属曰臾骈，必实为此谋，将以老我师也。赵有侧室曰穿，晋君之婿也，有宠而弱，不在军事，好勇而狂，且恶臾骈之佐上军也。若使轻者肆焉，其可。」秦伯以璧祈战于河。十二月，戊午，秦军掩晋上军，赵穿追之，不及。反，怒曰：「裹粮坐甲，固敌是求，敌至不击，将何俟焉？」军吏曰：「将有待也。」穿曰我不知谋将独出乃以其属出。宣子曰：「秦获穿也，获一卿矣。秦以胜归，我何以报？」乃皆出战，交绥。秦行人夜戒晋师曰：「两君之士，皆未憖也。明日请相见也。臾骈曰，使者目动而言肆，惧我也，将遁矣，薄诸河，必败之。」胥甲，赵穿，当军门呼曰，死伤未收而弃之，不惠也，不待期而薄人于险，无勇也，乃止，秦师夜遁。复侵晋，入瑕。 |
| | Because of the events at Linghu, in winter, Lord Qin Bo launched a campaign against Jin and captured Jima. The people of Jin resisted them. Zhao Dun commanded the central army, with Xun Linfu as his deputy; Xi Que commanded the upper army, with Yu Pian as his deputy; Luan Dun commanded the lower army, with Xu Jia as his deputy. Fan Wuxu served as charioteer, accompanying the Jin forces to engage the Qin army at Hequ. Yu Pian said: "The Qin cannot hold out for long; I request that we dig deep trenches and strengthen our defenses to await them." They followed his advice. The Qin wished to fight, and Lord Qin Bo asked Shi Hui: "What should we do in order to engage them?" Shi Hui replied: "The Zhao clan has recently promoted a subordinate named Yu Pian, who must be the one responsible for this plan. He intends to exhaust our troops." "The Zhao clan has a collateral branch named Chuan, who is the son-in-law of the Duke of Jin. He is favored but weak, not involved in military affairs, and brave yet reckless; moreover, he dislikes Yu Pian's role as deputy to the upper army." "If we allow a light force to act recklessly against him, it might work." Lord Qin Bo offered jade as an offering at the river to pray for victory in battle. In the twelfth month, on Wufu day, the Qin forces ambushed the Jin upper army; Zhao Chuan pursued them but failed to catch up. Returning, he was angry and said: "We have packed provisions and donned armor, seeking an enemy to fight. When the enemy comes, we do not strike them—what are we waiting for?" The military officers said: "We await further orders." Zhao Chuan said, "I do not know the plan; I will go out alone with my men." Xunzi said: "If Qin captures Zhao Chuan, they would capture one of our high-ranking officials." "If Qin returns victorious, how shall we respond?" Thus they all went out to fight and engaged in a standoff. That night, the Qin envoy warned the Jin army: "The soldiers of both lords have not yet grown weary." "We request to meet with you tomorrow." Yu Pian said, "The envoy's eyes are moving and his words are reckless; he fears us. He is about to retreat. If we press them by the river, we will surely defeat them." Xu Jia and Zhao Chuan shouted at the gate of the army: "To abandon the dead and wounded without retrieving them is unkind; to attack people in a dangerous place before the appointed time lacks courage." Thus they stopped. The Qin forces retreated during the night. They then launched another invasion of Jin and entered Xia.
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城诸及郓。书时也。 |
| | The walls of Zhu and Yun were built. This was recorded with the time, indicating its importance.
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| | 文公十三... : |
十有三年，春，王正月。 |
| | In the thirteenth year, spring, the first month of the king.
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夏，五月，壬午，陈侯朔卒。 |
| | Summer, fifth month, on the Renwu day, Lord Chen Shuo died.
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邾子蘧蒢卒。 |
| | Lord Zhu Quchu died.
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自正月不雨，至于秋七月。 |
| | From the first month, there was no rain, until the seventh month of autumn.
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大室屋坏。 |
| | The roof of the Grand Hall collapsed.
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冬，公如晋。卫侯会公于沓。 |
| | In winter, the ruler went to Jin. Lord Wei met the ruler at Ta.
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狄侵卫。 |
| | The Di people raided Wei.
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十有二月，己丑，公及晋侯盟。 |
| | In the twelfth month, on the Jichou day, the ruler and Duke of Jin formed an alliance.
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公还自晋。郑伯会公于棐。 |
| | The ruler returned from Jin. Duke Zheng met the ruler at Fei.
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| | 文公十三... : |
十三年，春，晋侯使詹嘉处瑕，以守桃林之塞。晋人患秦之用士会也，夏，六卿相见于诸浮。赵宣子曰：「随会在秦，贾季在狄，难日至矣，若之何？」中行桓子曰，请复贾季，能外事，且由旧勋，郤成子曰，贾季乱，且罪大，不如随会，能贱而有耻，柔而不犯，其知足使也，且无罪。」乃使魏寿馀伪以魏叛者，以诱士会，执其帑于晋，使夜逸。请自归于秦，秦伯许之。履士会之足于朝。秦伯师于河西，魏人在东。寿馀曰：「请东人之能与夫二三有司言者，吾与之先。」使士会，士会辞曰：「晋人，虎狼也。若背其言，臣死，妻子为戮，无益于君。不可悔也。」秦伯曰：「若背其言，所不归尔帑者，有如河。」乃行，绕朝赠之以策，曰：「子无谓秦无人，吾谋适不用也。」既济，魏人噪而还，秦人归其帑。其处者为刘氏。 |
| | In the thirteenth year, in spring, Duke of Jin sent Zhan Jia to Xia to guard the Taolin pass. The people of Jin were concerned about Qin's use of Shi Hui. In summer, the six high-ranking officials met at Zhufu. Zhao Xuansi said: "Sui Hui is in Qin, and Jia Ji is among the Di. Difficulties will come day by day; what shall we do about it?" Zhonghang Huanzi said, "I request that Jia Ji be reinstated. He is capable of handling external affairs and has the merit of past achievements." Xi Chengzi said, "Jia Ji caused chaos and committed grave crimes; he is not as good as Sui Hui, who, though humble, possesses a sense of shame, is gentle yet does not transgress. His wisdom is sufficient for service, and moreover, he is innocent." They then sent Wei Shouyu, pretending to be a traitor from Wei, to lure Shi Hui. They detained his family in Jin and allowed him to escape at night. Shi Hui requested to return on his own to Qin, and Duke of Qin agreed. They trampled Shi Hui's feet in the court. Duke of Qin stationed his army on the west side of the river, while the people of Wei were on the east side. Shouyu said, "Please allow me to speak first with those among the eastern officials who can converse. I will go ahead of them." They sent Shi Hui, but he declined and said: "The people of Jin are like tigers and wolves. If they break their word, I will die, and my wife and children will be executed; this would benefit you nothing." "It cannot be regretted." Duke of Qin said, "If they break their word and do not return your family to you, may it be as the river [witnesses]." Then they departed. RAO Chao gave him a whip as a gift and said, "Do not say that Qin has no capable people; it is merely that my plan was not adopted." After they had crossed the river, the Wei people shouted and returned. The Qin people then returned his family to him. Those who stayed were of the Liu clan.
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邾文公卜迁于绎。史曰：「利于民而不利于君。」邾子曰，苟利于民，孤之利也，天生民而树之君，以利之也。民既利矣，孤必与焉。」左右曰：「命可长也，君何弗为？」邾子曰：「命在养民。死之短长，时也。民苟利矣，迁也，吉莫如之！」遂迁于绎。五月，邾文公卒。君子曰：「知命」。 |
| | Marquis Wen of Zhu divined about relocating to Yi. The historian said, "It is beneficial for the people but not for the ruler." Marquis Zhu said, "If it benefits the people, that is my benefit. Heaven created the people and established their ruler to benefit them." "If the people have already benefited, I must also share in that benefit." His attendants said, "The omen is favorable for a long life; why does not the ruler act on it?" Marquis Zhu said: "A ruler's mandate lies in nurturing the people. The length or brevity of death is a matter of timing. If the people benefit, then relocating is most auspicious!" So they relocated to Yi. In the fifth month, Marquis Wen of Zhu died. The gentlemen said: "He understood his destiny."
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秋，七月，大室之屋坏。书，不共也。 |
| | In autumn, seventh month, the roof of the Grand Hall collapsed. The record indicates that it was not properly maintained.
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冬，公如晋，朝，且寻盟。卫侯会公于沓，请平于晋。公还，郑伯会公于棐，亦请平于晋。公皆成之。郑伯与公宴于棐，子家赋鸿雁，季文子曰：「寡君未免于此。」文子赋《四月》。子家赋《载驰》之四章。文子赋《采薇》之四章。郑伯拜，公荅拜。 |
| | In winter, the ruler went to visit Jin, to pay homage and renew the alliance. Duke Wei met with the ruler at Ta and requested mediation from Jin. The ruler returned, and Duke Zheng met him at Fei, also requesting peace with Jin. The ruler completed all of them. Duke Zheng and the ruler feasted together at Fei. Zi Jia recited the poem "Hong Yan," and Ji Wensi said, "My lord has not escaped from this [situation]." Wenzi recited the poem "Si Yue." Zi Jia recited the fourth chapter of the poem "Zai Chi." Wenzi recited the fourth chapter of the song "Cai Wei." Duke Zheng bowed in gratitude, and the ruler returned the bow.
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| | 文公十四... : |
十有四年，春，王正月，公至自晋。 |
| | In the fourteenth year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king, the ruler returned from Jin.
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邾人伐我南鄙。叔彭生帅帅伐邾。 |
| | The Zhū people attacked our southern borderlands. Shu Pengsheng led an army to attack Zhū.
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夏，五月，乙亥，齐侯潘卒。 |
| | In summer, the fifth month, on the Yihai day, Duke Pan of Qi died.
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六月，公会宋公、陈侯、卫侯、郑伯、许男、曹伯、晋赵盾。癸酉，同盟于新城。 |
| | In the sixth month, the ruler met with Duke Song, Marquis Chen, Duke Wei, Bo Zheng, Master Xu, Duke Cao, and Zhao Dun of Jin. On the Guiyou day, they formed an alliance together at Xincheng.
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秋，七月，有星孛入于北斗。 |
| | In autumn, the seventh month, a comet appeared and entered the constellation of Beidou.
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公至自会。 |
| | The ruler returned from the meeting.
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晋人纳捷灾于邾，弗克纳。 |
| | The Jin people tried to install Jiezi in Zhū, but failed to do so.
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九月，甲申，公孙敖卒于齐，齐公子商人弑其君舍。 |
| | In the ninth month, on the Jiashen day, Gongsun Ao died in Qi; Prince Shangren of Qi killed his ruler She.
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宋子哀来奔。 |
| | Prince Ai of Song fled to our state.
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冬，单伯如齐。 |
| | In winter, Shan Bo went to Qi.
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齐人执单伯。 |
| | The people of Qi arrested Shan Bo.
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齐人执子叔姬。 |
| | The people of Qi detained Zishu Ji.
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| | 文公十四... : |
十四年，春，顷王崩。周公阅与王孙苏争政，故不赴。凡崩薨，不赴则不书，祸福不告亦不书，不惩敬也。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, spring, King Qing died. Zhou Gongyue and Wengsun Su contended for power; therefore, no envoy was sent to announce the death. In general, when a ruler dies suddenly or passes away, if no envoy is sent to announce it, it is not recorded. If calamities or blessings are not reported, they are also not recorded; this is because there is no punishment for disrespect.
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邾文公之卒也，公使吊焉，不敬。邾人来讨，伐我南鄙，故惠伯伐邾。 |
| | When Duke Wen of Zhu died, the ruler sent condolences, but did so with disrespect. The people of Zhu came to demand punishment, and attacked our southern borderlands; therefore, Huibo attacked Zhu.
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子叔姬妃齐昭公，生舍，叔姬无宠，舍无威。公子商人骤施于国，而多聚士，尽其家，贷于公、有司以继之。夏，五月，昭公卒，舍即位。 |
| | Zishu Ji was the wife of Duke Zhao of Qi and bore She. Shu Ji had no favor, and She lacked authority. Prince Shangren frequently distributed resources within the state and gathered many followers, exhausting his family's wealth. He borrowed from the ruler and officials to continue doing so. In summer, fifth month, Duke Zhao died; She ascended the throne.
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邾文公元妃齐姜，生定公，二妃晋姬，生捷灾，文公卒，邾人立定公，捷灾奔晋。 |
| | Duke Wen of Zhu's principal wife was Lady Qi, who bore Duke Ding. His secondary wife was Jin Ji, who bore Jiezi. After Duke Wen died, the people of Zhu installed Duke Ding as ruler; Jiezi fled to Jin.
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六月，同盟于新城，从于楚者服，且谋邾也。 |
| | In the sixth month, they formed an alliance together in Xincheng; those who had submitted to Chu were following them, and they also plotted against Zhu.
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秋，七月，乙卯夜，齐商人弑舍而让元。元曰：「尔求之久矣。我能事尔，尔不可使多蓄憾。将免我乎？尔为之。 |
| | In autumn, the seventh month, on the night of Yimao, Prince Shangren killed She and offered the throne to Yuan. Yuan said: "You have been seeking it for a long time." "I can serve you, but I cannot allow you to accumulate much resentment." "Will you remove me?" "You do it yourself."
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有星孛入于北斗，周内史叔服曰：「不出七年，宋、齐、晋之君，皆将死乱。」 |
| | A comet appeared and entered the Beidou constellation. Zhou Neishi Shufu said: "Within no more than seven years, the rulers of Song, Qi, and Jin will all die in turmoil."
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晋赵盾以诸侯之师八百乘，纳捷灾于邾，邾人辞曰，齐出貜且长，宣子曰：「辞顺而弗从，不祥。」乃还。 |
| | Zhao Dun of Jin, leading an army of eight hundred chariots from the feudal lords, attempted to install Jiezi in Zhu. The people of Zhu declined, saying: "Prince Ju is of Qi origin and older." Xuanzi said: "To hear words that seem reasonable but not follow them would be ominous." He then returned.
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周公将与王孙苏讼于晋，王叛王孙苏，而使尹氏与聃启，讼周公于晋，赵宣子平王室而复之。 |
| | Zhou Gong was about to sue Wangsun Su in Jin. The king turned against Wangsun Su and sent Yinshi and Dan Qi to litigate Zhou Gong's case in Jin. Zhao Xuanzi mediated the royal court and restored order.
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楚庄王立，子孔、潘崇将袭群舒，使公子燮与子仪守，而伐舒蓼。二子作乱，城郢，而使贼杀子孔，不克而还。八月，二子以楚子出，将如商密。庐戢黎及叔麇诱之，遂杀斗克及公子燮。初斗克囚于秦，秦有淆之败，而使归求成。成而不得志，公子燮求令尹而不得，故二子作乱。穆伯之从己氏也，鲁人立文伯。穆伯生二子于莒，而求复。文伯以为请。襄仲使无朝听命，复而不出，二年而尽室以复适莒，文伯疾，而请曰，谷之子弱，请立难也。」许之，文伯卒，立惠叔。穆伯请重赂以求复，惠叔以为请，许之，将来。九月，卒于齐，告丧，请葬，弗许。 |
| | King Zhuang of Chu ascended the throne; Zi Kong and Pan Chong planned to attack the Quanshu tribes. They sent Gongzi Xie and Zi Yi to defend, while they attacked Shuliao. The two men rebelled, occupied Chengying, and sent assassins to kill Zi Kong; they failed in their attempt and returned. In the eighth month, the two men fled with King Zhuang of Chu and intended to go to Shangmi. Lu Jili and Shu Jun lured them in, so they killed Dou Ke and Gongzi Xie. Originally, Dou Ke had been imprisoned in Qin; after the Qin suffered a defeat at Yao, they released him and sent him back to seek reconciliation. After reaching an agreement but failing to achieve his ambitions, Gongzi Xie sought the position of Lingyin without success; thus, the two men rebelled. While Mu Bo was following Ji Shi, the people of Lu installed Wenbo as ruler. Mu Bo had two sons in Ju and sought to regain his position. Wenbo made a request on his behalf. Xiang Zhong sent him to court and gave orders; he was restored but did not leave. After two years, he returned with his entire family to Ju. When Wenbo fell ill, he requested: "My son Gu is weak; I request that Nan be installed instead." It was granted. After Wenbo died, Huishu was installed as ruler. Mu Bo requested a generous bribe to regain his position; Huishu made the request on his behalf, and it was granted. He would come later. In September, he died in Qi. The mourning was announced; a request for burial was made but not approved.
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宋高哀为萧封人，以为卿。不义宋公而出，遂来奔。书曰：「宋子哀来奔。」贵之也。 |
| | Gao Ai of Song served as the official in charge of Xiao and was appointed to an office of high rank. He left without loyalty to Duke Song and thus fled here. The Records state: "Prince Ai of Song came fleeing." This was to honor him.
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齐人定懿公，使来告难，故书以『九月』。」齐公子元不顺懿公之为政也，终不曰「公」，曰「夫已氏」。 |
| | The people of Qi installed Duke Yi, and sent someone to report the crisis; therefore, it is recorded as "September." Prince Yuan of Qi did not support Duke Yi's administration; he never referred to him as "gong" (duke), but only as "Fuyi Shi."
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襄仲使告于王，请以王宠求昭姬于齐。曰：「杀其子，焉用其母请受而罪之。」冬，单伯如齐，请子叔姬，齐人执之。又执子叔姬。 |
| | Xiang Zhong sent a message to the king, requesting that through royal favor he might obtain Zhao Ji from Qi. He said: "They killed her son; how can we use his mother to request it? Accepting her would be a crime." In winter, Shan Bo went to Ji and requested Zishu Ji; the people of Qi arrested him. They also detained Zishu Ji.
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| | 文公十五... : |
十有五年，春，季孙行父如晋。 |
| | In the fifteenth year [of his reign], spring, Ji Sun Xingfu went to Jin.
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三月，宋司马华孙来盟。 |
| | In March, Hua Sun of Song's Sima came for an alliance.
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夏，曹伯来朝。 |
| | In summer, Dugong Bo of Cao paid a visit to the court.
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齐人归公孙敖之丧。 |
| | The people of Qi returned the funeral rites for Gongsun Ao.
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六月，辛丑，朔，日有食之，鼓，用牲于社。 |
| | On the first day of the sixth month, on the Xichou day, there was a solar eclipse; drums were beaten and sacrifices with animals were made at the altar of the earth god.
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单伯至自齐。 |
| | Shan Bo arrived from Qi.
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晋郤缺帅师伐蔡，戊申，入蔡。 |
| | Jin's Xi Que led the army to attack Cai; on the Wushen day, they entered Cai.
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秋，齐人侵我西鄙。 |
| | In autumn, the people of Qi invaded our western borderlands.
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季孙行父如晋。 |
| | Ji Sun Xingfu went to Jin (the State of Jin).
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冬，十有一月，诸侯盟于扈。 |
| | In winter, in the eleventh month, the feudal lords formed an alliance at Hu.
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十有二月，齐人来归子叔姬。齐侯侵我西鄙，遂伐曹，入其郛。 |
| | In the twelfth month, people from Qi returned Zi Shuji. Duke of Qi invaded our western frontier and then attacked Cao, entering its outer walls.
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| | 文公十五... : |
十五年，春，季文子如晋，为单伯与子叔姬故也。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, spring, Ji Wenzhi went to Jin because of the matter involving Shan Bo and Zi Shuji.
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三月，宋华耦来盟，其官皆从之。书曰「宋司马华孙」，贵之也。公与之宴，辞曰：「君之先臣督，得罪于宋殇公，名在诸侯之策。臣承其祀，其敢辱君请承命于亚旅。」鲁人以为敏。 |
| | In March, Hua Ou from Song came for an alliance; all his officials followed him. The Records say "Song Sima Hua Sun," indicating respect for him. The Duke entertained him with a banquet, but Hua Ou declined, saying: "Your ancestor Du offended Song Shanggong; his name is recorded in the annals of the feudal lords. My family has inherited their ancestral rites, how dare I disgrace Your Majesty? Please allow me to receive your command through my subordinate officers." The people of Lu considered him perceptive.
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夏，曹伯来朝，礼也。诸侯五年再相朝，以修王命，古之制也。」 |
| | In summer, Duke Cao Bo came to pay homage; this was in accordance with ritual propriety. "The feudal lords paying mutual visits twice every five years, to uphold the king's commands, is an ancient system."
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齐人或为孟氏谋，曰：「鲁，尔亲也。饰棺置诸堂阜，鲁必取之。」从之，卞人以告。惠叔犹毁以为请，立于朝以待命。许之，取而殡之。齐人送之。书曰：「齐人归公孙敖之丧。」为孟氏，且国故也。葬视共仲。声己不视，帷堂而哭。襄仲欲勿哭，惠伯，曰：「丧，亲之终也。虽不能始，善终可也。史佚有言曰：『兄弟致美。救乏、贺善、吊灾、祭敬、丧哀，情虽不同，毋绝其爱，亲之道也。』子无失道，何怨于人？」襄仲说，帅兄弟以哭之。他年，其二子来，孟献子爱之，闻于国。或谮之曰：「将杀子。」献子以告季文子。二子曰：「夫子以爱我闻，我以将杀子闻，不亦远于礼乎远礼不如死。」一人门于句鼆，一人门于戾丘，皆死。 |
| | Some people from Qi plotted for Meng Shi, saying: "Lu is your relative. Adorn the coffin and place it on a high terrace; Lu will surely retrieve it." They followed this plan, and people from Bian reported it. Huishi still destroyed the coffin to make a request, standing in court awaiting orders. It was approved; they retrieved it and gave it a temporary burial. The people of Qi sent it off. The Records say: "The people of Qi returned the funerary rites for Gongsun Ao." This was done on behalf of Meng Shi, and also in accordance with national custom. He was buried with the rites accorded to Gong Zhong. Sheng Ji did not attend, but mourned behind a curtain in the hall. Xiang Zhong wanted not to mourn, but Huibo said: "A funeral marks the end of a relative's life. Even if one cannot begin well, ending with virtue is still acceptable. Shi Yi once said: "Brothers should strive for harmony and beauty. Assisting the needy, congratulating on virtue, mourning disasters, showing reverence in sacrifices, and expressing sorrow at funerals—although feelings may differ, one must not sever affection; this is the way of kinship." "If you do not deviate from the right path, what reason would there be to resent others?" Xiang Zhong was pleased and led his brothers in mourning for him. In later years, his two sons came; Meng Xiansi loved them, and this was known throughout the state. Someone slandered them, saying: "They will kill you." Xiansi informed Ji Wenzhi of this. The two sons said: "Master made us known for his love of us, yet we are now known for supposedly planning to kill him; is this not far from ritual propriety? To be distant from rites is worse than death." One of them stationed himself at Gouchen Gate, and the other at Lique Gate; both died.
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六月，辛丑，朔，日有食之，鼓，用牲于社。非礼也，日有食之，天子不举，伐鼓于社，诸侯用币于社，伐鼓于朝，以昭事神，训民事君，示有等威，古之道也。 |
| | On the first day of the sixth moon, on the Xichou (day), there was a solar eclipse. Drums were beaten and animal sacrifices were made at the earth altar. This was not in accordance with rites. On the day of a solar eclipse, the Son of Heaven did not partake of food; drums were beaten at the altar of the soil god. The feudal lords offered silk offerings at the altar and beat drums in court to demonstrate reverence for deities, instruct the people on serving their lord, and show hierarchical respect—this was the ancient way.
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齐人许单伯请而赦之，使来致命。书曰：「单伯至自齐。」贵之也。 |
| | The people of Qi agreed to Shan Bo's request and pardoned them, sending someone to deliver a message. The Records say: "Shan Bo arrived from Qi." This indicates respect for him.
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新城之盟，蔡人不与。晋郤缺以上军下军伐蔡，曰，君弱，不可以怠，戊申，入蔡，以城下之盟而还。凡胜国，曰灭之，获大城焉，曰「入之」。 |
| | The people of Cai did not participate in the alliance at Xincheng. Jin's Xi Que, commanding the upper and lower divisions of his army, attacked Cai, saying: "The ruler is weak; we cannot be complacent." On the Wushen day, he entered Cai and concluded a treaty under its walls before returning. Generally, when a state is conquered, it is said to be "annihilated"; if a major city is captured, it is recorded as "entering" the city.
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秋，齐人侵我西鄙，故季文子告于晋。 |
| | In autumn, the people of Qi raided our western borderlands; therefore, Ji Wenzhi reported this to Jin.
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冬，十一月，晋侯、宋公、卫侯、蔡侯、郑伯、许男、曹伯盟于扈，寻新城之盟，且谋伐齐也。齐人赂晋侯，故不克而还。于是有齐难，是以公不会。书曰：「诸侯盟于扈。」无能为故也。凡诸侯会，公不与，不书，讳君恶也。与而不书，后也。 |
| | In winter, the eleventh month, Duke of Jin, Gong of Song, Duke of Wei, Gong of Cai, Bo of Zheng, Nan of Xu, and Bo of Cao formed an alliance at Hu; this was to renew the alliance of Xincheng and also to plan a campaign against Qi. The people of Qi bribed Duke of Jin, so they did not achieve their goal and returned. At that time there was a crisis involving Qi, hence the Duke did not attend the meeting. The Records say: "The feudal lords formed an alliance at Hu." This was because they were unable to act. Generally, when feudal lords held a meeting and the Duke did not participate, it is not recorded; this was done to avoid revealing the ruler's faults. If he participated but was not recorded, it means his participation came later.
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齐人来归子叔姬，王故也。 |
| | The people of Qi returned Zi Shuji because this was a matter concerning the Son of Heaven.
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齐侯侵我西鄙，谓诸侯不能也。遂伐曹，人其郛，讨其来朝也，季文子曰：「齐侯其不免乎！己则无礼，而讨于有礼者，曰：『女何故行礼？』礼以顺天，天之道也。己则反天，而又以讨人，难以免矣。《诗》曰：『胡不相畏不畏于天。』君子之不虐幼贱，畏于天也，在周颂曰，畏天之威，于时保之，不畏于天。』将何能保，以乱取国，奉礼以守，犹惧不终，多行无礼，弗能在矣。」 |
| | Duke of Qi invaded our western borders, thinking that the feudal lords were unable to respond effectively. He then attacked Cao and entered its outer walls, punishing them for having come to pay homage. Ji Wenzhi said: "Duke of Qi will surely not escape punishment! He himself acted without rites, yet he punished those who observed rites, saying: "Why did you act in accordance with rites?" Rites are to follow Heaven's will; this is the principle of Heaven. He himself defied Heaven, and yet used that as a pretext to attack others—this would be hard for him to escape punishment. The Book of Songs says: "Why do they not fear each other? They do not fear Heaven." A gentleman does not oppress the young or the lowly, for he fears Heaven. As stated in the Odes of Zhou: "Fear the might of Heaven; thus you preserve it," meaning one who does not fear Heaven. "What can he possibly preserve? To seize a state through disorder, yet to uphold rites in defense—this is still feared not to last. If one commits many acts without rites, he will no longer be able to maintain it."
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| | 文公十六... : |
十有六年，春，季孙行父会齐侯于阳谷，齐侯弗及盟。 |
| | In the sixteenth year [of his reign], in spring, Ji Sun Xingfu met with Duke of Qi at Yanggu, but Duke of Qi did not participate in the alliance.
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夏，五月，公四不视朔。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, the duke failed to observe the new moon four times.
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六月，戊辰，公子遂及齐侯盟于郪丘。 |
| | On the Wuchen day of the sixth month, Gongzi Sui formed an alliance with Duke of Qi at Qiqiu.
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秋，八月，辛未，夫人姜氏薨。 |
| | In autumn, eighth month, on the Xinwei day, Lady Jiang, the wife, passed away.
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毁泉台。 |
| | The Quantai was destroyed.
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楚人、秦人、巴人灭庸。 |
| | The people of Chu, Qin, and Ba annihilated Yong.
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冬，十有一月，宋人弑其君杵臼。 |
| | In winter, the eleventh month, the people of Song assassinated their ruler Chuju.
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| | 文公十六... : |
十六年，春，王正月，及齐平。公有疾，使季文子会齐侯于阳谷，请盟，齐侯不肯，曰：「请俟君间。」 |
| | In the sixteenth year, in spring, first month of the reign of the king, peace was made with Qi. The duke fell ill and sent Ji Wenzhi to meet with Duke of Qi at Yanggu to request an alliance. Duke of Qi refused, saying: "Please wait until the duke recovers."
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夏，五月，公四不视朔，疾也。公使襄仲纳赂于齐侯，故盟于郪丘。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, four times the duke did not observe the new moon; this was due to his illness. The duke sent Xiang Zhong to present bribes to Duke of Qi, hence an alliance was made at Qiqiu.
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有蛇自泉宫出，入于国，如先君之数，秋，八月，辛未，声姜薨，毁泉台。 |
| | A snake emerged from Quangu and entered the capital, in a number equal to those of previous kings. In autumn, eighth month, on Xinwei day, Shengjiang passed away; thus, the Quantai was destroyed.
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楚大饥，戎伐其西南，至于阜山，师于大林。又伐其东南，至于阳丘，以侵訾枝。庸人帅群蛮以叛楚。麇人率百濮聚于选，将伐楚。于是申息之北门不启，楚人谋徙于阪高。蒍贾曰：「不可。我能往，寇亦能往。不如伐庸。夫麇与百濮，谓我饥不能师，故伐我也。若我出师，必惧而归。百濮离居，将各走其邑，谁暇谋人？」乃出师，旬有五日，百濮乃罢。自庐以往，振廪同食。次于句澨。使庐戢黎侵庸，及庸方城。庸人逐之，囚子扬窗，三宿而逸，曰，庸师众，群蛮聚焉，不如复大师，且起王卒，合而后进。」师叔曰：「不可。姑又与之，遇以骄之。彼骄我怒，而后可克，先君蚡冒所以服陉隰也。」又与之遇，七遇皆北，唯裨、鯈、鱼人实逐之。庸人曰：「楚不足与战矣。」遂不设备。楚子乘馹，会师于临品。分为二队，子越自石溪，子贝自仞以伐庸。秦人、巴人从楚师。群蛮从楚子盟，遂灭庸。 |
| | Chu suffered a great famine. The Rong attacked its southwest region, reaching Fushan and setting up their army at Dalin. They again attacked the southeast, reaching Yangqiu to raid Zizhi. The people of Yong led a group of Man tribes in rebellion against Chu. The Jun people led the Hundred Pu tribes to gather at Xuan, intending to attack Chu. At that time, the northern gate of Shenxi remained closed. The people of Chu planned to relocate to Bangao. Wu Jia said: "That is not possible." "If we can go there, so can the enemy." "It would be better to attack Yong instead." "The Jun and the Hundred Pu tribes think that we are suffering from famine and unable to raise an army, so they have attacked us." "If we deploy our troops, they will surely be frightened and retreat." "The Hundred Pu tribes live apart; they will each return to their own fiefs. Who would have time to plot against others?" So the army was deployed, and after fifteen days, the Hundred Pu tribes withdrew. From Lu onward, they distributed grain reserves and shared food equally. They encamped at Gushi. They sent Lu Jili to raid Yong, reaching the Fangcheng of Yong. The people of Yong drove them back and captured Zi Yangchuang, who escaped after three nights' stay. He said: "The army of Yong is numerous, with many Man tribes gathered there; it would be better to return to the main force, raise the king's troops, and advance together." Shishu said: "That is not possible." "Let us give them another chance, and let them grow arrogant through encounters." "When they become arrogant and we become angry, then we can defeat them. This is how our previous ruler Fenmou subdued Xingxi." They met again, and in seven encounters the enemy was always defeated. It was actually the Bi, Tiao, and Yu tribes who drove them back. The people of Yong said: "Chu is not worth fighting anymore." So they ceased to make preparations for defense. The ruler of Chu rode a fast horse and joined the army at Linpin. They divided into two forces: Ziyue from Shixi, and Zibei from Ren to attack Yong. The people of Qin and Ba followed the army of Chu. The Man tribes allied with the ruler of Chu, and thus Yong was annihilated.
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宋公子鲍礼于国人，宋饥，竭其粟而贷之。年自七十以上，无不馈诒也，时加羞珍异。无日不数于六卿之门。国之材人，无不事也，亲自桓以下，无不恤也。公子鲍美而艳，襄夫人欲通之，而不可，夫人助之施。昭公无道，国人奉公子鲍以因夫人。于是华元为右师，公孙友为左师，华耦为司马，鳞鱹为司徒，荡意诸为司城，公子朝为司寇。初司城荡卒，公孙寿辞司城，请使意诸为之。既而告人曰：「君无道，吾官近，惧及焉。弃官，则族无所庇。子，身之贰也，姑纾死焉。虽亡子，犹不亡族。」既，夫人将使公田孟诸而杀之。公知之，尽以宝行。荡意诸曰：「盍适诸侯？」公曰，不能其大夫，至于君祖母，以及国人，诸侯谁纳我且既为人君，而又为人臣，不如死！」尽以其宝赐左右以使行。夫人使谓司城去公。对曰：「臣之而逃其难，若后君何？」 |
| | Prince Bao of Song treated the people kindly; when Song suffered a famine, he exhausted his grain reserves to lend them. For those aged seventy and above, there was no one who did not receive gifts; at appropriate times, he added delicacies and rare items. There were no days without frequent visits to the gates of the six high ministers. All talented people in the state were employed, and from Huanshi downwards, none were neglected personally. Prince Bao was handsome and charming; Lady Xiang wanted to have relations with him but could not, so the lady helped him carry out the act. Duke Zhao was unjust, and the people of Song supported Prince Bao through Lady Xiang. At that time, Hua Yuan was the Right Minister, Gongsun You was the Left Minister, Hua Ou was the General of War, Lin Shu was the Minister of Works, Dang Yizhu was the Minister of Construction, and Prince Chao was the Minister of Justice. Originally, when Minister of Construction Dang died, Gongsun Shou declined the position and requested that Yizhu take it. Later he told others: "The ruler is unjust; my office is close to him, and I fear being implicated." "If I abandon my post, then my clan will have no protection." "A son is the second to a father; perhaps I should temporarily put off death for this reason." "Even if my son perishes, at least my clan will not perish." Later, Lady Xiang planned to send the duke to till fields in Mengzhu and kill him. The duke learned of this plot and took all his treasures with him on the journey. Dang Yizhu said: "Why not go to one of the feudal lords?" The duke said: "I have failed to govern my ministers, and it has come to involve my paternal grandmother as well as the people of the state. Which feudal lord would accept me? Moreover, having once been a ruler, how could I now become another's minister? It is better that I die!" He gave all his treasures to those around him and ordered them to proceed. Lady Xiang sent a message ordering the Minister of Construction to remove the duke. The minister replied: "If I were loyal and fled from this crisis, what would become of a future ruler?"
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冬，十一月，甲寅，宋昭公将田孟诸。未至，夫人王姬使帅甸攻而杀之。荡意诸死之。书曰「宋人弑其君杵臼」，君无道也。文公即位，使母弟须为司城。华耦卒，而使荡虺为司马。 |
| | In winter, the eleventh month on Jia Yin day, Duke Zhao of Song was about to till fields at Mengzhu. Before he arrived, Lady Wang Ji sent a commander named Dian to attack and kill him. Dang Yizhu died as a result of this incident. The Records state, "The people of Song assassinated their king Chuju," indicating that the ruler was unjust. Duke Wen took the throne and appointed his maternal younger brother Xu as Minister of Construction. After Hua Ou died, they appointed Dang Hui as General of War.
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| | 文公十七... : |
十有七年，春，晋人、卫人、陈人、郑人伐宋。 |
| | In the seventeenth year [of the reign], in spring, the Jin people, Wei people, Chen people, and Zheng people attacked Song.
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夏，四月，癸亥，葬我小君声姜。 |
| | In summer, the fourth month, on the Guihai day, our late Lady Shengjiang was buried.
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齐侯伐我西鄙。六月，癸未，公及齐侯盟于谷。 |
| | Duke Qi attacked the western outskirts of our territory. In the sixth month, on the Guwei day, the Duke met with Duke Qi and concluded an alliance at Gu.
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诸侯会于扈。 |
| | The feudal lords held a conference at Hu.
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秋，公至自谷。 |
| | In autumn, the Duke returned from Gu.
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冬，公子遂如齐。 |
| | In winter, Gongzi Sui went to Qi.
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| | 文公十七... : |
十七年，春晋荀林父、卫孔达、陈公孙宁、郑石楚伐宋，讨曰：「何故弑君？」犹立文公而还。卿不书，失其所也。 |
| | In the seventeenth year, in spring, Jin Xun Linfu, Wei Kong Da, Chen Gongsun Ning, and Zheng Shi Chu attacked Song, demanding to know: "Why did you kill your lord?" They still installed Duke Wen and then withdrew. High officials are not recorded, for they lost their proper place.
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夏，四月，癸亥，葬声姜。有齐难，是以缓。 |
| | In summer, the fourth month, Guihai day: Lady Shengjiang was buried. There was a difficulty with Qi, so it was delayed.
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齐侯伐我北鄙，襄仲请盟。六月，盟于谷。 |
| | Duke Qi attacked the northern outskirts of our territory; Xiang Zhong requested an alliance. In June, an alliance was concluded at Gu.
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晋侯蒐于黄父，遂复合诸侯于扈，平宋也，公不与会，齐难故也。书曰「诸侯」，无功也。于是晋侯不见郑伯，以为贰于楚也。郑子家使执讯而与之书，以告赵宣子，曰，寡君即位三年，召蔡侯而与之事君。九月，蔡侯入于敝邑以行。敝邑以侯宣多之难，寡君是以不得与蔡侯偕。十一月，克减侯宣多，而随蔡侯以朝于执事。十二年，六月，归生佐寡君之嫡夷，以请陈侯于楚，而朝诸君。十四年，七月，寡君又朝以蒇陈事。十五年，五月，陈侯自敝邑往朝于君。往年正月，烛之武往，朝夷也。八月，寡君又往朝。以陈、蔡之密迩于楚，而不敢贰焉，则敝邑之故也。虽敝邑之事君，何以不免？在位之中，一朝于襄，而再见于君。夷与孤之二三臣相及于绛。虽我小国，则篾以过之矣，今大国曰：『尔未逞吾志。』敝邑有亡，无以加焉。古人有言曰：『畏首畏尾，身其馀几？』又曰：『鹿死不择音。』小国之事大国也，德，则其人也，不德，则其鹿也，铤而走险，急何能择，命之罔极，亦知亡矣，将悉敝赋以待于鯈。唯执事命之文公二年，六月，壬申，朝于齐。四年，二月，壬戌，为齐侵蔡，亦获成于楚。居大国之间，而从于强令，岂其罪也大国若弗图，无所逃命！」晋巩朔行成于郑，赵穿、公婿池为质焉。 |
| | Duke Jin held a military review at Huangfu, and then convened the feudal lords again at Hu in order to pacify Song. The Duke did not attend the conference because of difficulties with Qi. 략 The Records say "the feudal lords," indicating they achieved no merit. At this time, Duke Jin did not meet Duke Zheng, considering him to be disloyal and having allegiance also to Chu. Zheng Zijia sent a messenger with letters to inform Zhao Xunzi, saying: "My lord has been on the throne for three years and summoned Duke Cai to serve the Son of Heaven together." In September, Duke Cai entered our small town in order to proceed. Because of the difficulties caused by Hou Xuanduo at our small town, my lord was therefore unable to accompany Duke Cai. lords In November, Hou Xuanduo was defeated and executed; we then accompanied Duke Cai in paying homage to you, the one who holds authority. In the twelfth year, in June, Guisheng assisted my lord's legitimate heir Yi to request Duke Chen from Chu and paid homage to you, Your Lordship. In the fourteenth year, in July, my lord again came to pay homage to complete matters concerning Chen. In the fifteenth year, in May, Duke Chen departed from our small town to pay homage to Your Lordship. In last year's first month, Zhu Zhiwu went to pay homage, as a representative of Yi. In August, my lord went again to pay homage. Because Chen and Cai are closely situated near Chu yet dared not be disloyal, this is due to our small town's efforts. Even though our small town has served Your Lordship, how could we not escape blame? During my lord's reign, once he paid homage to Duke Xiang, and twice appeared before Your Lordship. Yi and I, along with my two or three ministers, met in Jiang. Even though we are a small country, we have not exceeded our bounds; yet now the great state says: "You have not fulfilled my will." Our small town may as well be destroyed, for there is nothing more we can do. Ancients said: "Fear the head and fear the tail, how much of the body remains?" It is also said: "A deer at death's door will not choose its resting place." A small state dealing with a great one: if the great shows virtue, then we are its people; if not, then we are but deer. When driven to desperation and forced into danger, how can we choose? With fate having no bounds, we already know our doom. We shall mobilize all our forces and await you at Chou. We will follow your orders. In the second year of Duke Wen, on the Ren Shen day of the sixth month, we paid homage to Qi. In the fourth year, on the Renxu day of the second month, because Qi invaded Cai, we also achieved a settlement with Chu. Being situated between great powers and following the commands of the stronger, is that truly our fault? If a great state does not consider this, we have nowhere to escape from fate!」 Jin Gong Shuo concluded a peace agreement with Zheng; Zhao Chuan and the Duke's son-in-law Chi were given as hostages.
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秋，周甘歜败戎于邥垂，乘其饮酒也。 |
| | In autumn, Zhou Ganchu defeated the Rong at Yichui by taking advantage of their drinking.
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冬，十月，郑大子夷、石楚为质于晋。 |
| | In winter, the tenth month, Zheng's Crown Prince Yi and Shi Chu were sent as hostages to Jin.
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襄仲如齐，拜谷之盟。复曰：「臣闻齐人将食鲁之麦。以臣观之，将不能。齐君之语偷。臧文仲有言曰：『民主偷，必死。』」 |
| | Xiang Zhong went to Qi to express gratitude for the alliance at Gu. He added: "I have heard that the people of Qi are going to harvest the barley of Lu." In my view, they will not be able to do so. The words of Duke Qi are furtive and insincere. Zang Wenzhong once said: "A ruler who is furtive will surely perish."」
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| | 文公十八... : |
十有八年，春，王二月，丁丑，公薨。于台下。 |
| | In the eighteenth year [of his reign], spring, the second month of the king's calendar, on the Dingchou day, the Gong died. At Yu Tai Xia.
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秦伯罃卒。 |
| | Lord Qin Boying died.
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夏，五月，戊戌，齐人弑其君商人。 |
| | In summer, the fifth month, on the Wuxu day, the Qi people assassinated their ruler Shang Ren.
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六月，癸酉，葬我君文公。 |
| | In the sixth month, on the Gouyou day, our lord Duke Wen was buried.
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秋，公子遂、叔孙得臣如齐。 |
| | In autumn, Gongzi Sui and Shusun Dechen went to Qi.
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冬，十月，子卒。 |
| | In winter, the tenth month, Zi died.
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夫人姜氏归于齐。 |
| | Lady Jiang Shi returned to Qi.
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季孙行父如齐。 |
| | Jisun Xingfu went to Qi.
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莒弑其君庶其。 |
| | Ju assassinated its ruler Shuqi.
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| | 文公十八... : |
十八年，春，齐侯戒师期，而有疾，医曰：「不及秋，将死。」公闻之，卜，曰：「尚无及期！」惠伯令龟。卜楚丘占之，曰，齐侯不及期，非疾也，君亦不闻，令龟有咎。」二月，丁丑，公薨。 |
| | In the eighteenth year, spring, Lord Qi Jie ordered the troops to prepare for a campaign but fell ill. The physician said: "He will not live until autumn; he is going to die." The Gong heard of this and consulted the oracle, which said: "Still no match for the time!" Duke Huibo ordered the divination with a turtle shell. Bo Chouqiu interpreted it, saying: "Lord Qi will not live to the appointed time; it is not illness. The lord will also not hear of it. The divination with the turtle shell has an ill omen." In the second month, on the Dingchou day [the Gong] died.
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齐懿公之为公子也，与邴歜之父争田，弗胜。及即位，乃掘而刖之，而使歜仆。纳阎职之妻，而使职骖乘。 |
| | When Duke Yi of Qi was a marquis, he quarreled with Bingchu's father over land and did not prevail. After ascending the throne, he dug up [the man] and had him amputated, then made Chu his servant. He took in Yan Zhi's wife and made Zhi a groom.
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夏，五月，公游于申池。二人浴于池。歜以扑抶职，职怒，歜曰：「人夺女妻而不怒，一抶女，庸何伤？」职曰：「与刖其父而弗能病者何如？」乃谋弑懿公，纳诸竹中。归，舍爵而行。齐人立公子元。 |
| | In summer, the fifth month [the ruler] toured at Shenchi. The two men bathed in the pool. Chu struck Zhi with a stick, and Zhi became angry. Chu said: "A man took your wife and you did not get angry; one strike to you, what harm could it do?" Zhi replied: "What about the one who had your father amputated and yet did not make you ill?" They then plotted to assassinate Duke Yi, hiding [the body] among the bamboo. After returning, they put down their cups and left. The people of Qi installed Gongzi Yuan as ruler.
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六月，葬文公。 |
| | In the sixth month, Duke Wen was buried.
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秋，襄仲、庄叔如齐。惠公立故，且拜葬也。 |
| | In autumn, Xiang Zhong and Zhuang Shu went to Qi. Duke Hui was installed as ruler; therefore, they also paid respects at the burial.
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文公二妃。敬嬴生宣公。敬嬴嬖，而私事襄仲。宣公长，而属诸襄仲。襄仲欲立之，叔仲不可。仲见于齐侯而请之，齐侯新立，而欲亲鲁，许之。 |
| | oplevel Duke Wen had two consorts. Jing Ying gave birth to Duke Xuan. Jing Ying was favored and privately served Xiang Zhong. Duke Xuan was the elder, but he was entrusted to Xiang Zhong. Xiang Zhong wanted to install him as ruler, but Shu Zhong did not agree. Zhong met with Lord Qi and requested it; Lord Qi had just been installed and wished to be close to Lu, so he agreed.
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冬，十月，仲杀恶及视，而立宣公。书曰「子卒」，讳之也。仲以君命召惠伯，其宰公冉务人止之，曰：「入必死。」叔仲曰：「死君命可也。」公冉务人曰，若君命可死，非君命何听，弗听，乃入，杀而埋之马矢之中。公冉务人奉其帑以奔蔡，既而复叔仲氏。 |
| | In winter, the tenth month [Zhong] killed Wu and Shi, and installed Duke Xuan as ruler. The Records say "Zi died," which is a way of concealing the truth. Zhong summoned Duke Huibo under the pretense of royal orders, but his steward Gong Ranwu stopped him, saying: "If you enter, you will surely die." Shu Zhong said: "It is acceptable to die for the king's command." Gong Ranwu replied: "If it is the king's command to die, then which other commands should we obey? Since you do not listen, he entered and was killed and buried in horse dung." Gong Ranwu took his family treasures and fled to Cai; later, he returned the Shu Zhong clan.
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「夫人姜氏归于齐」，大归也。将行，哭而过市，曰：「天乎仲为不道，杀适立庶。」市人皆哭。鲁人谓之哀姜。 |
| | "The Lady Jiang Shi returned to Qi"—this indicates a formal return. Before departing, she wept as she passed through the marketplace and said: "Heaven! Zhong acted unjustly, killing the legitimate heir to install a younger son." The people in the market all cried. The Lu people called her Ai Jiang.
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莒纪公子生大子仆，又生季佗，爱季佗而黜仆，且多行礼于国，仆因国人以弑纪公，以其宝玉来奔，纳诸宣公，公命与之邑，曰：「今日必授！」季文子使司寇出诸竟，曰：「今日必达！」公问其故。季文子使大史克对曰，先大夫臧文仲，教行父事君之礼，行父奉以周旋，弗敢失队，曰，见有礼于其君者事之，如孝子之养父母也，见无礼于其君者诛之，如鹰鸇之逐鸟雀也，先君周公制周礼曰，则以观德，德以处事，事以度功，功以食民。』作誓命曰，毁则为贼，掩贼为藏。窃贿为盗，盗器为奸。主藏之名，赖奸之用，为大凶德，有常无赦。在《九刑》不忘！』」行父还观莒仆，莫可则也。孝敬、忠信为吉德，盗贼、藏奸为凶德。夫莒仆，则其孝敬，则弑君父矣，则其忠信，则窃宝玉矣，其人，则盗贼也，其器，则奸兆也，保而利之，则主藏也。以训则昏，民无则焉。不度于善，而皆在于凶德，是以去之，昔高阳氏有才子八人，苍舒，隤敳，梼戭，大临，尨降，庭坚，仲容，叔达，齐、圣、广、渊、明、允、笃、诚，天下之民谓之八恺。高辛氏有才子八人，伯奋，仲堪，叔献，季仲，伯虎，仲熊，叔豹，季狸，忠、肃、共、懿、宣、慈、惠、和，天下之民谓之八元。此十六族也，世济其美，不陨其名。以至于尧，尧不能举。舜臣尧，举八恺，使主后土，以揆百事，莫不时序，地平天成。举八元，使布五教于四方，父义、母慈、兄友、弟共、子孝，内平外成。昔帝鸿氏有不才子，掩义隐贼，好行凶德，丑类恶物，顽嚚不友，是与比周，天下之民谓之浑敦。少皞氏有不才子，毁信废忠，崇饰恶言，靖谮庸回，服谗蒐慝，以诬盛德，天下之民谓之穷奇。颛顼有不才子，不可教训，不知话言，告之则顽，舍之则嚚，傲很明德，以乱天常，天下之民谓之梼杌。此三族也，世济其凶，增其恶名，以至于尧，尧不能去。缙云氏有不才子，贪于饮食，冒于货贿，侵欲崇侈，不可盈厌，聚敛积实，不知纪极，不分孤寡，不恤穷匮，天下之民，以比三凶，谓之饕餮。舜臣尧，宾于四门，流四凶族，浑敦、穷奇、梼杌、饕餮，投诸四裔，以御螭魅。是以尧崩而天下如一，同心戴舜，以为天子，以其举十六相，去四凶也。故《虞书》数舜之功，曰『慎徽五典，五典克从』无违教也。曰『纳于百揆，百揆时序』，无废事也。曰『宾于四门，四门穆穆』无凶人也。舜有大功二十而为天子，今行父虽未获一吉人，去一凶矣。于舜之功，二十之一也，庶几免于戾乎。 |
| | Prince Gongzi of Ju gave birth to Crown Prince Pu, and later had Ji Tuo. He favored Ji Tuo and deposed Pu, bestowing many honors upon him in the state. Pu then incited the people of the country to assassinate King Ji, took his precious jade treasures, and fled to Lu, presenting them to Duke Xuan. The duke ordered a fief be given to him, saying: "It must be granted today!" Ji Wensi sent the chief justice to expel them beyond the border, saying: "They must reach there today!" The duke asked for the reason. Ji Wensi had the chief historian Ke reply: "The late official Zang Wenzhong taught Xingfu the rites of serving his lord. Xingfu followed them diligently, never losing or abandoning them. He said: 'When one sees someone who shows respect to their ruler, they should serve him as a filial son serves his parents; when one sees someone disrespectful toward their ruler, they must punish them like hawks and kites chase birds and sparrows.' The late lord Duke Zhou established the rites of Zhou, saying: 'Use these standards to observe virtue. Virtue is used to handle affairs. Affairs are measured by merit. Merit determines how much sustenance one receives from the people.'" He composed an oath, saying: "Destroying [evidence] is banditry; concealing a bandit is hiding." Stealing bribes is theft; stealing objects is treachery. Taking the name of concealer and relying on treachery for use constitutes a great evil virtue, which is habitual and not to be pardoned. It cannot be forgotten in the "Nine Punishments"!"" Xingfu returned to observe Ju Pu, but found no standard for it. Filial piety and reverence, loyalty and trust are virtues of good fortune; thieves and those who hide treachery are evils of ill omen. As for Ju Pu, if one follows his filial piety and reverence, he has killed his lord-father; if one follows his loyalty and trustworthiness, he has stolen precious jade. He himself is a thief, the objects are signs of treachery, and to protect and benefit from them makes one an accomplice in concealment. To use this as instruction would be confusion; the people have no standard to follow. Not measuring by virtue, but all falling into evil virtues—this is why we must remove them. In the past, Gao Yang Shi had eight talented sons: Cangshu, Tu Yi, Tao Yan, Daling, Mang Jiang, Tingjian, Zhongrong, and Shuda. They were wise, sage, broad-minded, profound, enlightened, trustworthy, loyal, and sincere; the people of the world called them the Eight Kai. Gao Xin Shi also had eight talented sons: Bo Fen, Zhong Kan, Shu Xian, Ji Zhong, Bo Hu, Zhong Xiong, Shu Bao, and Ji Li. They were loyal, solemn, cooperative, virtuous, eloquent, kind, benevolent, and harmonious; the people of the world referred to them as the Eight Yuan. These sixteen clans passed down their virtues through generations without tarnishing their names. This continued until Yao, who could not appoint them. Shun served under Yao and appointed the Eight Kai, making them in charge of Hou Tu (the god of earth), to oversee all affairs. Nothing was out of order; the land became level and the heavens harmonious. He appointed the Eight Yuan to spread the Five Teachings in all directions: fathers being righteous, mothers kind, elder brothers friendly, younger brothers respectful, and children filial. Internally, harmony was achieved; externally, order was established. In the past, Emperor Hong Shi had an unqualified son who concealed virtue and harbored thieves. He loved to commit evil deeds, was a disgraceful person of vile character, stubbornly deceitful and unfriendly, associating with others in conspiracies; the people of the world named him Hundi. The Shao Hao Shi had an unqualified son, who destroyed trust and abandoned loyalty. He elevated evil words, remained quiet while spreading slander and deceit, accepted flattery to seek hidden evils, and used false accusations against virtuous people; the people of the world called him Qiongqi. Zhuanxu had an unqualified son, impossible to educate or discipline. He did not understand proper speech; when told, he became stubborn; if left alone, he turned deceitful. He was arrogant and defiant of virtue, disrupting the natural order; the people of the world called him Tao Wu. These three clans passed down their evils through generations, increasing their infamous reputations, until Yao's time, when even he could not remove them. Jinyun Shi had an unqualified son greedy for food and drink, who was corrupt in accepting bribes. He indulged his desires, pursued extravagance, could never be satisfied, amassed wealth and goods without limit, did not distinguish between orphans and widows, nor showed concern for the poor; the people of the world compared him to the three evils and called him Taotie. Shun served under Yao, welcomed guests at the four gates, and banished the Four Evils: Hundi, Qiongqi, Tao Wu, and Taotie. He exiled them to the four distant regions to guard against chimeras and demons. Therefore, when Yao died, the whole world was as one; all united in supporting Shun to be emperor, because he had appointed the sixteen virtuous officials and removed the four evils. Therefore, the "Yu Shu" records Shun's achievements, saying: "Carefully upholding the Five Classics, the Five Classics were all followed"—there was no violation of instruction. It says, "Appointed to oversee a hundred affairs, and the hundred affairs proceeded in order," meaning nothing was neglected. It says: "Welcomed guests at the four gates; the four gates were dignified and orderly"—there were no wicked people. Shun became emperor with twenty great achievements; now Xingfu, though not yet having gained one virtuous person, has removed one evil. This is but one twentieth of Shun's achievements; perhaps he may be spared from injustice.
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宋武氏之族道昭公子，将奉司城须以作乱。十二月，宋公杀母弟须，及昭公子使戴，庄，桓，之族，攻武氏于司马子伯之馆。遂出武、穆之族。使公孙师为司城。公子朝卒，使乐吕为司寇，以靖国人。 |
| | The clan of Song Wu Shi, following the Marquis of Zhao Gongzi, was about to support Sicheng Xu in a rebellion. In the twelfth month, Duke Song killed his maternal younger brother Xu and Zhao Gongzi's envoys Dai, Zhuang, and Huan. The clans attacked the Wu Shi at Sima Zibo's guesthouse. Thus, they expelled the Wu and Mu clans. They appointed Gongsun Shi as Sicheng (Minister of Works). Gongzi Chao died, and they appointed Yue Lü as chief justice to pacify the people.
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