| | 僖公元年: |
元年，春，王正月。 |
| | In the first year [of his reign], spring, the king's first month.
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齊師，宋師，曹伯，次于聶北，救邢。 |
| | The army of Qi, the army of Song, and Gongzi Cao Bo stayed at Niebei, to rescue Xing.
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夏，六月，邢遷于夷儀。齊師、宋師、曹師城邢。 |
| | In summer, in the sixth month, Xing moved its capital to Yiyi. The armies of Qi, Song, and Cao built a city for Xing.
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秋，七月，戊辰，夫人姜氏薨于夷，齊人以歸。 |
| | In autumn, in the seventh month, on the Wuchen day, Lady Jiang Shi died at Yi; the people of Qi brought her back.
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楚人伐鄭。 |
| | The people of Chu attacked Zheng.
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八月，公會齊侯、宋公、鄭伯、曹伯、邾人于檉。 |
| | In the eighth month, the Duke met with Gongzi Qi Hou, Song Gong, Gongzi Zheng Bo, Gongzi Cao Bo, and Zhuyu people at Cheng.
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九月，公敗邾師于偃。 |
| | In the ninth month, the Duke defeated the army of Zhu at Yan.
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冬，十月，壬午，公子友帥師敗莒師于酈，獲莒拏。 |
| | In winter, in the tenth month, on the Renwu day, Gongzi You led an army and defeated the army of Ju at Li, capturing Ju Na.
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十有二月，丁已，夫人氏之喪至自齊。 |
| | In the twelfth month, on the Dingji day, the funeral procession for Lady Shi arrived from Qi.
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| | 僖公元年: |
「元年，春」，不稱即位，公出故也。公出復入，不書，諱之也。諱國惡，禮也。 |
| | "In the first year, spring," there is no mention of assuming the throne; this was because the Duke had left [the capital]. The Duke's departure and return were not recorded; this was an act of concealment. Concealing the evils of one's state is in accordance with rites.
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諸侯救邢。邢人潰，出奔師。師遂逐狄人，具邢器用而遷之，師無私焉。 |
| | The feudal lords rescued Xing. The people of Xing collapsed and fled to the allied forces. The allied forces then drove out the Di people, provided Xing with necessary equipment for relocation, and moved them; there was no private interest involved in the actions of the army.
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夏，邢遷于夷儀，諸侯城之，救患也。凡侯伯，救患、分災、討罪，禮也。 |
| | In summer, Xing relocated to Yiyi; the feudal lords built a city for them, as an effort to relieve their distress. Whenever marquises and dukes rescue from calamities, share in disasters, or punish the guilty, it is in accordance with rites.
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秋，楚人伐鄭，鄭即齊故也。盟于犖，謀救鄭也。 |
| | In autumn, the people of Chu attacked Zheng; this was because Zheng had allied with Qi. An alliance meeting took place at Luoluo, to plan for rescuing Zheng.
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「九月，公敗邾師于偃」，虛丘之戍將歸者也。 |
| | "In the ninth month, the Duke defeated Zhu's army at Yan"—this refers to the garrison forces from Xiuqiu returning.
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冬，莒人來求賂，公子友敗諸酈，獲莒子之弟拏，非卿也，嘉獲之也。公賜季友汶陽之田及費。 |
| | In winter, the people of Ju came seeking bribes; Gongzi You defeated them at Li and captured Na, a younger brother of Duke Ju. He was not an official of high rank, but his capture was praised. The Duke granted Ji You the fields at Wenyang and Fei.
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夫人氏之喪至自齊。君子以齊人殺哀姜也，為已甚矣，女子，從人者也。 |
| | The funeral procession for Lady Shi arrived from the state of Qi. The gentlemen considered that the people of Qi killing Aijiang was excessive; women are those who follow others.
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| | 僖公二年: |
二年，春，王正月，城楚丘。 |
| | In the second year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king's calendar, they built a city at Chuqiu.
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夏，五月，辛已，葬我小君哀姜。 |
| | Summer, fifth month, Xinwei day, Lady Aijiang, my small queen, was buried.
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虞師、晉師滅下陽。 |
| | The Yu forces and the Jin forces destroyed Xiayang.
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秋，九月，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人盟于貫。 |
| | Autumn, ninth month, Duke Qi, Gong Song, Jiang people, and Huang people formed an alliance at Guan.
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冬，十月，不雨。 |
| | Winter, tenth month, it did not rain.
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楚人侵鄭。 |
| | The Chu people invaded Zheng.
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| | 僖公二年: |
二年，春，諸侯城楚丘而封衛焉。不書所會，後也。 |
| | In the second year, spring, the feudal lords built a city at Chuqiu and enfeoffed Wei there. The meeting location is not recorded; it was too late.
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晉荀息請以屈產之乘與垂棘之璧假道於虞，以伐虢，公曰：「是吾寶也。」對曰：「若得道於虞，猶外府也。」公曰：「宮之奇存焉。」對曰：「宮之奇之為人也，懦而不能強諫。且少長於君，君暱之。雖諫，將不聽。」乃使荀息假道於虞，曰：「冀為不道，入自顛軨，伐鄍三門。冀之既病，則亦唯君故。今虢為不道，保於逆旅，以侵敝邑之南鄙。敢請假道，以請罪于虢。」虞公許之，且請先伐虢。宮之奇諫，不聽，遂起師。夏，晉里克、荀息帥師會虞師，伐虢，滅下陽。先書虞，賄故也。 |
| | Jin Xunxi requested to use the horses from Qu Chan and the jade from Chuiji as gifts to borrow a passage through Yu in order to attack Guo. The ruler said, "These are my treasures." He replied, "If we obtain the pass from Yu, it will be like having an outer treasury." The ruler said, "Gong Zhiqi is still there." He replied, "As for Gong Zhiqi's character, he is timid and unable to offer strong remonstrance. Moreover, he is only slightly older than the ruler, and the ruler is fond of him." Even if he offers advice, it will not be heeded." So they sent Xunxi to request passage through Yu, saying, "Yi acted immorally, entering from Dianling and attacking Sanmen of Deng. Now that Yi has been defeated, it is all because of you, Your Lordship." "Now Guo has acted immorally, taking refuge in a roadside inn and invading the southern borderlands of our territory. We dare to request passage through your land so that we may punish Guo for its crimes." Marquis Yu granted permission and even requested to attack Guo first. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated, but his advice was not heeded; thus the army was mobilized. Summer, Jin Lik, Xunxi led troops to join the Yu forces and attacked Guo, destroying Xiayang. Yu is mentioned first because of bribery.
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「秋，盟于貫」，服江、黃也。 |
| | "The alliance at Guan in autumn" indicates that Jiang and Huang submitted.
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齊寺人貂始漏師于多魚。 |
| | The official Diào of Qi began to secretly deploy troops at Duoyu.
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虢公敗戎于桑田。晉卜偃曰：「虢必亡矣。亡下陽不懼，而又有功，是天奪之鑒，而益其疾也。必易晉而不撫其民矣。不可以五稔。」 |
| | Guo Gong defeated the Rong people in Sangtian. Jin Buyi said, "Guo is certainly going to be destroyed. They did not fear the loss of Xiayang and yet achieved another victory; this is Heaven depriving them of a mirror [to reflect on their actions] and increasing their recklessness. They will surely look down upon Jin and fail to pacify their people. "They cannot last for five harvests."
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冬，楚人伐鄭，鬥章囚鄭聃伯。 |
| | Winter, the Chu people attacked Zheng, and Dou Zhang captured Zheng Danbo.
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| | 僖公四年: |
四年，春，王正月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯侵蔡。蔡潰，遂伐楚。次于陘。 |
| | In the fourth year, spring, the first month of the reign of King [Wang], the Duke met with Duke Qi, Duke Song, Duke Chen, Duke Wei, Lord Zheng, Marquis Xu, and Duke Cao to invade Cai. Cai collapsed, so they proceeded to attack Chu. They encamped at Xing.
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夏，許男新臣卒。 |
| | In summer, Marquis Xu Xinchen died.
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楚屈完來盟于師，盟于召陵。 |
| | Chu's Qu Wan came to make an alliance with the allied forces; they made the alliance at Zhaoling.
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齊人執陳轅濤塗。 |
| | The Qi people arrested Chen Yuantaochu.
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秋，及江人、黃人伐陳。 |
| | In autumn, they joined with the Jiang and Huang peoples to attack Chen.
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八月，公至自伐楚。 |
| | In the eighth month, the Duke returned from his expedition against Chu.
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葬許穆公。 |
| | The funeral of Marquis Xu Muguang was held.
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冬，十有二月，公孫茲帥師會齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、許人、曹人侵陳。 |
| | In winter, the twelfth month, Gongsun Zi led an army to join with Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Xu, and Cao forces to invade Chen.
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| | 僖公四年: |
四年，春，齊侯以諸侯之師侵蔡。蔡潰，遂伐楚。楚子使與師言曰：「君處北海，寡人處南海，唯是風馬牛不相及也，不虞君之涉吾地也何故？」管仲對曰，昔召康公命我先君大公曰：『五侯九伯，女實征之，以夾輔周室！』賜我先君履，東至于海，西至于河，南至于穆陵，北至于無棣。爾貢包茅不入，王祭不共，無以縮酒，寡人是徵。昭王南征而不復，寡人是問。」對曰：「貢之不入，寡君之罪也，敢不共給。昭王之不復，君其問諸水濱！」師進，次于陘。夏，楚子使屈完如師。師退，次于召陵。齊侯陳諸侯之師，與屈完乘而觀之。齊侯曰：「豈不穀是為先君之好是繼。與不穀同好如何？」對曰：「君惠徼福於敝邑之社稷，辱收寡君，寡君之願也。」齊侯曰：「以此眾戰，誰能禦之以此攻城，何城不克？」對曰：「君若以德綏諸侯，誰敢不服？君若以力楚國方城以為城，漢水以為池，雖眾，無所用之。」屈完及諸侯盟。 |
| | In the fourth year, spring, Duke Qi led an army of feudal lords to invade Cai. Cai collapsed; they then proceeded to attack Chu. The ruler of Chu sent a message to the allied forces, saying: "Your lord dwells in the northern sea, and I dwell in the southern sea; our affairs are as distant from each other as the wind-driven horses and oxen. We did not expect your crossing into my territory—why is this?" Guan Zhong replied: "In the past, Zhao Kanggong commanded our late lord Tai Gong, saying: 'The Five Lords and Nine Heirs, you shall indeed subdue them, to assist and support the Zhou dynasty!'" "He granted our late lord territory: eastward to the sea, westward to the Yellow River, southward to Muling, and northward to Wudi." "You did not present your tribute of bound rush for sacrificial wine, so the king's sacrifices lacked it; there was no way to offer libations. Therefore, I have come to demand this." "The King Zhao went south on a campaign and did not return—I am here to inquire about that." The reply was: "That the tribute was not presented is my lord's fault; how dare we fail to provide it?" "As for King Zhao's failure to return, you should inquire about that by the riverside!" The allied forces advanced and encamped at Xing. In summer, the ruler of Chu sent Qu Wan to the allied forces. The allied forces withdrew and encamped at Zhaoling. Duke Qi arranged the armies of the feudal lords, and rode with Qu Wan to observe them. Duke Qi said: "Is it not for my sake or to continue the good relations of our late lords?" "How about making peace with me?" Qu Wan replied: "If your lordship shows kindness and seeks blessings for our humble state's ancestral temples, and deigns to accept my ruler, that would be the wish of my ruler." Duke Qi said: "With this host in battle, who could resist them? With this force attacking a city, which city would not fall?" Qu Wan replied: "If your lordship governs the feudal lords with virtue, who would dare to refuse submission?" "If you use force, Chu has Fangcheng as its wall and the Hanshui River as its moat. Even with a large army, there would be no way to make it effective." Qu Wan made an alliance with the feudal lords.
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陳轅濤塗謂鄭申侯曰：「師出於陳、鄭之間，國必甚病。若出於東方，觀兵於東夷，循海而歸，其可也。」申侯曰：「善。」濤塗以告齊侯，許之。申侯見曰：「師老矣，若出於東方而遇敵，懼不可用也。若出於陳、鄭之間，共其資糧屝屨，其可也。」齊侯說，與之虎牢。執轅濤塗。 |
| | Chen Yuantaochu said to Zheng Shenhou: "The army is passing through the territory between Chen and Zheng; our states will surely suffer greatly." "If they proceed eastward, display their troops among the eastern barbarians, and return along the coast, that would be acceptable." Shenhou said: "That is good." Yuantaochu reported this to Duke Qi, who agreed. Shenhou presented the suggestion and said: "The army is already weary; if they proceed eastward and encounter an enemy, I fear it may not be usable." "If we go through the territory of Chen and Zheng, and supply them with provisions, money, shoes, and straw sandals, that would be feasible." Duke Qi was pleased and gave him Hulaoguan. They arrested Yuantaochu.
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秋，伐陳，討不忠也。 |
| | In autumn, they attacked Chen to punish disloyalty.
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許穆公卒于師，葬之以侯，禮也。凡諸侯薨于朝會，加一等。死王事，加二等。於是有以袞斂。 |
| | Marquis Xu Muguang died in the army; he was buried with the rites for a marquis, which conformed to propriety. Whenever a feudal lord dies at a court assembly or conference, his posthumous title is elevated by one rank. If he dies while serving the king's affairs, it is increased by two ranks. Thus, there was an instance of being buried in a ceremonial robe (gǔn).
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冬，叔孫戴伯帥師，會諸侯之師侵陳。陳成，歸轅濤塗。 |
| | In winter, Shu Sun Daibo led an army and joined the armies of feudal lords to invade Chen. Chen surrendered; they returned Yuantaochu.
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初，晉獻公欲以驪姬為夫人，卜之不吉，筮之吉，公曰：「從筮。」卜人曰：「筮短龜長，不如從長。且其繇曰：『專之渝，攘公之羭。一薰一蕕，十年尚猶有臭。』必不可，弗聽，立之。生奚齊，其娣生卓子。及將立奚齊，既與中大夫成謀，姬謂大子曰：「君夢齊姜，必速祭之！」大子祭于曲沃，歸胙于公。公田，姬寘諸宮，六日，公至，毒而獻之，公祭之地，地墳。與犬，犬斃。與小臣，小臣亦斃。姬泣曰：「賊由大子。」大子奔新城。公殺其傅杜原款。或謂大子：「子辭，君必辯焉。」大子曰：「君非姬氏，居不安，食不飽。我辭，姬必有罪。君老矣，吾又不樂。」曰：「子其行乎？」大子曰：「君實不察其罪，被此名也以出，人誰納我？」十二月，戊申，縊于新城。姬遂譖二公子曰：「皆知之。」重耳奔蒲，夷吾奔屈。 |
| | Initially, Duke Xian of Jin wanted to make Li Ji his wife; when divined by yarrow sticks it was inauspicious, but when divined with yarrow stalks it was auspicious. The duke said: "Follow the result of the yarrow-stalk divination." The diviner said: "Yarrow-stalk divination is short-sighted, while turtle-shell divination is long-sighted; it would be better to follow the longer method." Moreover, its omen said: "Exclusiveness will lead to disorder, and it will take away the duke's ram (a symbol of sacrifice)." "Sometimes fragrant, sometimes foul; for ten years there would still be a lingering stench." "It is absolutely not advisable," but the duke did not listen and made her his wife. She bore Xi Qi, and her junior sister gave birth to Zhuo Zi. When the plan was made to install Xi Qi as heir, after having already reached an agreement with the middle-ranking officials, Li Ji told the crown prince: "The lord dreamed of Lady Qijiang; you must quickly make a sacrifice to her!" The crown prince made sacrifices at Quwo and returned the sacrificial meat to the duke. While the duke was in the fields, Li Ji placed it in the palace; six days later, when the duke returned, she poisoned it and presented it. The duke made a sacrifice on the ground, and the earth swelled up. She gave it to a dog, which died. She gave it to a minor official, who also died. Li Ji wept and said: "The 贼 is the crown prince." The crown prince fled to Xincheng. The duke killed his tutor, Du Yuankuan. Someone advised the crown prince: "You should plead your case; the lord will surely investigate it." The crown prince said: "If it were not for Lady Li, my lord would feel uneasy in his residence and hungry when he eats." "If I plead my case, Lady Li will certainly be punished." "My lord is old now, and I would not feel at ease either." The person said: "Shall you then leave?" The crown prince replied: "If my lord truly does not discern the truth of this matter, and I leave bearing such a name, who will accept me?" On the Wushen day of the twelfth month (December 23, 656 BC), he hanged himself in Xincheng. Li Ji then slandered the two crown princes, saying: "They all know about it." Chonger fled to Pu, and Yiwu fled to Qu.
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| | 僖公五年: |
五年，春，晉侯殺其世子申生。 |
| | In the fifth year [of his reign], spring, Duke Jin killed his crown prince Shen Sheng.
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杞伯姬來，朝其子。 |
| | Lady Ji of Qi came to pay homage to her son.
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夏，公孫茲如牟。 |
| | In summer, Gongsun Zi went to Mou.
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公及齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯會王世子于首止。 |
| | The Duke [of Lu] met with Duke Qi, Duke Song, Duke Chen, Duke Wei, Bo Zheng, Nan Xu, and Duke Cao to confer with the Crown Prince of Zhou at Shouzhi.
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秋，八月，諸侯盟于首止。鄭伯逃歸不盟。 |
| | In autumn, the eighth month, the feudal lords concluded an alliance at Shouzhi. Duke Zheng fled back and did not participate in the alliance.
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楚人滅弦，弦子奔黃。 |
| | The people of Chu annihilated Xian; the ruler of Xian fled to Huang.
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九月，戊申，朔，日有食之。 |
| | On the first day of the ninth month, on the Wushen day, there was a solar eclipse.
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冬，晉人執虞公。 |
| | In winter, the people of Jin captured Duke Yu.
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| | 僖公五年: |
五年，春，王正月，辛亥，朔，日南至。公既視朔，遂登觀臺以望。而書，禮也。凡分，至，啟，閉，必書雲物，為備故也。 |
| | The fifth year [of the reign period], spring, first month of the reign of King [name unspecified], on the Xinhai day, the first day of the month, the sun reached its southernmost point. After the Duke had observed the new moon ceremony, he ascended the observation platform to look out. And it was recorded; this is in accordance with ritual propriety. Whenever there are the equinoxes, solstices, beginning of growth and closing seasons, celestial phenomena must be recorded; this is done for thorough preparation.
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晉侯使以殺大子申生之故來告。初晉侯使士蒍為二公子築蒲與屈，不慎，寘薪焉，夷吾訴之。公使讓之。士蒍稽首而對曰：臣聞之，無喪而慼，憂必讎焉，無戎而城，讎必保焉。寇讎之保，又何慎焉！守官廢命，不敬，固讎之保，不忠，失忠與敬，何以事君《詩》云：『懷德惟寧，宗子惟城。』君其脩德而固宗子，何城如之三年將尋師焉，焉用慎？」退而賦曰：「狐裘尨茸，一國三公，吾誰適從？」及難，公使寺人披伐蒲。重耳曰：「君父之命不校。」乃徇曰：「校者，吾讎也。」踰垣而走，披斬其袪，遂出奔翟。 |
| | Duke Jin sent an envoy to report the reason why he had killed his crown prince Shen Sheng . Initially, Duke Jin had ordered Shi Wei to build the cities of Pu and Qu for the two crown princes. He was careless in doing so and placed firewood there; Yiwu complained about this. The Duke sent someone to reprimand him. Shi Wei kowtowed and replied, "I have heard that without mourning but with sorrow, enemies will surely come; without war but building walls, enemies will certainly take refuge there." "If enemies are to take shelter there, then what is the point of being cautious!" "To neglect one's official duties and disobey orders is disrespectful; to allow enemies to take refuge there is disloyal. To lose both loyalty and respect, how can one serve the ruler?" The Classic of Poetry says: "Only virtue brings peace; only a legitimate heir serves as a city." "The ruler should cultivate virtue and strengthen the position of his legitimate heir. What need is there for walls? In three years, war will come again; why be cautious?" Afterward he composed a verse: "A fox fur coat is shaggy and disheveled, one state with three dukes—whom should I follow?" When the crisis arose, the Duke sent Siren Pi to attack Pu. Chong'er said: "I will not resist my father's command." He then proclaimed, "Whoever resists me is my enemy." Crossing over the wall he fled; Pi cut off his sleeve and Chong'er then fled to Di.
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「夏，公孫茲如牟」，娶焉。 |
| | "In summer, Gongsun Zi went from Mou," [he] married there.
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會于首止，會王大子鄭，謀寧周也。 |
| | The meeting at Shouzhi was to confer with Crown Prince Zheng of Zhou; it was a plan to stabilize the Zhou dynasty.
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陳轅宣仲怨鄭申侯之反己於召陵，故勸之城其賜邑，曰：「美城之，大名也，子孫不忘。吾助子請。」乃為之請於諸侯而城之，美。遂譖諸鄭伯曰：「美城其賜邑，將以叛也。」申侯由是得罪。 |
| | Chen Yuanxuanzhong resented Zheng Shenhou for opposing him at Zhaoling, so he advised him to build a city in the fief granted by the ruler, saying: "Build it magnificently; this will bring great fame and ensure that your descendants never forget." "I shall help you request permission." He then requested on his behalf from the feudal lords, and they built it beautifully. Then he slandered to Duke Zheng, saying: "He is building a beautiful city in his fief granted by the ruler; this will be used for rebellion." Because of this, Shenhou incurred punishment.
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秋，諸侯盟。王使周公召鄭伯，曰：「吾撫女以從楚，輔之以晉，可以少安。」鄭伯喜於王命，而懼其不朝於齊也，故逃歸不盟。孔叔止之曰，國君不可以輕，輕則失親，失親，患必至。病而乞盟，所喪多矣。君必悔之。」弗聽，逃其師而歸。 |
| | In autumn, the feudal lords formed an alliance. The King sent Gong of Zhou to summon Duke Zheng, saying: "I will support you in following Chu and assist you with Jin; this can bring some peace." Duke Zheng was pleased by the King's command but feared not paying homage to Qi, so he fled back and did not join the alliance. Kong Shu tried to stop him, saying: "A ruler of a state must not be careless; carelessness leads to loss of trust. Once trust is lost, trouble will surely come." "To suffer and then request an alliance means great losses have already occurred." "You will surely regret it, my lord." He did not listen and fled from the army to return home.
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楚鬥穀於菟滅弦，弦子奔黃。於是江，黃，道，柏，方睦於齊，皆弦姻也，弦子恃之而不事楚，又不設備，故亡。 |
| | Chu's Dou Guyuwu annihilated Xian, and the ruler of Xian fled to Huan. At that time, Jiang, Huang, Dao, Bai, and Fang were allied with Qi; they were all related by marriage to Xian. The ruler of Xian relied on this alliance and did not serve Chu, nor did he prepare for defense, so his state perished.
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晉侯復假道於虞以伐虢。宮之奇諫曰，虢，虞之表也，虢亡，虞必從之，晉不可啟，寇不可翫。一之謂甚，其可再乎？諺所謂輔車相依，脣亡齒寒者，其虞虢之謂也。公曰：「晉，吾宗也，豈害我哉？」對曰，大伯，虞仲，大王之昭也，大伯不從，是以不嗣，虢仲，虢叔，王季之穆也，為文王卿士，勳在王室，藏於盟府，將虢是滅，何愛於虞且虞能親於桓、莊乎，其愛之也桓、莊之族何罪，而以為戮，不唯偪乎親以寵偪，猶尚害之，況以國乎？」公曰，吾享祀豐絜，神必據我。對曰：「臣聞之，鬼神非人實親，惟德是依。故》曰：「皇天無親，惟德是輔」，又曰：「黍稷非馨，明德惟馨」，又曰：「民不易物，惟德緊物。」如是，則非德民不和，神不享矣。神所馮依，將在德矣。若晉取虞，而明德以薦馨香，神其吐之乎？」弗聽，許晉使。宮之奇以其族行。曰，虞不臘矣，在此行也，晉不更舉矣。」八月，甲午，晉侯圍上陽。問於卜偃曰：「吾其濟乎？」對曰：「克之。」公曰：「何時？」對曰，童謠云，丙之晨，龍尾伏辰，均服振振，取虢之旂，鶉之賁賁，天策焞焞，火中成軍，虢公其奔，其九月、十月之交乎。丙子旦，日在尾，月在策，鶉火中，必是時也。」冬，十二月，丙子，朔，晉滅虢，虢公醜奔京師。師還，館于虞，遂襲虞，滅之。執虞公，及其大夫井伯，以媵秦穆姬，而脩虞祀，且歸其職貢於王。故書曰「晉人執虞公」，罪虞，且言易也。 |
| | Duke Jin again requested passage through Yu to attack Guo. Gong Zhiqi advised, "Guo is the outer defense of Yu. If Guo falls, Yu will surely follow. We must not open the door to Jin; we must not take bandits lightly." "To do this once is already excessive—how can it be done again?" "The proverb says, 'The cheekbone and teeth rely on each other; when the lips are gone, the teeth feel cold.' This is what it means for Yu and Guo." The Duke said: "Jin is of my clan; how could they harm me?" He replied, "Tai Bo and Yu Zhong were the descendants of Da Wang. Tai Bo did not follow orders, so he was not succeeded. Gou Zhong and Gou Shu were the younger generation of King Ji; they served as high officials under King Wen, their meritorious deeds recorded in the royal archives. If Jin is going to destroy Guo, how could they possibly love Yu? Moreover, can Yu be more closely related than Duke Huan or Duke Zhuang? If they loved those dukes, then why did they kill them? It was not only because of rivalry. Even close relatives favored and pressured would still be harmed; how much more so a whole state?" The Duke said, "My sacrifices are abundant and pure; the gods will surely support me." He replied: "I have heard that ghosts and spirits do not favor people for their own sake, but rely only on virtue. "Therefore, the Book of Zhou says: 'The Supreme Heaven has no relatives; it supports only virtue.' It also says: 'Grains are not fragrant in themselves; bright virtue is what brings fragrance.' And it further states: 'The people do not change things lightly; only virtue can truly bring about transformation.'" "If this be the case, then without virtue, the people will not be harmonious and the gods will not accept sacrifices." "The support of spirits depends on virtue alone." "If Jin takes Yu, and presents fragrant sacrifices with bright virtue, would the gods reject them?" He did not listen, and granted permission to the envoys of Jin. Gong Zhiqi led his clan away. He said, "Yu will not last another year; with this departure of my family, Jin need not launch another campaign." On the Jiawu day of the eighth month, Duke Jin encircled Shangyang. He asked Bo Yan: "Shall we succeed?" Bo Yan replied, "We shall conquer it." The Duke asked: "When?" He replied: "A children's rhyme says, 'On the Bing day at dawn, the dragon's tail lies beneath the stars; banners flutter proudly as we take Guo's flag. The qun birds fly swiftly, the heavenly whip blazes bright; an army forms in the heart of fire. Duke Guo will flee.' It must be around the time when September and October meet." "On the Bingzi dawn, the sun is in Wei, the moon in Cei, the qun fire at its zenith—this must be that time." In winter, December, on the first day of the month (the Bingzi day), Jin annihilated Guo; Duke Chou of Guo fled to the capital. After returning from the campaign, the army stayed as guests in Yu and then ambushed it, annihilating the state. They captured Duke Yu and his minister Jing Bo to serve as attendants for Qin's Lady Mu Ji, while continuing the ancestral rites of Yu and returning its duties and tributes to the King. Therefore, it is recorded as "The people of Jin captured Duke Yu," blaming Yu for its downfall and indicating how easily it was taken.
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| | 僖公七年: |
七年，春，齊人伐鄭。 |
| | In the seventh year, spring, the Qi people attacked Zheng.
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夏，小邾子來朝。 |
| | Summer, the ruler of Xiao Zhu came to pay homage.
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鄭殺其大夫申侯。 |
| | Zheng killed one of its high officials, Shen Hou.
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秋，七月，公會齊侯，宋公，陳世子款，鄭世子華，盟于甯母。 |
| | Autumn, seventh month, the Duke met with Duke Qi, Duke Song Gong, Prince Kuan of Chen, and Prince Hua of Zheng, and they formed an alliance at Ningmu.
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曹伯班卒。 |
| | Duke Ban of Cao died.
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公子友如齊。 |
| | Gongzi You went to Qi.
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冬，葬曹昭公。 |
| | Winter, the Duke of Cao Zhao was buried.
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| | 僖公七年: |
七年，春，齊人伐鄭。孔叔言於鄭伯曰：「諺有之曰：『心則不競，何憚於病？』既不能彊，又不能弱，所以斃也。國危矣，請下齊以救國。」公曰：「吾知其所由來矣，姑少待我。」對曰：「朝不及夕，何以待君？」 |
| | In the seventh year, spring: The people of Qi attacked Zheng. Kong Shu said to Duke Zheng: "There is a proverb that says, 'If the heart does not strive, what fear is there in illness?'" Since one can neither become strong nor weak, this is why they perish. The state is in danger; I request that we submit to Qi to save the country." Duke Zheng said, "I know where this advice comes from. Let me wait a little while." He replied, "Morning cannot wait for evening; how can we await the Duke?"
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夏，鄭殺申侯以說于齊，且用陳轅濤塗之譖也。初申侯，申出也，有寵於楚文王。文王將死，與之璧，使行，曰：「唯我知女。女專利而不厭，予取予求，不女疵瑕也。後之人，將求多於女，女必不免。我死，女必速行，無適小國，將不女容焉！」既葬，出奔鄭，又有寵於厲公。子文聞其死也，曰：「古人有言曰：『知臣莫若君。』弗可改也已。 |
| | Summer: Zheng killed Shen Hou to appease Qi, and also because of the slander by Yuan Taotu of Chen. Initially, Shen Hou was a native of Shenchu; he was favored by King Wenwang of Chu. King Wenwang was about to die, and gave him a jade disc, instructing him to go away, saying: "Only I know you. You pursue profit exclusively without ever being satisfied; whatever you take or ask for, I will not find fault with you." Those who come after me will demand more from you, and you will surely be unable to avoid it. "When I die, you must leave quickly; do not go to a small state, for they will certainly not accept you!" After the funeral, he fled to Zheng and was again favored by Duke Li. Ziwen heard of his death and said: "The ancients said, 'No one knows a minister better than the ruler.'" It cannot be changed now.
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秋，盟于甯毌，謀鄭故也，管仲言於齊侯曰：「臣聞之：招攜以禮，懷遠以德。德、禮不易，無人不懷。」齊侯脩禮於諸侯，諸侯官受方物。鄭伯使大子華聽命於會，言於齊侯曰：「洩氏、孔氏、子人氏三族，實違君命。若君去之以為成，我以鄭為內臣，君亦無所不利焉。」齊侯將許之。管仲曰：「君以禮與信屬諸侯，而以姦終之，無乃不可乎？子父不奸之謂禮，守命共時之謂信，違此二者，姦莫大焉。」公曰，諸侯有討於鄭，未捷，今苟有釁，從之，不亦可乎？」對曰：「君若綏之以德，加之以訓辭，而帥諸侯以討鄭，鄭將覆亡之不暇，豈敢不懼？若摠其罪人以臨之，鄭有辭矣，何懼且夫合諸侯，以崇德也。會而列姦，何以示後嗣夫諸侯之會，其德刑禮義，無國不記。記姦之位，君盟替矣。作而不記，非盛德也。君其勿許，鄭必受盟。夫子華既為大子，而求介於大國，以弱其國，亦必不免。鄭有叔詹、堵叔、師叔三良為政，未可間也。」齊侯辭焉。子華由是得罪於鄭。 |
| | Autumn: The alliance at Ningguan was arranged to plan against Zheng. Guan Zhong said to Duke Qi: "I have heard that: one should attract the disunited through ritual, and win over distant states through virtue. Virtue and ritual being unchanging, no one remains unmoved." Duke Qi observed proper rites toward the feudal lords, who in turn officially presented tribute goods. Duke Zheng sent his crown prince Hua to receive orders at the conference, and said to Duke Qi: "The three clans of Xie Shi, Kong Shi, and Ziren Shi are actually violating your lordship's commands. If you remove them to achieve an agreement, I will regard Zheng as your vassal state; this would be of no disadvantage to you either." Duke Qi was about to agree. Guan Zhong said: "Your lordship has bound the feudal lords with rites and trust, yet now you intend to end it with treachery. Would this not be unacceptable? "To refrain from deceit between father and son is called ritual; to uphold commands and fulfill one's duties in due time is called trust. To violate these two principles, there could be no greater treachery." The Duke said: "The feudal lords have launched a campaign against Zheng, but it has not yet succeeded. Now if there is an opportunity, should we not take advantage of it? Would that not be acceptable?" He replied: "If your lordship pacifies them with virtue, adds admonitory words, and leads the feudal lords to punish Zheng, Zheng will be too preoccupied with impending destruction to resist; how could they dare not fear?" "If you merely confront them with their criminals, Zheng will have grounds for defense; what is there to fear? Moreover, uniting the feudal lords is meant to promote virtue. To assemble and list criminals at a conference, how can this serve as an example for future generations? The rites, virtue, punishments, and justice of feudal conferences are recorded by every state. To record the position of criminals, your lordship's alliance will be undermined." "To act but not to record it is not a great virtue." Your lordship should not agree; Zheng will certainly accept the alliance. Prince Hua, having already been designated as crown prince, yet seeking support from a great state to weaken his own country, will surely not escape blame. "Zheng has three virtuous officials—Shu Zhan, Du Shu, and Shi Shu—who hold power; it is not yet possible to undermine them." Duke Qi declined. Because of this, Prince Hua incurred the displeasure of Zheng.
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冬，鄭伯使請盟于齊。 |
| | Winter: Duke Zheng sent envoys to request an alliance with Qi.
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閏月，惠王崩。襄王惡大叔帶之難，懼不立，不發表，而告難于齊。 |
| | In the intercalary month, King Hui died. King Xiang was afraid of the troubles caused by his uncle Dashi Dai and feared he would not be enthroned; thus, he did not make a public announcement but sent word to Qi about the difficulties.
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| | 僖公八年: |
八年，春，王正月。公會王人，齊侯，宋公，衛侯，許男，曹伯，陳世子款，盟于洮，鄭伯乞盟。 |
| | The eighth year, spring, the first month of the king. The Duke met with Wang Ren, Marquis Qi, Duke Song, Marquis Wei, Master Xu, Duke Cao, Crown Prince Teng Kuan, and they formed an alliance at Tao. Lord Zheng requested to join the alliance.
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夏，狄伐晉。 |
| | In summer, the Di people attacked Jin.
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秋，七月，禘于大廟，用致夫人。 |
| | In autumn, on the seventh month, a di sacrifice was held at the Great Temple to honor Lady Fu Ren.
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冬，十有二月，丁未，天王崩。 |
| | In winter, on the Dingwei day of the twelfth month, Emperor Tian passed away.
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| | 僖公八年: |
八年，春，盟于洮，謀王室也。鄭伯乞盟，請服也。襄王定位而後發喪。 |
| | The eighth year, spring: an alliance was formed at Tao; this was to plan for the royal court. Lord Zheng requested to join the alliance, seeking submission. After King Xiang was properly enthroned, mourning rites were announced.
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晉里克帥師，梁由靡御，虢射為右，以敗狄于采桑。梁由靡晰，狄無恥，從之，必大克。」里克曰：「懼之而已，無速眾狄。」虢射曰：「期年狄必至，示之弱矣。」 |
| | Jin Li Ke led the army, with Liang Youmi as charioteer and Guo She as right-hand officer, defeating the Di people at Caisang. "Liang Youmi is clear-minded; the Di have no sense of shame. Follow him, and we will surely achieve a great victory." Li Ke said: "We should only be cautious; do not quickly provoke the many Di tribes." Guo She said: "In a year, the Di will surely come again. We have shown them weakness."
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夏，狄伐晉，報采桑之役也。復期月。 |
| | In summer, the Di attacked Jin; this was in retaliation for the battle at Caisang. They repeated it after a month's time.
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秋，禘而致哀姜焉，非禮也。凡夫人不薨于寢，不殯于廟不赴于同，不祔于姑，則弗致也。 |
| | In autumn, the di sacrifice was conducted with Lady Ai Jiang honored; this was not in accordance with ritual propriety. Generally, if a lady consort does not die in the sleeping chamber, is not buried at the temple, her death is not announced to relatives, and she is not enshrined with her mother-in-law, then she should not be honored.
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冬，王人來告喪。難故也，是以緩。 |
| | In winter, Wang Ren came to announce the mourning rites. It was due to difficulties, hence it was delayed.
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宋公疾，大子茲父固請曰：「目夷長且仁，君其立之。」公命子魚。子魚辭曰：「能以國讓，仁孰大焉臣不及也，且又不順。」遂走而退。 |
| | Duke Song fell ill; Crown Prince Zifu firmly requested: "Mu Yi is older and kind. Please, my lord, you should appoint him as heir." The duke appointed Zi Yu. Zi Yu declined, saying: "To be able to give up the state in favor of another—what greater virtue is there than this? I am not as virtuous as he. Moreover, it would also be improper." He then hurriedly withdrew.
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| | 僖公九年: |
九年，春，王三月，丁丑，宋公御說卒。 |
| | In the ninth year [of the reign period], spring, the third month of the king's calendar, on the Dingchou day, Song Gong Yu Shuo died.
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夏，公會宰周公、齊侯、宋子、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯于葵丘。 |
| | In summer, the ruler of Song met with Zai Zhou Gong, Qi Hou, Song Zi, Wei Hou, Zheng Bo, Xu Nan, and Cao Bo at Kuichiu.
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秋，七月，乙酉，伯姬卒。 |
| | In autumn, the seventh month, on the Yiyou day, Bo Ji died.
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九月，戊辰，諸侯盟于葵丘。 |
| | In the ninth month, on the Wuchen day, the feudal lords concluded an alliance at Kuichiu.
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甲子，晉侯佹諸卒。 |
| | On the Jiashi day, Jin Hou Geizhu died.
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冬，晉里奚克殺其君之子奚齊。 |
| | In winter, Li Xi of Jin killed his ruler's son Xi Qi.
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| | 僖公九年: |
九年，春，宋桓公卒。未葬而襄公會諸侯，故曰子。」凡在喪，王曰小童，公侯曰子。 |
| | In the ninth year [of this period], spring, Song Huan Gong died. He had not yet been buried when Xiang Gong of Song met with the feudal lords; therefore he is referred to as "zi." Whenever a ruler is in mourning, for a king it is said "Xiaotong," and for a marquis or lord it is said "zi."
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夏，會于葵丘。尋盟，且脩好，禮也。 |
| | In summer, they met at Kuichiu. To renew the alliance and cultivate good relations is in accordance with ritual propriety.
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王使宰孔賜齊侯胙，曰，天子有事于文武，使孔賜伯舅胙。」齊侯將下拜。孔曰：「且有後命。天子使孔曰：『以伯舅耋老，加勞，賜一級，無下拜！』」對曰，天威不違顏咫尺，小白余敢貪天子之命無下拜！恐隕越于下，以遺天子羞。敢不下拜！」下拜，登受。 |
| | The king sent Zai Kong to bestow sacrificial meat upon Qi Hou, saying: "The Son of Heaven has made offerings to Wen and Wu; I have therefore sent Kong to present sacrificial meat to my elder maternal uncle." Qi Hou was about to descend from his chariot to perform the kowtow. Kong said: "There is also a later command." "The Son of Heaven instructed Kong: 'Because my elder maternal uncle is old and venerable, he receives an additional honor; grant him one rank higher, and he need not descend from his chariot to bow!'" He replied: "The majesty of Heaven is but a hand's breadth away; how dare Xiao Bai refuse the command of the Son of Heaven and not descend to bow?" "I fear I would fall into disgrace, bringing shame upon the Son of Heaven." "How dare I not descend and bow!" He descended from his chariot, performed the kowtow, and then ascended to receive the gift.
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秋，齊侯盟諸侯于葵丘，曰：「凡我同盟之人，既盟之後，言歸于好。」宰孔先歸，遇晉侯，曰：「可無會也。齊侯不務德而勤遠略，故北伐山戎，南伐楚，西為此會也。東略之不知，西則否矣。其在亂乎。君務靖亂，無勤於行！」晉侯乃還。 |
| | In autumn, Qi Hou concluded an alliance with the feudal lords at Kuichiu, saying: "All of you who are my allies, after this oath has been made, let us return to harmony." Zai Kong returned first and met with Jin Hou, saying: "It is unnecessary for you to attend the meeting." "Qi Hou does not focus on virtue but instead pursues distant military campaigns; therefore, he launched northern expeditions against the Shan Rong, southern campaigns against Chu, and arranged this western meeting." "If one does not know about his eastern campaigns, how much less would they know about the west!" It will lead to disorder. "Your lordship should focus on pacifying disorder, and not trouble yourself with attending this meeting!" Jin Hou then returned.
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九月，晉獻公卒。里克、㔻鄭欲納文公，故以三公子之徒作亂。初，獻公使荀息傅奚齊。公疾，召之曰，以是藐諸孤，辱在大夫，其若之何？」稽首而對曰：「臣竭其股肱之力，加之以忠貞。其濟，君之靈也，不濟，則以死繼之，公曰：「何謂忠貞？」對曰，公家之利，知無不為，忠也。送往事居，耦俱無猜，貞也。及里克將殺奚齊，先告荀息曰，三怨將作，秦、晉輔之，子將何如？」荀息曰：「將死之。」里克曰：「無益也」。荀叔曰：「吾與先君言矣，不可以貳。能欲復言而愛身乎？雖無益也。 |
| | In the ninth month, Jin Xian Gong died. Li Ke and Ku Zheng wanted to install Wen Gong as ruler; therefore, they incited a rebellion with the followers of three crown princes. Initially, Xian Gong appointed Xun Xi as tutor to Xi Qi. When the ruler fell ill, he summoned him and said: "Because of this young orphan, you have been burdened with a position among the high officials; what should be done about it?" He kowtowed and replied: "I, your servant, will exert all the strength of my limbs and add to it loyalty and integrity. If he succeeds, it will be due to your lordship's divine power; if not, I shall follow with death." The ruler said: "What do you mean by loyalty and integrity?" He replied: "To know of what is beneficial to the state and act upon it without hesitation—this is loyalty. "To serve those who have passed away as well as those currently in power, with no suspicion between them—this is integrity." When Li Ke was about to kill Xi Qi, he first informed Xun Xi, saying: "Three grievances are about to arise; Qin and Jin will support them. What do you intend to do?" Xun Xi said: "I shall die for him." Li Ke said: "It will be of no benefit." Xun Shi said: "I have already made a promise to our late lord; I cannot waver. "Can one wish to retract his words and yet cherish life?" Even if it is of no benefit.
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將焉辟之，且人之欲善，誰不如我我欲無貳，而能謂人已乎？ |
| | Where else could I flee from this? Moreover, when people desire goodness, who is not like me? If I myself wish to remain loyal without wavering, how can I then accuse others of disloyalty?"
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冬，十月，里克殺奚齊于次。書曰『殺其君之子』，未葬也。」荀息將死之，人曰：「不如立卓子而輔之。」荀息立公子卓以葬。十一月，里克殺公子卓于朝。荀息死之。君子曰，詩所謂白圭之玷，尚可磨也，斯言之玷，不可為也。荀息有焉。」 |
| | In winter, the tenth month, Li Ke killed Xi Qi in his quarters. The Records state "killed the son of his ruler," because he had not yet been buried. Xun Xi was about to die for him, but someone said: "It would be better to install Zhuo Zi and support him." Xun Xi installed Gongzi Zhuo in order to conduct the burial rites. In the eleventh month, Li Ke killed Gongzi Zhuo at court. Xun Xi died for it. The gentlemen said: "As the Odes say, 'A blemish on a white jade disk can still be ground away,' but a blemish in one's words—this cannot be undone. Xun Xi had such an example."
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齊侯以諸侯之師伐晉，及高梁而還，討晉亂也。令不及魯，故不書。 |
| | Qi Hou led the armies of the feudal lords to attack Jin, but upon reaching Gaoliang he returned; this was to punish the disorder in Jin. The order did not reach Lu, hence it is not recorded.
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晉郤芮使夷吾重賂秦以求入，曰：「人實有國，我何愛焉入而能民，土於何有？」從之，齊隰朋帥師會秦師，納晉惠公。秦伯謂郤芮曰：「公子誰恃？」對曰：「臣聞亡人無黨，有黨必有讎。夷吾弱不好弄，能鬥不過，長亦不改，不識其他。」公謂公孫枝曰：「夷吾其定乎？」對曰：「臣聞之，唯則定國。《詩》曰：『不識不知，順帝之則。』文王之謂也。又曰，不僭不賊，鮮不為則，無好無惡，不忌不克之謂也。今其言多忌克，難哉，公曰：「忌則多怨，又焉能克是吾利也。」 |
| | Jin Xi Rui sent Yi Wu to offer heavy bribes to Qin in order to request entry, saying: "If a man truly has a state, what is there for me to be fond of? If I enter and gain the people's support, where would the land not belong to me?" They followed this plan. Qi Xi Peng led an army to join the Qin forces and helped install Jin Hui Gong as ruler. Qin Bo said to Xi Rui: "On whom does this prince rely?" He replied: "I have heard that exiles have no allies; if they do, there must be enemies. "Yi Wu was weak as a child and did not like to play; he could fight but never won, and even when grown he did not change—this is all I know about him." The ruler asked Gong Sun Zhi: "Will Yi Wu be able to stabilize the situation?" He replied: "I have heard that only by following proper conduct can a state be stabilized. "The Odes say: 'Not knowing, not understanding, yet following the will of Heaven's rules.'" "This refers to King Wen." It also says, "Without excess and without harm, few fail to follow this rule; not favoring or disfavoring anything—this is what it means by 'not being jealous or overreaching.'" "Now his words are full of jealousy and self-restraint; it will be difficult. The ruler said: "Jealousy breeds resentment, and how can one overcome such things? This is to my advantage."
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宋襄公即位，以公子目夷為仁，使為左師以聽政，於是宋治。故魚氏世為左師。 |
| | Song Xiang Gong ascended the throne and, considering Gongzi Mu Yi as virtuous, appointed him as Left Minister to oversee governance; thus, Song was well governed. Therefore, the Yu family held the position of Left Minister for generations.
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| | 僖公十年: |
十年，春，王正月，公如齊。 |
| | In the tenth year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king's calendar, the Gong went to Qi.
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狄滅溫，溫子奔衛。 |
| | The Di destroyed Wen, and the ruler of Wen fled to Wei.
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晉里克弒其君卓及其大夫荀息。 |
| | Li Ke of Jin assassinated his ruler Zhuo and the high official Xun Xi.
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夏，齊侯、許男伐北戎。 |
| | In summer, Duke Qi and Marquis Xu attacked the Beirong.
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晉殺其大夫里克。 |
| | Jin killed its high official Li Ke.
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秋，七月。 |
| | Autumn, seventh month.
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冬，大雨雪。 |
| | Winter, there was a heavy snowfall.
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| | 僖公十年: |
十年，春，「狄滅溫」，蘇子無信也。蘇子叛王即狄，又不能於狄，狄人伐之，王不救，故滅，蘇子奔衛」。 |
| | In the tenth year, spring, "The Di destroyed Wen"—this is because Su Zi lacked trustworthiness. "Su Zi rebelled against the king and joined the Di, but could not gain their trust. The Di attacked him, and the king did not come to his rescue, so he was destroyed. Su Zi fled to Wei."
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夏，四月，周公忌父、王子黨會齊隰朋立晉侯。晉侯殺里克以說。將殺里克，公使謂之曰：「微子，則不及此。雖然，子弒二君與一大夫，為子君者，不亦難乎？」對曰：「不有廢也，君何以興欲加之罪，其無辭乎臣聞命矣。」伏劍而死。於是平鄭聘于秦，且謝緩賂，故不及。 |
| | In summer, fourth month, Gong Jifu of Zhou and Prince Dang of the royal house met with Xi Peng of Qi to install the ruler of Jin. The ruler of Jin killed Li Ke in order to pacify [the situation]. Before killing Li Ke, the ruler sent someone to tell him: "Without you, I would not have reached this position. "Nevertheless, you have assassinated two rulers and a high official; for the one who is to be your ruler, would it not also be difficult?" Li Ke replied: "If there were no removals, how could the ruler rise? To falsely accuse someone of a crime, is there any justification left? I have heard your command." He fell upon his sword and died. At that time, Ping Zheng was on a mission to Qin and also apologizing for the delay in tribute, so he did not arrive in time.
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晉侯改葬共大子。秋狐突適下國，遇大子，大子使登僕，而告之曰：「夷吾無禮，余得請於帝矣，將以晉畀秦，秦將祀余，對曰：「臣聞之：『神不歆非類，民不祀非族。』君祀無乃殄乎且民何罪失刑、乏祀，君其圖之！」君曰，諾，吾將復請。七日，新城西偏，將有巫者而見我焉。」許之，遂不見。及期而往，告之曰：「帝許我罰有罪矣，敝於韓。」平鄭之如秦也，言於秦伯曰，呂甥，郤稱，冀芮，實為不從，若重問以召之，臣出晉君，君納重耳，蔑不濟矣。」 |
| | The ruler of Jin reburied Crown Prince Gong. In autumn, Hu Tu was traveling to a lower state when he encountered the crown prince. The crown prince made him mount the chariot and told him: "Yiwu is disrespectful. I have obtained permission from Heaven; I will give Jin to Qin, and Qin will offer sacrifices to me." Hu Tu replied: "I have heard that 'gods do not favor those of a different kind, and people do not worship those outside their clan.'" "If you offer sacrifices to them, would that not be a desecration? Moreover, what crime have the people committed? To lose punishment and neglect sacrifice—please consider this carefully!" The crown prince said: "Yes, I will request again." "Seven days later, at the western outskirts of Xincheng, there will be a shaman who will see me there." Hu Tu agreed, and then he did not appear. When the time came, Hu Tu went there and told them: "Heaven has permitted me to punish those who are guilty. I will be stationed at Han." When Ping Zheng went to Qin, he told Duke Qin: "Lü Sheng, Xi Chencheng, Ji Rui—these are the ones who have not obeyed. If you send a strong summons for them, I will bring out our ruler of Jin, and you accept Chonger; there is no way this plan can fail."
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冬，秦伯使泠至報、問，且召三子。郤芮曰：「幣重而言甘，誘我也」。遂殺平鄭，祁舉，及七輿大夫，左行共華，右行賈華，叔堅，騅歂，纍虎，特宮，山祁，皆里平之黨也平豹奔秦，言於秦伯曰：「晉侯背大主而忌小怨，民弗與也。伐之，必出。」公曰：「失眾，焉能殺違禍，誰能出君？」 |
| | In winter, Duke Qin sent Ling Zhi to deliver a reply, inquire about the situation, and summon the three men. Xi Rui said: "The gifts are generous and the words are sweet; this is an enticement." So they killed Ping Zheng, Qi Ju, and seven other high officials: Zuo Xing Gonghua, You Xing Jia Hua, Shu Jian, Zhuang Chuan, Lei Hu, Te Gong, Shan Qi; all were partisans of Li Ping. Ping Bao fled to Qin and told Duke Qin: "The ruler of Jin has betrayed the great overlord and is resentful about minor grievances; the people do not support him." "If we attack, he will surely flee." The ruler said: "If one loses the people's support, how can they kill those who cause trouble? Who could possibly expel a ruler?"
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| | 僖公十三... : |
十有三年，春，狄侵衛。 |
| | In the thirteenth year [of his reign], spring, the Di invaded Wei.
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夏，四月，葬陳宣公。 |
| | In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Xuan of Chen was buried.
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公會齊侯，宋公，陳侯，衛侯，鄭伯，許男，曹伯，于鹹。 |
| | The duke met with Duke Hui of Qi, Duke Kuang of Song, Duke Wu of Chen, Duke Jianzi of Wei, Lord Xian of Zheng, Marquis Shu of Xu, and Duke Kang of Cao at Xian.
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秋，九月，大雩。 |
| | In autumn, in the ninth month, a great rain rite was held.
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冬，公子友如齊。 |
| | In winter, Gongzi You went to Qi.
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| | 僖公十三... : |
十三年，春，齊侯使仲孫湫聘于周，且言王子帶，事畢，不與王言。歸復命曰：「未可。王怒未怠，其十年乎不十年，王弗召也。」 |
| | In the thirteenth year, spring, Duke Hui of Qi sent Zhongsun Qiu to pay a courtesy visit to the Zhou court and also mentioned Prince Dai. After completing his mission, he did not speak with the king. Upon returning, he reported: "It is not yet possible." "The king's anger has not abated. Whether it be ten years or not quite ten years, the king will not summon him."
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夏，會于鹹，淮夷病杞故，且謀王室也。 |
| | In summer, they met at Xian; this was because the Huai Yi were causing trouble for Qi, and also to plan for the Zhou royal house.
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秋，為戎難故，諸侯戍周。齊仲孫湫致之。 |
| | In autumn, due to difficulties caused by the Rong tribes, the feudal lords stationed troops at the Zhou capital. Zhongsun Qiu of Qi led the troops there.
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冬，晉荐饑，使乞糴于秦。秦伯謂子桑：「與諸乎？」對曰，重施而報，君將何求，重施而不報，其民必攜，攜而討焉，無眾，必敗。」謂百里：「與諸乎？」對曰：「天災流行，國家代有。救災恤鄰，道也。行道有福。」平鄭之子豹在秦，請伐晉。秦伯曰：「其君是惡，其民何罪？」秦於是乎輸粟于晉，自雍及絳。相繼，命之曰「汎舟之役。」 |
| | In winter, Jin suffered from a recurring famine and sent envoys to request grain purchases from Qin. Duke Mu of Qin asked Zisang: "Shall we give it to the feudal lords?" Zisang replied: "To bestow heavily and receive a reward, what else could the lord seek? To bestow heavily without receiving a reward will surely cause the people to become disaffected. If they are disaffected and we attack them, lacking support from the populace, we shall certainly fail." He asked Baili: "Shall we give it to them?" Baili replied: "Natural disasters are widespread, and such calamities have occurred in every generation. "To assist in disaster relief and show concern for neighboring states is the right course of action." "Following this path brings blessings." Ping Zheng's son Bao was in Qin and requested an attack on Jin. Duke Mu of Qin said: "Their ruler is the one who is wicked; what crime have their people committed?" Qin therefore sent grain to Jin, from Yong to Jiang. One after another, they were ordered; this was called the "Fan Zhou Campaign."
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| | 僖公十五... : |
十有五年，春，王正月，公如齊。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, spring, the first month of the reign of King [Wang], the Gong went to Qi.
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楚人伐徐。 |
| | The people of Chu attacked Xu.
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三月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯，盟于牡丘。遂次于匡，公孫敖帥師及諸侯之大夫救徐。 |
| | In the third month, the Gong met with Duke Qi, Duke Song, Duke Chen, Duke Wei, Bo Zheng, Nan Xu, and Bo Cao, and they formed an alliance at Muqiu. They then encamped at Kuang, and Gongsun Ao led the troops along with the ministers of the feudal lords to rescue Xu.
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夏，五月，日有食之。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, there was a solar eclipse.
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秋七月，齊師、曹師伐厲。八月，螽。 |
| | In the seventh month of autumn, the army of Qi and the army of Cao attacked Li. In August, locusts swarmed.
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九月，公至自會。 |
| | In the ninth month, the Gong returned from the assembly.
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季姬歸于鄫。 |
| | Ji Ji was married to Zeng.
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己卯，晦，震夷伯之廟。 |
| | On the Jimao day, on the last day of the month, an earthquake shook the temple of Yibo.
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冬，宋人伐曹。楚人敗徐于婁林。 |
| | In winter, the people of Song attacked Cao. The people of Chu defeated Xu at Lulin.
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十有一月，壬戌，晉侯及秦伯戰于韓，獲晉侯。 |
| | In the eleventh month, on the Rixin day, Duke Jin and Bo Qin fought a battle at Han, and Bo Qin captured Duke Jin.
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| | 僖公十五... : |
十五年，春，「楚人伐徐」，徐即諸夏故也。「三月，盟于牡丘」，尋葵丘之盟，且救徐也。孟穆伯帥師，及諸侯之師救徐，諸侯次于匡以待之。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, in spring, "The people of Chu attacked Xu," because Xu was a vassal state of Zhuxia. "In the third month, they formed an alliance at Muqiu," this was to follow up on the previous alliance at Kuichiu and also to rescue Xu. Marquis Mubu led troops, along with the armies of the feudal lords, to rescue Xu; the feudal lords encamped at Kuang in anticipation.
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夏，五月，日有食之。不書朔與日，官失之也。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, a solar eclipse occurred. The first day of the month and the specific date were not recorded; this was due to an error by the officials.
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秋，伐厲，以救徐也。 |
| | In autumn, they attacked Li in order to rescue Xu.
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晉侯之入也，秦穆姬屬賈君焉，且曰：「盡納群公子。」晉侯烝於賈君，又不納群公子，是以穆姬怨之。晉侯許賂中大夫，既而皆背之。賂秦伯以河外列城五，東盡虢略，南及華山，內及解梁城，既而不與。晉饑，秦輸之粟，秦饑，晉閉之糴，故秦伯伐晉。卜徒父筮之，吉。涉河，侯車敗。詰之，對曰：「乃大吉也，三敗必獲晉君。其卦遇蠱。曰：『千乘三去，三去之餘，獲其雄狐。』夫狐蠱，必其君也。蠱之貞，風也，其悔，山也，歲云秋矣，我落其實而取其材，所以克也。實落材亡，不敗何待？」三敗，及韓。晉侯謂慶鄭曰：「寇深矣，若之何？」對曰：「君實深之，可若何！」公曰：「不孫。」卜右，慶鄭吉。弗使，步揚御戎，家僕徒為右，乘小駟，鄭入也。慶鄭曰：「古者大事，必乘其產，生其水土而知其人心，安其教訓而服習其道，唯所納之，無不如志。今乘異產以從戎事，及懼而變，將與人易。亂氣狡憤，陰血周作，張脈僨興，外彊中乾。進退不可，周旋不能，君必悔之。」弗聽，九月，晉侯逆秦師，使韓簡視師，復曰：「師少於我，鬥士倍我。」公曰：「何故？」對曰，出因其資，入用其寵。饑食其粟，三施而無報，是以來也，今又擊之，我怠秦奮，倍猶未也。」公曰：「一夫不可狃，況國乎！」遂使請戰，曰，寡人不佞，不能合其眾，而不能離也，君若不還，無所逃命。」秦伯使公孫枝對曰：「君之未入，寡人懼之，入而未定列，猶吾憂也。苟列定矣，敢不承命。韓簡退，曰：「吾幸而得囚。」壬戌，戰于韓原，晉戎馬還濘而止。公號慶鄭。慶鄭曰，愎諫違卜，固敗是求，又何逃焉？」遂去之，梁由靡御韓簡，虢射為右，輅秦伯，將止之。鄭以救公誤之，遂失秦伯。秦獲晉侯以歸。晉大夫反首拔舍從之。秦伯使辭焉，曰，二三子何其慼也，寡人之從君而西也，亦晉之妖夢是踐，豈敢以至？」晉大夫三拜稽首，曰：「君履后土而戴皇天，皇天后土實聞君之言，群臣敢在下風。」穆姬聞晉侯將至，以大子罃、弘與女簡、璧登臺而履薪焉。使以免服衰絰逆，且告曰：「上天降災，使我兩君匪以玉帛相見，而以興戎。若晉君朝以入，則婢子夕以死，夕以入，則朝以死，唯君裁之。」乃舍諸靈臺。大夫請以入。公曰：「獲晉侯，以厚歸也。既而喪歸，焉用之大夫其何有焉？且晉人慼憂以重我，天地以要我。不圖晉憂，重其怒也，我食吾言，背天地也，重怒難任，背天不祥，必歸晉君。」公子縶曰：「不如殺之，無聚慝焉。」子桑曰：「歸之而質其大子，必得大成。晉未可滅而殺其君，祇以成惡。且史佚有言曰，無始禍，無怙亂，無重怒，重怒難任，陵人不祥。」乃許晉平。晉侯使郤乞告瑕呂飴甥，且召之。子金教之言曰，朝國人而以君命賞，且告之曰：『孤雖歸，辱社稷矣。其卜貳圉也。』」眾皆哭，晉於是乎作爰田。呂甥曰：「君亡之不恤，而群臣是憂，惠之至也。將若君何？」眾曰：「何為而可？」對曰，征繕以輔孺子，諸侯聞之，喪君有君，群臣輯睦，甲兵益多，好我者勸，惡我者懼，庶有益乎！」眾說，晉於是乎作州兵。初晉獻公筮嫁伯姬於秦，遇歸妹之睽，史蘇占之曰：「不吉。其繇曰：『士刲羊，亦無衁也。女承筐，亦無貺也。西鄰責言，不可償也。歸妹之睽，猶無相也。』震之離，亦離之震，為雷為火，為嬴敗姬，車說其輹，火焚其旗，不利行師，敗于宗丘。歸妹睽孤，寇張之弧，姪其從姑，六年其逋，逃歸其國，而棄其家，明年，其死於高梁之虛，及惠公在秦，曰：「先君若從史蘇之占，吾不及此夫。」韓簡侍曰，龜，象也，筮，數也，物生而後有象，象而後有滋，滋而後有數。先君之敗德及，可數乎史蘇是占，勿從何益？詩曰，下民之孽，匪降自天，僔沓背憎，職競由人。 |
| | When Duke Jin entered [the state], Qin Muji recommended Jia Jun, and also said: "All the princes should be fully admitted." Duke Jin had an improper relationship with Jia Jun, and did not admit all the princes, so Muji resented him. Duke Jin made promises of gifts to the intermediate-ranking officials, yet afterwards he violated them all. He promised Duke Qin five walled cities outside the Yellow River, extending east to Guolue, south to Huashan, and as far inland as Jiliang Cheng; yet afterwards he did not give them. When Jin suffered a famine, Qin sent grain to help; but when Qin experienced a famine, Jin closed its borders and refused to sell grain, so Duke Qin attacked Jin. Botu Fu cast yarrow stalks for divination, and the result was auspicious. They crossed the river, but the Duke's chariot broke down. When questioned about it, he replied: "This is actually a great omen; after three defeats, the Duke of Jin will surely be captured. The hexagram drawn was Gǔ (Possession by Pests). It said: "A thousand chariots depart three times; after the remainder of these three departures, one will capture the male fox." The fox in Gǔ must refer to their ruler. The trigram for the 贞 (zhēn) aspect of Gǔ is Feng, and that for the 悔 (huǐ) aspect is Shan. The year has reached autumn; we fell its fruit and take its timber—this is why we will prevail. "When the fruit falls and the timber is gone, what need is there to wait for defeat?" After three defeats, they reached Han. Duke Jin said to Qing Zheng: "The enemy has penetrated deeply; what should we do about it?" Qing Zheng replied: "It was indeed the ruler who led them deep in, so how can that be changed!" The Duke said: "You are disrespectful." When divining for a charioteer, Qing Zheng was auspicious. He did not appoint him; Bu Yang drove the war chariot, and Jiapu Tu served as the right-hand man. They rode a small team of four horses—this was when Zheng entered [the battle]. Qing Zheng said: "In ancient times, for major undertakings, one must ride the native horses. Born of its land and water, they understand the people's hearts; at ease with their teachings and accustomed to their ways, wherever they are placed, nothing will go against one's wishes." "Now we ride foreign-bred horses for military affairs; when fear arises and they change their behavior, the horses will be difficult to control." "Confused breaths and sly anger arise; dark blood circulates in turmoil. The veins swell, the sinews fail to respond, strength is on the outside while dryness lies within." "They cannot advance or retreat properly, nor can they maneuver effectively. The ruler will surely regret this." He did not listen. In the ninth month, Duke Jin confronted the army of Qin and sent Han Jian to inspect their forces. He returned and said: "Their troops are fewer than ours, but their fighting men are twice as many." The Duke asked: "Why is that?" He replied: "When they go out, they rely on their resources; when they enter battle, they are driven by favor and honor." "In times of famine, we gave them our grain; they received three favors without giving anything in return, so they have come here. Now if we attack them again, we will be weary while Qin is spirited—twice as many still would not be enough." The Duke said: "Even one man cannot be relied upon to change, how much less an entire state!" So he sent a request for battle, saying: "I am not eloquent enough to unite their people, nor can I divide them. If you do not return, there will be nowhere for me to escape my fate." Duke Qin sent Gongsun Zhi to reply, saying: "Before your arrival in the state, I feared for you; now that you have arrived but not yet established order, it is still my concern. "If you have already established order, how dare I refuse your command?" Han Jian withdrew and said: "I am fortunate to be captured." lık On the Rixin day, a battle was fought at Hanyuan. The Jin chariots and horses turned back due to the mud and stopped. The Duke called out for Qing Zheng. Qing Zheng said: "Defying advice and ignoring divination, you were seeking defeat; what more is there to escape?" So he left. Liang Youmi drove Han Jian's chariot, Guo She served as the right-hand man, and they blocked Duke Qin in an attempt to stop him. Zheng mistakenly rescued the Duke instead, thus losing track of Duke Qin. Qin captured Duke Jin and brought him back. The ministers of Jin cut off their hair, removed their caps, and abandoned their dwellings to follow [the Duke]. Duke Qin sent a message to them, saying: "Why are you gentlemen so distressed? My following your ruler westward was merely fulfilling the ill omen of Jin; how could I dare bring it about?" The ministers of Jin bowed three times and kowtowed, saying: "Your Majesty walks upon the Earth and is crowned by Heaven. Heaven and Earth truly hear your words; we, your subjects, dare to remain in your shadow." Muji heard that Duke Jin was about to arrive and, with Crown Prince Ying, Hong, and her daughters Jian and Bi, climbed onto a platform and stood on firewood. She had them wear plain mourning clothes with cords and go out to meet him, and she also said: "Heaven has sent calamity, causing our two rulers not to meet in peace through jade and silk, but instead through war. "If the Duke of Jin enters in the morning, then this servant will die at night; if he enters at night, I shall die in the morning. It is entirely up to Your Majesty's decision." So they released him at Lingtai. The ministers requested to bring [the Duke] in. The Duke said: "Capturing the Duke of Jin is a great achievement for our return." But afterwards, we returned in mourning; what use would there be for that? What do the ministers have to do with it?" Moreover, the people of Jin are grieving and burdening us; Heaven and Earth are holding me accountable. "To ignore the distress of Jin is to provoke their anger further. To act contrary to my words would be a betrayal of Heaven and Earth. Provoking greater wrath is difficult to bear, and betraying Heaven brings ill omen. We must return Duke Jin." Gongzi Zhi said: "It would be better to kill him, so as not to gather up evil forces here." Zi Sang said: "Return him and take his crown prince as a hostage; we will surely achieve great success. "Jin is not yet to be destroyed, and killing their ruler would only serve to complete our wickedness." Moreover, Shi Yi once said: "Do not begin a calamity; do not rely on chaos; do not provoke great anger. Great anger is hard to bear, and oppressing others brings ill omen." Thus they agreed to peace with Jin. Duke Jin sent Xi Qi to inform Xia Lü Yi Sheng and also summoned him. Zi Jin instructed his words, saying: "Address the people in the morning and bestow rewards according to the ruler's command. Also tell them: 'Although I have returned, our state has been disgraced.'" "It is for divining a second charioteer." Everyone wept, and at this time Jin instituted the system of Yuan Tian. Lü Sheng said: "The ruler is not concerned about his own exile, but worries over the ministers; this is the utmost kindness. "What shall we do with our lord?" The crowd asked: "What can be done that would be acceptable?" He replied: "We should prepare and assist the young ruler. If the feudal lords hear of this, they will see that although we have lost a ruler, we now have one; our ministers are united, our military forces grow stronger, those who favor us will be encouraged, and those who oppose us will fear. Perhaps it would be beneficial!" The people were pleased; at this time, Jin instituted the system of Zhou Bing (military units by region). Initially, when Duke Xian of Jin cast yarrow stalks to divinate the marriage of Bo Ji to Qin, he received the hexagram Gui Mei transforming into Kui. The historian Su interpreted it and said: "It is not auspicious." The omen said: "A man slaughters a sheep, yet there is no bloodshed. "A woman carries a basket, yet receives nothing as a gift." "Words of blame from the western neighbor cannot be repaid." "The transformation from Gui Mei to Kui is like having no match at all." The transformation from Zhen to Li, or from Li to Zhen, represents thunder and fire. It signifies the victory of Ying over Ji; the chariots' axles fall apart, their banners are burned by fire—it is disadvantageous for military campaigns, resulting in a defeat at Zongqiu. "Gui Mei and Kui, the orphaned daughter; enemies draw their bows. The niece follows her aunt, for six years she flees in exile, escaping back to her homeland while abandoning her family. Next year, she will die at Gaoliang's ruins." When Duke Hui was in Qin, he said: "If my late father had followed Shi Su's interpretation of the divination, I would not have reached this point!" Han Jian served and said: "Tortoise shells represent images; yarrow stalks represent numbers. Things come into being before there are images, images give rise to forms, and only after that do numbers emerge. "The failure of virtue by our late ruler was already evident—can it be counted? Shi Su's interpretation is correct; why not follow it, what benefit would there be in ignoring it?" The Book of Songs says: "The calamity of the people below does not descend from Heaven; mutual hatred and betrayal arise solely from human actions."
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「震夷伯之廟」，罪之也。於是展氏有隱慝焉。 |
| | "The earthquake shook Yibo's temple"—this was a punishment for his sins. At this time, the Zhan clan harbored hidden evils.
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「冬，宋人伐曹」，討舊怨也。 |
| | "In winter, 'the people of Song attacked Cao'—this was to punish old grievances."
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楚敗徐于婁林，徐恃救也。 |
| | Chu defeated Xu at Lulin because Xu relied on rescue.
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十月，晉陰飴甥會秦伯，盟于王城。秦伯曰：「晉國和乎？」對曰：「不和。小人恥失其君，而悼喪其親，不憚征繕以立圉也，曰：『必報讎，寧事戎狄。』君子愛其君而知其罪，不憚征繕以待秦命，曰：『必報德，有死無二。』以此不和。」秦伯曰：「國謂君何？」對曰，小人慼，謂之不免，君子恕，以為必歸。小人曰：『我毒秦，秦豈歸君？』君子曰：『我知罪矣，秦必歸君。貳而執之，服而舍之，德莫厚焉，刑莫威焉服者懷德，貳者畏刑。此一役也，秦可以霸。納而不定，廢而不立，以德為怨，秦不其然。』」秦伯曰：「是吾心也。」改館晉侯，饋七牢焉。蛾析謂慶鄭曰：「盍行乎？」對曰，陷君於敗，敗而不死，又使失刑，非人臣也。臣而不臣，行將焉？」入十一月晉侯歸。丁丑，殺慶鄭而後入。是歲，晉又饑，秦伯又餼之粟，曰：「吾怨其君而矜其民。且吾聞唐叔之封也，箕子曰：『其後必大。』晉其庸可冀乎姑樹德焉，以待能者。」於是秦始征晉河東，置官司焉。 |
| | In the tenth month, Yin Yi Sheng of Jin met with Duke Qin and formed an alliance in Wangcheng. Duke Qin asked: "Is there harmony within the state of Jin?" He replied: "No, it is not harmonious." The common people are ashamed to lose their ruler and mourn the loss of their kin; they do not fear mobilizing troops and preparing for war in order to support Yu. They say: "We must avenge our grudge, even if it means serving the Rong and Di tribes." The gentlemen love their ruler but also know his crimes; they do not fear mustering troops and preparing for war to await the orders of Qin, saying: "We must repay virtue; we will die without hesitation or second thought." "For this reason, there is disharmony." Duke Qin asked: "What does the state say about its ruler?" He replied, "The common people are distressed and believe he cannot escape blame; the gentlemen show leniency and think he will surely return." The common people say: "We have poisoned Qin, how could Qin return our ruler?" The gentlemen say: "We know we are guilty; Qin will surely return the ruler." To capture someone for disloyalty and release them when they submit is the greatest virtue, and no punishment could be more effective. Those who submit will cherish virtue; those who waver will fear punishment. This single campaign would have enabled Qin to become a hegemon. "To accept but not stabilize, to depose but not appoint, and to turn virtue into resentment—Qin would never act in such a way." Duke Qin said: "This is my intention." He changed the accommodations for Duke Jin, offering seven sets of sacrificial animals as a gift. E Xi said to Qing Zheng: "Why don't you go?" He replied, "To have led the ruler into defeat and not die after a defeat, yet also cause him to lose his punishment, is not the conduct of a subject." "To be a minister but not act as one—where would I go?" In the eleventh month, Duke Jin returned. On the Dingchou day, Qing Zheng was killed before entering [the capital]. In this year, Jin suffered another famine. Duke Qin once again sent grain to them, saying: "I hold a grudge against their ruler but feel pity for the people." Moreover, I have heard that when Duke Tang was enfeoffed, Ji Zǐ said: "His descendants will surely become great." "Can we then hope for Jin to be any different? Let us cultivate virtue for now, and await those who are capable." At this time, Qin began to levy taxes from Hedong in Jin and established government offices there.
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| | 僖公十六... : |
十有六年，春，王正月，戊申，朔，隕石于宋，五。是月，六鷁退飛，過宋都。 |
| | In the sixteenth year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king's calendar, on the Wushen day, at dawn, five stones fell from the sky in Song. In this month, six herons flew backward, passing over the capital of Song.
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三月，壬申，公子季友卒。 |
| | March, on the Renshen day, Gongzi Jiyou died.
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夏，四月，丙申，鄫季姬卒。 |
| | Summer, fourth month, on the Bingshen day, Jiji of Zeng died.
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秋，七月，甲子，公孫茲卒。 |
| | Autumn, seventh month, on the Jiashi day, Gongsun Zi died.
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冬，十有二月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、邢侯、曹伯于淮。 |
| | Winter, twelfth month, the ruler met with Duke of Qi, Gong of Song, Hou of Chen, Hou of Wei, Bo of Zheng, Nan of Xu, Hou of Xing, and Bo of Cao at Huai.
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| | 僖公十六... : |
十六年，春，「隕石于宋，五」，隕星也。「六鷁退飛，過宋都」，風也。周內史叔興聘于宋，宋襄公問焉，曰：「是何祥也吉凶焉在？」對曰，今茲魯多大喪，明年齊有亂，君將得諸侯而不終。」退而告人曰：「君失問。是陰陽之事，非吉凶所生也。吉凶由人，吾不敢逆君故也。」 |
| | In the sixteenth year, spring, "five stones fell from the sky in Song," this refers to falling stars. "The six herons flew backward and passed over the capital of Song," this refers to a wind event. Zhou Neishi Shuxing was sent on a mission to Song, and Duke Xiang of Song asked him, saying: "What is the meaning of this omen? In what does good or ill fortune lie?" He replied, "Now in Lu there will be many great funerals; next year Qi will have a disorder. You, my lord, will gain the feudal lords but will not see it through to the end." Afterward he told others, "The ruler asked the wrong question. These are matters of yin and yang; they do not give rise to good or ill fortune." "Good or ill fortune depends on people. I dared not oppose the ruler, that is why."
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夏，齊伐厲，不克，救徐而還。 |
| | Summer, Qi attacked Li but failed to conquer it; they went instead to rescue Xu and returned.
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秋，狄侵晉，取狐廚、受鐸，涉汾，及昆都，因晉敗也。 |
| | Autumn, the Di invaded Jin, capturing Huchu and Shouduo, crossing Fen River to reach Kundu, taking advantage of Jin's defeat.
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王以戎難告于齊，齊徵諸侯而戍周。 |
| | The king informed Qi about the Rong threat, and Qi summoned the feudal lords to station troops in defense of Zhou.
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冬，十一月，乙卯，鄭殺子華。 |
| | Winter, eleventh month, on the Yimao day, Zheng killed Zi Hua.
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十二月會于淮，謀鄫，且東略也。城鄫，役人病。有夜登丘而呼曰：「齊有亂。」不果城而還。 |
| | In December they met at Huai to plan for Zeng, and also to conduct eastern campaigns. They built the walls of Zeng; the laborers fell ill. One night, someone climbed a hill and cried out: "There is disorder in Qi." They did not complete the city walls and returned.
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| | 僖公十七... : |
十有七年，春，齊人、徐人伐英氏。 |
| | In the seventeenth year [of his reign], spring, the Qi people and Xu people attacked Ying Shi.
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夏，滅項。 |
| | Summer, Xiang was annihilated.
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秋，夫人姜氏會齊侯于卞。 |
| | Autumn, Lady Jiang Shi met with the Marquis of Qi at Bian.
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九月，公至自會。 |
| | In September, the Duke returned from the meeting.
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冬，十有二月，乙亥，齊侯小白卒。 |
| | Winter, in the twelfth month, on the Yihai day, the Marquis of Qi Xiao Bai died.
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| | 僖公十七... : |
十七年，春，齊人為徐伐英氏，以報婁林之役也。 |
| | In the seventeenth year, spring, the people of Qi attacked Ying Shi on behalf of Xu, to retaliate for the campaign at Loulin.
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夏，晉大子圉為質於秦，秦歸河東而妻之。惠公之在梁也，梁伯妻之。梁嬴孕，過期。」卜招父與其子卜之。其子曰：「將生一男一女。」招曰，然，男為人臣，女為人妾。」故名男曰圉，女曰妾。及子圉西質，妾為宦女焉。 |
| | Summer, the Crown Prince Yu of Jin was sent as a hostage to Qin, and Qin returned Hedong and married him off. While Duke Huigong was in Liang, Lord Liang gave him a wife. Liang Ying became pregnant but the pregnancy went beyond the expected time. Bo Zhaofu divined with his son. لوم His son said, "A boy and a girl will be born." Zhao said, "Indeed. The boy will become a subject of others, and the girl will become a concubine to others." Therefore, they named the boy Yu and the girl Qie. When their son Yu went west as a hostage, the daughter became an official's concubine.
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師滅項，淮之會，公有諸侯之事，未歸，而取項。齊人以為討，而止公。 |
| | The army annihilated Xiang. At the meeting on the Huai River, the Duke was occupied with matters among the feudal lords and had not yet returned when they captured Xiang. The people of Qi considered this an act of aggression and stopped the Duke.
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秋，聲姜以公故，會齊侯于卞。九月，公至。書曰：「至自會。」猶有諸侯之事焉，且諱之也。 |
| | Autumn, Sheng Jiang met with the Marquis of Qi in Bian on account of the Duke. In September, the Duke arrived [back]. The Records state: "Returned from a meeting." This was because there were still matters among the feudal lords, and it was also to conceal [the truth].
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齊侯之夫人三：王姬、徐嬴、蔡姬，皆無子。齊侯好內，多內寵，內嬖如夫人者六人，長衛姬生武孟，少衛姬生惠公，鄭姬生孝公，葛嬴生昭公，密姬生懿公，宋華子生公子雍。公與管仲屬孝公於宋襄公，以為大子。雍巫有寵於衛共姬，因寺人貂以薦羞於公，亦有寵，公許之立武孟。管仲卒，五公子皆求立。冬十月乙亥，齊桓公卒。易牙入，與寺人貂因內寵以殺群吏，而立公子無虧。孝公奔宋。十二月乙亥，赴。辛已，夜殯。 |
| | The Marquis of Qi had three consorts: Wang Ji, Xu Ying, and Cai Ji; none of them bore children. The Marquis of Qi was fond of women and had many favored concubines. Six of them were treated as highly as a full wife: the elder Wei Ji bore Wu Meng, the younger Wei Ji bore Duke Huigong, Zheng Ji bore Duke Xiaogong, Ge Ying bore Duke Zhao Gong, Mi Ji bore Duke Yigong, and Song Hua Zi bore Gongzi Yong. The Duke and Guan Zhong entrusted Duke Xiaogong to Song Xianggong, appointing him as the crown prince. Yong Wu was favored by Gong Ji of Wei, and through the eunuch Diao recommended delicacies to the Duke; he too gained favor. The Duke agreed to appoint Wu Meng as heir. After Guan Zhong died, all five princes vied for succession. Winter, tenth month, on the Yihai Day, Duke Huan of Qi died. Yiya entered and, together with eunuch Diao, used their influence among the favored concubines to kill the officials and installed Gongzi Wu Kui as ruler. Duke Xiaogong fled to Song. On the Yihai day of the twelfth month, the funeral rites were conducted. On the Xinwei day, he was buried at night.
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| | 僖公十八... : |
十有八年，春，王正月，宋公、曹伯、衛人、邾人伐齊。 |
| | In the eighteenth year, spring, the first month of the reign of King Wáng, the Duke of Sòng, the Duke of Cáo, and the people of Wèi and Zhū attacked Qi.
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夏，師救齊。 |
| | In summer, the army came to rescue Qi.
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五月戊寅，宋師及齊師戰于甗，齊師敗績。 |
| | On the Wuyin day of the fifth month, the Song forces engaged the Qi forces in battle at Yan. The Qi forces suffered a crushing defeat.
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狄救齊。 |
| | The Di people came to rescue Qi.
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秋，八月丁亥，葬齊桓公。 |
| | In autumn, on the Dinghai day of the eighth month, Duke Huan of Qi was buried.
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冬，邢人、狄人伐衛。 |
| | In winter, the people of Xing and the Di people attacked Wei.
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| | 僖公十八... : |
十八年，春，宋襄公以諸侯伐齊。三月，齊人殺無虧。 |
| | In the eighteenth year [of the reign], in spring, Duke Xiang of Song led feudal lords to attack Qi. In March, the people of Qi killed Wukui.
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鄭伯始朝于楚，楚子賜之金，既而悔之，與之盟曰：「無以鑄兵。」故以鑄三鍾。 |
| | Duke Bo of Zheng began to pay homage to the State of Chu. The ruler of Chu, Chuzi, bestowed gold upon him; but soon afterwards regretted it and made an alliance with him saying: "Do not use this for casting weapons." Therefore, he used the metal to cast three ritual bells.
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齊人將立孝公，不勝，四公子之徒遂與宋人戰。夏五月，宋敗齊師于甗，立孝公而還。 |
| | The people of Qi were about to install Duke Xiao, but they did not prevail; thus, the followers of the four sons of Gong then engaged in battle with the people of Song. In summer, fifth month, Song defeated the Qi forces at Yan, installed Duke Xiao and returned.
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秋，八月，葬齊桓公。 |
| | In autumn, eighth month, Duke Huan ofqi was buried.
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冬，邢人、狄人伐衛，圍菟圃。衛侯以國讓父兄子弟，及朝眾曰，苟能治之，燬請從焉，眾不可，而從師于訾婁，狄師還。 |
| | In winter, the people ofxing and Di attacked Wei, surrounding Tupu. Duke Wei offered the state to his uncles, elder brothers, younger brothers and nephews, saying to the officials at court: "If any of you can govern it, I would gladly follow him." The officials refused this offer, and instead followed a teacher in Zilou. The Di forces then withdrew.
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梁伯益其國而不能實也，命曰新里。秦取之。 |
| | Duke Liang expanded the territory of his state but could not effectively settle it, and he named it Xinli. The State of Qin took possession of it.
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| | 僖公十九... : |
十有九年，春，王三月，宋人執滕子嬰齊。 |
| | In the nineteenth year, spring, the third month of the king's reign, the Song people arrested Duke Yingqi of Teng.
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夏，六月，宋公、曹人、邾人盟于曹南。鄫子會盟于邾。己酉，邾人執鄫子用之。 |
| | Summer, sixth moon, Gong of Song, the Cao people, and the Zhu people formed an alliance at Nan of Cao. Zengzi participated in a meeting of the alliance at Zhu. On the Jiyou day, the Zhu people seized Zengzi and used him as a sacrifice.
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秋，宋人圍曹。衛人伐邢。 |
| | Autumn, the Song people besieged Cao. The Wei people attacked Xing.
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冬，會陳人、蔡人、楚人、鄭人盟于齊。 |
| | Winter, the Chen people, Cai people, Chu people, and Zheng people met to form an alliance in Qi.
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梁亡。 |
| | The state of Liang was destroyed.
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| | 僖公十九... : |
十九年，春，遂城而居之。 |
| | In the nineteenth year, spring, they built a city and settled there.
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宋人執滕宣公。 |
| | The Song people arrested Duke Xuan of Teng.
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夏，宋公使邾文公用鄫子于次睢之社，欲以屬東夷。司馬子魚曰，古者六畜不相為用，小事不用大牲，而況敢用人乎祭祀，以為人也。民，神之主也。用人，其誰饗之？齊桓公存三亡國，以屬諸侯，義士猶曰薄德。今一會而虐二國之君，又用諸淫昏之鬼。將以求霸，不亦難乎得死為幸！」 |
| | Summer, Gong of Song sent Wenpu of Zhu to sacrifice Zengzi at the altar of Ci Sui, intending to bring the Dongyi under his control. Sima Ziyu said, "In ancient times, the six domestic animals were not used for each other's purposes. For minor rituals, large sacrificial animals were not employed; how could one dare to use a human being in sacrifices, considering that people are human beings?" The people are the masters of the gods. If one uses a human in sacrifice, who would then offer sacrifices to them? Duke Huan of Qi preserved three states that had been destroyed, bringing them under the vassals; even righteous men still considered this to be a thin virtue. Now in one meeting they have oppressed the rulers of two states, and furthermore used them for the service of lewd and dark spirits. "To seek hegemony by such means, will it not be difficult? To die would be a blessing!"
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秋，衛人伐邢，以報菟圃之役。於是衛大旱，卜有事於山川，不吉。甯莊子曰，昔周饑，克殷而年豐，今邢方無道，諸侯無伯，天其或者，欲使衛討邢乎？」從之，師興而雨。 |
| | Autumn, the Wei people attacked Xing to retaliate for the campaign at Tu Pu. At this time, Wei suffered a great drought; divination was performed regarding rituals to be held in the mountains and rivers, but it yielded an ominous result. Ning Zhuangzi said, "In the past, when Zhou suffered famine, it conquered Yin and then had a bountiful harvest. Now Xing is just beginning to act without virtue, and among the vassal states there is no hegemon; perhaps Heaven is indicating that Wei should punish Xing?" They followed his advice, and when the army was mobilized, it rained.
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「宋人圍曹」，討不服也。子魚言於宋公曰，文王聞崇德亂而伐之，軍三旬而不降，退脩教而復伐之，因壘而降，《詩》曰：『刑于寡妻，至于兄弟，以御于家邦。』今君德無乃猶有所闕，而以伐人，若之何盍姑內省德乎，無闕而後動？」 |
| | "The Song people besieged Cao"—this was to punish those who did not submit. Ziyu said to Gong of Song, "King Wen heard that the virtue and order in Chong were corrupt and attacked it. After thirty days of military campaign without surrender, he withdrew to improve his moral instruction and then attacked again; thus, the enemy surrendered by merely surrounding their fortifications. The Odes say: 'Establishing discipline for one's wife, extending it to brothers, thereby governing one's family and state.'" "Now, is there not still some deficiency in your virtue, yet you attack others? How about first examining your own virtue internally? Only after no deficiencies remain should one take action."
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陳穆公請脩好於諸侯以無忘齊桓之德。冬，盟于齊，脩桓公之好也」。 |
| | Duke Mu of Chen requested to renew good relations with the vassal lords so as not to forget the virtue of Duke Huan of Qi. Winter, an alliance was formed in Qi, reviving the good relations of Duke Huan.
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「梁亡」，不書其主，自取之也。初，梁伯好土功，亟城而弗處，民罷而弗堪。則曰：「某寇將至。」乃溝公宮，曰：「秦將襲我。」民懼而潰，秦遂取梁。 |
| | "The state of Liang was destroyed"—its ruler is not recorded because it brought about its own downfall. Initially, Duke Liang loved construction projects and frequently built cities without residing in them; the people were exhausted and could not bear it. Then he would say: "A certain bandit is about to arrive." He then dug ditches around the palace of Gong, saying, "The Qin will launch a surprise attack on us." The people were frightened and dispersed; thus, Qin seized Liang.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十有一年，春，狄侵衛。 |
| | In the twenty-first year [of the reign period], spring, the Di invaded Wei.
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宋人、齊人、楚人盟于鹿上。 |
| | The Song people, Qi people, and Chu people formed an alliance at Lushang.
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夏，大旱。 |
| | In summer, there was a great drought.
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秋，宋公、楚子、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯會于盂。執宋公以伐宋。 |
| | In autumn, Song Gong, Chu Zi, Chen Hou, Cai Hou, Zheng Bo, Xu Nan, and Cao Bo met at Yu. Song Gong was captured to attack the state of Song.
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冬，公伐邾。 |
| | In winter, the Duke attacked Zhu.
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楚人使宜申來獻捷。 |
| | The Chu people sent Yi Shen to present a report of their military success.
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十有二月，癸丑，公會諸侯盟于薄，釋宋公。 |
| | On the Kouchou day of the twelfth month, the Duke met with feudal lords and formed an alliance at Bo, thus releasing Song Gong.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十一年，春，宋人為鹿上之盟，以求諸侯於楚，楚人許之。公子目夷曰：「小國爭盟，禍也。宋其亡乎幸而後敗。」 |
| | In the twenty-first year, spring, the Song people made an alliance at Lushang to seek support from feudal lords through Chu; the Chu people agreed. Gongzi Muyi said, "A small state competing for an alliance will bring disaster." "Sui its destruction is inevitable, it may suffer defeat only after much misfortune."
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夏，大旱，公欲焚巫尪。臧文仲曰：「非旱備也！脩城郭，貶食省用，務穡勸分，此其務也。巫尪何為？天欲殺之，則如勿生。 |
| | In summer, there was a severe drought. The Duke wanted to burn the witches and cripples. Zang Wenzhong said, "This is not preparation for a drought!" "Repair the city walls, reduce food consumption and expenses, focus on farming and encourage sharing—these are what should be prioritized." What can witches and cripples do? If Heaven wants to kill them, why bother bringing them into the world at all?
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若能為旱，焚之滋甚，公從之，是歲也，饑而不害。 |
| | "If they can cause a drought, burning them would only make it worse." The Duke followed his advice. In this year, there was famine but no great harm.
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秋，諸侯會宋公于盂。子魚曰：「禍其在此乎君欲已甚，其何以堪之？」於是楚執宋公以伐宋。冬會于薄以釋之，子魚曰：「禍猶未也，未足以懲君。」任宿，須句，顓臾，風姓也，實司大皞與有濟之祀。」以服事諸夏。邾人滅須句，須句子來奔，因成風也。成風為之言於公曰：「崇明祀，保小寡，周禮也。蠻夷猾夏，周禍也。若封須句，是崇皞、濟而脩祀紓禍也。」 |
| | In autumn, feudal lords met Song Gong at Yu. Zi Yu said, "Disaster might arise from this. The lord's demands are excessive; how can they bear it?" At that time, Chu captured Song Gong to attack the state of Csong. In winter, a meeting was held at Bo to release him. Zi Yu said, "Disaster is still not over; this is insufficient to correct the lord." Ren Su, Xuju, and Zhuyu are of the Feng surname; they actually preside over the ancestral rites for Dayao and Youji. They served the Central States in submission. The Zhu people destroyed Xuju; a son of Xuju fled here because of Chengfeng. Chengfeng spoke to the Duke, saying, "Upholding sacred rites and protecting small and vulnerable states is in accordance with Zhou rituals." "Barbarians disrupting the Central States are a calamity of the Zhou dynasty." "If we restore Xuju, it would honor Dayao and Youji, uphold ancestral rites, and relieve calamity."
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十有二年，春，公伐邾，取須句。 |
| | In the twenty-second year [of his reign], spring, the Gong attacked Zhu and captured Xuju.
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夏，宋公、衛侯、許男、滕子伐鄭。 |
| | In summer, Song Gong, Wei Hou, Xu Nan, and Teng Zi attacked Zheng.
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秋，八月，丁未，及邾人戰于升陘。 |
| | In autumn, the eighth month, on the Dingwei day, [the forces] fought against the people of Zhu at Shengxing.
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冬，十有一月，己已，朔，宋公及楚人戰于泓，宋師敗績。 |
| | In winter, the eleventh month, on the Jisi day, at dawn, Song Gong fought against the Chu people at Hong, and the Song army suffered a crushing defeat.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十二年，春，伐邾，取須句，反其君焉，禮也。 |
| | In the twenty-second year, spring, [the state] attacked Zhu and captured Xuju; they restored its ruler, which was in accordance with ritual.
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三月，鄭伯如楚。 |
| | In March, Duke Zheng went to Chu.
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夏，宋公伐鄭。子魚曰：「所謂禍在此矣。」 |
| | In summer, Song Gong attacked Zheng. Zi Yu said: "This is what people call a calamity."
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初，平王之東遷也，辛有適伊川，見被髮而祭於野者，曰：「不及百年，此其戎乎其禮先亡矣。」秋，秦、晉遷陸渾之戎于伊川。 |
| | Initially, when King Ping moved eastward to the new capital, Xin You was traveling in Yichuan and saw people with disheveled hair performing sacrifices in the wild. He said: "Within less than a hundred years, this place will become inhabited by Rong barbarians; their rites have already perished." In autumn, Qin and Jin relocated the Lühun Rong to Yichuan.
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晉大子圉為質於秦，將逃歸，謂嬴氏曰，與子歸乎，對曰，子，晉大子，而辱於秦，子之欲歸，不亦宜乎，寡君之使婢子侍執巾櫛，以固子也。從子而歸，棄君命也。不敢從，亦不敢言。」遂逃歸。 |
| | Jin Daizi Yu was held as a hostage in Qin. He planned to escape back and said to Ying Shi, "Shall I go back with you?" She replied: "You are the crown prince of Jin yet suffer humiliation in Qin; your desire to return is entirely understandable. Our lord sent me to serve you by managing your daily needs, precisely to ensure that you would remain here." To follow you back would be abandoning the orders of our lord. "I dare not accompany you, nor do I dare to speak out." He then fled back.
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富辰言於王曰：「請召大叔。《詩》曰：『協比其鄰，昏姻孔云。』吾兄弟之不協，焉能怨諸侯之不睦？」王說，王子帶自齊復歸于京師，王召之也。 |
| | Fu Chen said to the king: "I request that you summon my uncle." The Odes say: "Harmonize with your neighbors, and marital alliances will be strong." If our own brothers are not in harmony, how can we blame the feudal lords for lacking unity?" The king was pleased. Prince Dai of Wang returned from Qi back to the capital city, as summoned by the king.
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邾人以須句故出師。 |
| | Because of Xuju's affair, the people of Zhu sent out troops.
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公卑邾，不設備而禦之。臧文仲曰：「國無小，不可易也。無備，雖眾不可恃也。詩曰：「戰戰兢兢，如臨深淵，如履薄冰」，又曰：「敬之敬之，天惟顯思，命不易哉！』」先王之明德，猶無不難也，無不懼也，況我小國乎君其無謂邾小，蜂蠆有毒，而況國乎！弗聽。八月丁未，公及邾師戰于升陘，我師敗績。邾人獲公冑，縣諸魚門。 |
| | The Gong treated Zhu with contempt and did not prepare defenses to resist them. Zang Wenzhong said: "A state, no matter how small, cannot be underestimated." Without preparedness, even a large force is not to be relied upon. The Odes say: "With trembling and caution, as if standing on the edge of a deep abyss, as if treading on thin ice." It also says: "Revere it, revere it; Heaven's clear will is evident—how difficult is the mandate!" The virtuous kings of old still faced no lack of difficulties and had no lack of fears; how much more so for us, a small state! Your Majesty must not consider Zhu to be small. Even wasps and scorpions have venom—how much more so nations!" He did not listen. On the Dingwei day of the eighth month, the Gong fought against Zhu's army at Shengxing, and our forces suffered a crushing defeat. The people of Zhu captured the Gong's helmet and displayed it on the Fish Gate.
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楚人伐宋以救鄭。宋公將戰，大司馬固諫曰：「天之棄商久矣，君將興之，弗可赦也已。」弗聽。 |
| | The Chu people attacked Song to rescue Zheng. Duke Song was about to engage in battle, and the Grand Master of War firmly advised him, saying: "Heaven has long abandoned Shang; you are about to revive it. That is unforgivable." He did not listen.
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冬，十一月，己已，朔，宋公及楚人戰于泓，宋人既成列。 |
| | In winter, the eleventh month on the Jisi day at dawn, Duke Song fought against the people of Chu at Hong. The Song forces had already formed their battle array.
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楚人未既濟，司馬曰，「彼眾我寡，及其未既濟也，請擊之。」公曰：「不可。既濟而未成列，又以告。公曰：「未可。」既陳而後擊之，宋師敗績。公傷股，門官殲焉。國人皆咎公。公曰：「君子不重傷，不禽二毛。古之為軍也，不以阻隘也。寡人雖亡國之餘，不鼓不成列。」子魚曰：「君未知戰，勍敵之人隘而不列，天贊我也。阻而鼓之，不亦可乎猶有懼焉。且今之勍者，皆吾敵也，雖及胡耇，獲則取之，何有於二毛？明恥教戰，求殺敵也，傷未及死，如何勿重？若愛重傷，則如勿傷。愛其二毛，則如服焉，三軍以利用也，金鼓以聲氣也，利而用之，阻隘可也，聲盛致志鼓，儳可也。」 |
| | The Chu forces had not yet fully crossed the river. The Master of War said, "Their numbers are greater than ours; while they have not yet all crossed, I request that we attack them." Duke Song said: "No." When the Chu forces had crossed but not yet formed their array, he reported this again. Duke Song said: "Not yet." After the Chu forces had formed their array, they were attacked. The Song army suffered a crushing defeat. The Duke was wounded in his thigh, and all the gate officials perished. The people of the state all blamed the Duke. Duke Song said: "A gentleman does not inflict a second wound, nor captures an old man with white hair." "In ancient times, armies did not take advantage of narrow and difficult terrain." "I, though a descendant of the fallen state, do not attack an enemy that has not yet formed its battle array." Zi Yu said: "Your Majesty does not know warfare. A strong enemy, cornered in a narrow pass and unable to form ranks, is Heaven's gift to us." "To block them and then attack with drums—would that not be appropriate? And yet I still felt fear." "Moreover, all the strong warriors today are our enemies. Even if they reach old age like Hu Gou, we should capture them when possible; what difference does white hair make?" "To instill a sense of shame and teach warfare is to seek the killing of enemies. If an enemy is wounded but not yet dead, how can we refrain from delivering a second blow?" "If one wishes to avoid wounding someone seriously, then it would be better not to wound them at all." "If one wishes to spare an old man with white hair, then it is as good as surrendering. The three armies exist for practical use; the gongs and drums serve to inspire morale. To act in a way that serves our advantage, taking advantage of narrow terrain is acceptable; to strike when the enemy's formation is disordered by loud signals and strong resolve is also permissible."
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丙子晨，鄭文夫人芊氏，姜氏，勞楚子於柯澤，楚子使師縉示之俘馘。君子曰：「非禮也。婦人送迎不出門，見兄弟不踰閾。戎事不邇女器。」丁丑，楚子入饗于鄭，九獻，庭實旅百，加籩豆六品。饗畢，夜出，文芊送于軍，取鄭二姬以歸，叔詹曰：「楚王其不沒乎！為禮卒於無別，無別不可謂禮，將何以沒，諸侯是以知其不遂霸也。 |
| | On the Bingzi day at dawn, Lady Qian of Zheng Wen and Lady Jiang received the Duke of Chu in Keze to honor him with hospitality. The Duke of Chu sent Shi Jin to show them the captured prisoners and severed ears of enemies. A gentleman said: "This was not in accordance with ritual." Women should not go beyond the gate to see off or welcome guests, nor cross the threshold when meeting their brothers. "Military matters must not be brought near women's belongings." On the Dingchou day, the Duke of Chu entered Zheng for a banquet. There were nine rounds of offerings; the courtyard was filled with over a hundred items as tribute, and six types of 笾 and 豆 were added to the offerings. After the banquet ended, he left at night. Lady Qian of Zheng accompanied him to the army and sent off two concubines from Zheng for his return journey. Shu Zhan said: "The King of Chu will not live long!"
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二十二年，春，伐邾，取須句，反其君焉，禮也。 |
| | In the twenty-second year, in spring, [the forces] attacked Zhu and captured Xuju, restoring its ruler; this was in accordance with ritual.
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三月，鄭伯如楚。 |
| | In March, Duke Zheng visited Chu.
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夏，宋公伐鄭。子魚曰：「所謂禍在此矣。」 |
| | In summer, Duke Song attacked Zheng. Zi Yu said: "This is what people call the source of calamity."
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初，平王之東遷也，辛有適伊川，見被髮而祭於野者，曰：「不及百年，此其戎乎其禮先亡矣。」秋，秦、晉遷陸渾之戎于伊川。 |
| | Initially, when King Ping relocated eastward to Luoyi, Xin You traveled to Yichuan and saw people wearing disheveled hair sacrificing in the fields. He said: "Within less than a hundred years from now, this place will surely become inhabited by Rong tribes; their rites have already vanished." In autumn, Qin and Jin moved the Lühun Rong people to Yichuan.
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晉大子圉為質於秦，將逃歸，謂嬴氏曰，與子歸乎，對曰，子，晉大子，而辱於秦，子之欲歸，不亦宜乎，寡君之使婢子侍執巾櫛，以固子也。從子而歸，棄君命也。不敢從，亦不敢言。」遂逃歸。 |
| | Jin Daizi Yu, who was held as a hostage in Qin, planned to escape back. He said to Ying Shi: "Shall I go with you?" She replied: "You are the crown prince of Jin and yet suffer humiliation in Qin. Your desire to return is indeed understandable. Our lord sent this servant girl to attend to your daily needs precisely to keep you here." "To follow you back would mean abandoning the orders of my lord." "I dare not accompany you, and I also dare not speak out." He then fled back.
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富辰言於王曰：「請召大叔。《詩》曰：『協比其鄰，昏姻孔云。』吾兄弟之不協，焉能怨諸侯之不睦？」王說，王子帶自齊復歸于京師，王召之也。 |
| | Fu Chen said to the king: "I request that you summon your uncle." The Odes say: "Harmonize with one's neighbors, and marital alliances are strong indeed." "If our own brothers do not harmonize, how can we blame the vassal lords for lacking harmony?" The king was pleased. Crown Prince Dai of Wang returned to the capital from Qi, as summoned by King Wang.
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邾人以須句故出師。 |
| | Because of Xuju's matter, the people of Zhu mobilized their troops.
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公卑邾，不設備而禦之。臧文仲曰：「國無小，不可易也。無備，雖眾不可恃也。《詩》曰：『戰戰兢兢，如臨深淵，如履薄冰。』又曰，敬之敬之，天惟顯思，命不易哉！』先王之明德，猶無不難也，無不懼也，況我小國乎君其無謂邾小，蜂蠆有毒，而況國乎！弗聽，八月丁未，公及邾師戰于升陘，我師敗績。邾人獲公冑，縣諸魚門。 |
| | The Gong looked down on Zhu and did not prepare any defenses to resist them. Zang Wenzhong said: "No state, however small, should be underestimated." "Without preparedness, even great numbers cannot be relied upon." The Odes say: "With trembling and caution, as one stands on the edge of a deep chasm, or treads upon thin ice." It also says: "Revere it, revere it. Heaven's will is clear; how difficult the mandate of heaven is!" "The virtuous kings of old were still filled with difficulties and fears; how much more is this true for us, a small state? Your Majesty must not think Zhu to be insignificant. Even wasps and scorpions possess venom—how much truer is that for an entire nation!" He did not listen. On the Dingwei day of August, the Gong fought against the army of Zhu at Shengxing; our forces suffered a crushing defeat. The people of Zhu captured the Duke's helmet and hung it at Yu Gate.
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楚人伐宋以救鄭。宋公將戰，大司馬固諫曰：「天之棄商久矣，君將興之，弗可赦也已。」弗聽。 |
| | The people of Chu attacked Song in order to rescue Zheng. Duke Song was about to go to battle, and the Grand Marshal firmly advised him: "Heaven has long abandoned the Shang dynasty; you are now attempting to revive it. This is unforgivable." He did not listen.
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冬，十一月，己已，朔，宋公及楚人戰于泓，宋人既成列。 |
| | In winter, on the Jisi day of the eleventh month at dawn, Duke Song and the people of Chu fought a battle at Hong. The forces of Song had already formed their ranks.
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楚人未既濟，司馬曰，「彼眾我寡，及其未既濟也，請擊之。」公曰：「不可。既濟而未成列，又以告。公曰：「未可。」既陳而後擊之，宋師敗績。公傷股，門官殲焉。國人皆咎公。公曰：「君子不重傷，不禽二毛。古之為軍也，不以阻隘也。寡人雖亡國之餘，不鼓不成列。」子魚曰：「君未知戰，勍敵之人隘而不列，天贊我也。阻而鼓之，不亦可乎猶有懼焉。且今之勍者，皆吾敵也，雖及胡耇，獲則取之，何有於二毛？明恥教戰，求殺敵也，傷未及死，如何勿重？若愛重傷，則如勿傷，愛其二毛，則如服焉，三軍以利用也，金鼓以聲氣也，利而用之，阻隘可也，聲盛致志鼓，儳可也。」 |
| | The forces of Chu had not yet fully crossed [the river]. The Marshal said: "Their numbers are greater than ours. While they have not all crossed, I suggest we attack them." Duke Song said: "No." When the Chu forces had finished crossing but had not yet formed their ranks, he was informed again. Duke Song said: "Not yet." After the Chu forces had fully formed their ranks, they were attacked; the army of Song suffered a crushing defeat. The Duke was wounded in the thigh, and all his gate officials perished. All the people of the state blamed the Duke. The Duke said: "A gentleman does not wound someone twice, nor captures an elderly man with white hair." "In ancient times, armies did not rely on blocking narrow passes to gain an advantage." "Although I am a descendant of the fallen Shang dynasty, I will not strike my drum until the enemy has formed its ranks." Zi Yu said: "Your Majesty does not understand warfare. A strong enemy cornered in a narrow place and unable to form ranks is Heaven's gift to us." "To attack them while they are blocked in a narrow pass by striking the drum—would that not be acceptable? And yet, I still felt fear." "Moreover, all the strong and capable people today are our enemies. Even those as old as Hu Gou should be captured if we can seize them; what difference does white hair make?" "To instill a sense of disgrace and teach warfare is to aim at killing the enemy. If an enemy has been wounded but not yet killed, how can one refrain from delivering another blow?" "If one wishes to avoid inflicting serious wounds, it might as well not wound at all. If one wishes to spare the elderly with white hair, it is equivalent to surrendering. The three armies are for practical use; gongs and drums are used to inspire morale. When advantageous, we may take advantage of narrow passes, and when the enemy's formation breaks, we may strike."
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丙子晨，鄭文夫人芊氏，姜氏，勞楚子於柯澤，楚子使師縉示之俘馘。君子曰：「非禮也。婦人送迎不出門，見兄弟不踰閾。戎事不邇女器。」丁丑，楚子入饗于鄭，九獻，庭實旅百，加籩豆六品。饗畢，夜出，文芊送于軍，取鄭二姬以歸，叔詹曰：「楚王其不沒乎！為禮卒於無別，無別不可謂禮，將何以沒，諸侯是以知其不遂霸也。 |
| | On the Bingzi day in the morning, Lady Qian and Lady Jiang of Zheng Wen honored the Duke of Chu with hospitality at Keze. The Duke of Chu ordered Shi Jin to display captured prisoners and severed enemy ears as a demonstration of his military success. A gentleman said: "This was not in accordance with rites." Women should not go beyond their gates to see off or welcome visitors, nor cross the threshold to meet their brothers. "Military matters must not be brought close to women's belongings." On the Dingchou day, the Duke of Chu entered Zheng for a banquet. There were nine rounds of offerings; the courtyard was filled with over one hundred items as tribute, and six types of 笾豆 (ritual food vessels) were added. After the banquet ended, he left at night. Lady Wen Qian saw him off to the army and took two concubines from Zheng back with her. Shu Zhan said: "The King of Chu will not live long!" "He has ended his rites in a state of complete disorder. Without distinction, one cannot call it proper ritual conduct. How can he then expect to live long? For this reason, the feudal lords knew that he would not succeed as a hegemon."
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十有三年，春，齊侯伐宋，圍緡。 |
| | In the twenty-third year, spring, Lord Qi attacked Song and besieged Min.
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夏，五月，庚寅，宋公茲父卒。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, on the Gengyin day, Duke Zifu of Song died.
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秋，楚人伐陳。 |
| | In autumn, the people of Chu attacked Chen.
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冬，十有一月，杞子卒。 |
| | In winter, the eleventh month, Lord Qizi died.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十三年，春，「齊侯伐宋，圍緡」，以討其不與盟于齊也。 |
| | In the twenty-third year, in spring, "Lord Qi attacked Song and besieged Min," to punish them for not joining an alliance with Qi.
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夏，五月，宋襄公卒，傷於泓故也。 |
| | In summer, fifth month, Duke Xiang of Song died, a result of his injuries sustained at Hong.
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秋，楚成得臣帥師伐陳，討其貳於宋也，遂取焦、夷，城頓而還。子文以為之功，使為令尹。叔伯曰：「子若國何？」對曰：「吾以靖國也。夫有大功而無貴仕，其人能靖者與，有幾？」 |
| | In autumn, Chengdechen of Chu led an army to attack Chen, punishing them for their duplicity toward Song. He then captured Jiao and Yi, built a city at Dun, and returned. Ziwen regarded this as an achievement and appointed him as Lingyi. Shu Bo said, "What will you do for the state?" He replied, "I did it to pacify the state. "One who has great merit but no high office—how many people can truly bring peace?"
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九月，晉惠公卒。懷公命無從亡人，期，期而不至，無赦。狐突之子毛及偃從重耳在秦，弗召。冬，懷公執狐突，曰：「子來則免。」對曰：「子之能仕，父教之忠，古之制也。策名，委質，貳乃辟也。今臣之子名在重耳，有年數矣。若又召之，教之貳也。父教子貳，何以事君？刑之不濫，君之明也，臣之願也，淫刑以逞，誰則無罪臣聞命矣。」乃殺之，卜偃稱疾不出，曰：「《》有之：『乃大明服。』己則不明，而殺人以逞，不亦難乎。民不見德而唯戮是聞，其何後之有？」 |
| | In the ninth month, Duke Hui of Jin died. Huai Gong ordered that no one should follow those who had fled into exile; a deadline was set, and those who did not return by the deadline would face no leniency. Hu Tu's son Mao and Yan followed Chong'er in Qin; they were not summoned. In winter, Huai Gong arrested Hu Tu, saying, "If you come to me, you will be spared." He replied, "A son's ability to serve in office is due to his father teaching him loyalty; this is the ancient custom. "To record one's name and pledge allegiance means to be loyal to one sovereign only." "Now, my son's name is associated with Chong'er; this has been the case for many years. "If I were to summon him now, it would be teaching disloyalty." "If a father teaches his son disloyalty, how can he serve the ruler?" "Not imposing excessive punishment is a sign of the ruler's wisdom, and it is also my wish as a minister. To indulge in cruel punishments for one's own satisfaction—then who would be without blame? I have heard your command." Then they killed him. Boyan claimed illness and did not go out, saying, "The Book of Zhou says: 'Then great clarity shall be established.'" "If one is himself unjust yet kills others to satisfy his desires, isn't that difficult?" "The people do not see virtue but only hear of executions; what future can there be after this?"
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十一月，杞成公卒。書曰「子」，杞，夷也。不書名，未同盟也。凡諸侯同盟，死則赴以名，禮也。赴以名，則亦書之，不然，則否。辟不敏也。 |
| | In the eleventh month, Duke Cheng of Qi died. らい The Records refer to him as "Son," for Qi was a state of the Yi people. His name is not recorded, because he had not joined an alliance. Whenever feudal lords formed a common alliance, upon their death the news was announced with their names; this was in accordance with ritual propriety. If the announcement of death included the name, then it would also be recorded; otherwise, not. The ruler was not wise.
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晉公子重耳之及於難也，晉人伐諸蒲城。蒲城人欲戰，重耳不可，曰，保君父之命，而享其生祿，於是乎得人。有人而校，罪莫大焉。吾其奔也。」遂奔狄，從者狐偃，趙衰，顛頡，魏武子，司空季子。狄人伐廧咎如，獲其二女叔隗、季隗，納諸公子。公子取季隗，生伯鯈，叔劉，以叔隗妻趙衰，生盾，將適齊，謂季隗曰：「待我二十五年，不來而後嫁。」對曰：「我二十五年矣，又如是而嫁，則就木焉。請待子，處狄十二年而行。過衛，衛文公不禮焉。出於五鹿，乞食於野人，野人與之塊，公子怒，欲鞭之，子犯曰：「天賜也。」稽首，受而載之。及齊，齊桓公妻之，有馬二十乘，公子安之，從者以為不可。將行，謀於桑下。蠶妾在其上，以告姜氏，姜氏殺之。而謂公子曰：「子有四方之志，其聞之者吾殺之矣。」公子曰：「無之。」姜曰：「行也，懷與安，實敗名。」公子不可。姜與子犯謀，醉而遣之。醒，以戈逐子犯。及曹，曹共公聞其駢脅，欲觀其裸。浴，薄而觀之。僖負羈之妻曰：「吾觀晉公子之從者，皆足以相國。若以相，夫子必反其國。反其國，必得志於諸侯，得志於諸侯而誅無禮，曹其首也。子盍蚤自貳焉。」乃饋盤飧寘璧焉。公子受飧反璧。及宋，宋襄公贈之以馬二十乘，及鄭，鄭文公亦不禮焉。叔詹諫曰：「臣聞天之所啟，人弗及也。晉公子有三焉，天其或者。將建諸，君其禮焉。男女同姓，其生不蕃。晉公子，姬出也，而至于今，一也。離外之患，而天下不靖晉國，殆將啟之，二也。有三士足以上人，而從之，三也。晉鄭同儕，其過子弟，固將禮焉，況天之所啟乎？」弗聽，及楚，楚子饗之，曰：「公子若反晉國，則何以報不穀？」對曰：「子女玉帛則君有之，羽毛齒革則君地生焉。其波及晉國者，君之餘也，其何以報君？」曰：「雖然，何以報我？」對曰，若以君之靈，得反晉國，晉楚治兵，遇於中原，其辟君三舍，若不獲命，其左執鞭弭，右屬櫜鞬，以與君周旋。」子玉請殺之。楚子曰，晉公子廣而儉，文而有禮。其從者肅而寬，忠而能力。晉侯無親，外內惡之。吾聞姬姓，唐叔之後，其後衰者也，其將由晉公子乎天將興之，誰能廢之。違天必有大咎。」乃送諸秦。秦伯納女五人，懷嬴與焉，奉匜沃盥。既而揮之。怒曰：「秦、晉匹也，何以卑我！」公子懼，降服而囚。他日，公享之。子犯曰：「吾不如衰之文也。請使衰從。」公子賦河水，公賦《六月》。趙衰曰：「重耳拜賜。」公子降，拜稽首，公降一級而辭焉。衰曰：「君稱所以佐天子者命重耳，重耳敢不拜。」 |
| | When the Jin nobleman Chonger encountered trouble, the people of Jin attacked him at Pucheng. The people of Pucheng wished to fight, but Chonger refused, saying, "To uphold the command of my lord and father and enjoy the benefits of life is how one gains the loyalty of others." "To have people's support yet to resist is no greater crime than this." "I should flee." He then fled to Di, accompanied by Huyan, Zhao Cui, Dian Jie, Wei Wuzi, and Sikong Jizi. The Di people attacked Qiangjiuru and captured their two daughters, Shu Kui and Ji Kui, whom they presented to the nobleman. The nobleman married Ji Kui, who bore him Bo Tiao and Shu Liu. He gave Shu Kui to Zhao Cui as wife, from whom Dun was born. Before heading for Qi, he told Ji Kui: "Wait for me twenty-five years; if I do not return after that time, then you may marry." She replied, "I have already waited for twenty-five years. If I were to wait another like it before marrying, I would be as good as dead." "I will await you," she requested. "I remained in Di for twelve years and then departed." Passing through Wei, Duke Wen of Wei did not treat him with courtesy. Leaving Wulu, he begged for food from a farmer in the fields. The farmer gave him a clod of earth instead. The nobleman became angry and wanted to whip the man. Zi Fan said, "This is a gift from heaven." He bowed deeply in reverence, accepted it, and placed it on his carriage. When he arrived at Qi, Duke Huan of Qi gave him a wife and twenty sets of four horses. The nobleman accepted this calmly, but his followers thought it was not acceptable. Before departing, they discussed their plans beneath a mulberry tree. A silk-rearing concubine was overhead and informed Lady Jiang of the discussion; Lady Jiang had her killed. She then told the nobleman, "You have ambitions to rule over all directions; those who heard of it I have already killed." The nobleman said, "There is no such thing." Jiang said, "To act is to let sentiment and comfort truly ruin one's reputation." The nobleman refused. Jiang and Zi Fan plotted together, got him drunk, and sent him off. After waking up, he chased after Zi Fan with a halberd. When they arrived at Cao, Duke Gong of Cao heard that the nobleman had fused ribs and wanted to see him naked. While he was bathing, the duke secretly observed him. The wife of Xi Fugui said, "I have observed the followers of the Jin nobleman; they are all capable enough to serve as ministers in a state. If given positions of authority, he will surely return to his homeland and reclaim it." Once he returns to his country, he will certainly gain influence among the feudal lords. If he gains influence and punishes those who have been disrespectful, Cao will be the first target." "Why don't you prepare to support him early on?" She then presented a tray of food and placed a jade tablet in it. The nobleman accepted the meal but returned the jade tablet. When they arrived in Song, Duke Xiang of Song gave him twenty sets of four horses; when they arrived in Zheng, Duke Wen of Zheng also did not treat them with courtesy. Shu Zhan advised, "I have heard that what Heaven opens the way for, no one can surpass." "The Jin nobleman possesses three of these qualities; perhaps Heaven is guiding him somehow. "He will be established as a ruler; you should treat him with courtesy, Your Majesty." When men and women share the same clan name, their offspring are not numerous. "The Jin nobleman is of the Ji lineage, yet he has survived until now; this is one sign." "He has endured external hardships while the world remains unsettled and Jin is in peril, yet Heaven seems to be opening a path for him; this is another sign." "He has three capable men who are superior to others following him; this is the third sign." "Jin and Zheng are of equal status. Even if a younger generation member from Jin were to pass through, they would still be treated with courtesy; how much more so for one whom Heaven has chosen?" The ruler did not listen. When they arrived in Chu, the ruler of Chu entertained them and asked, "If you return to Jin, how will you repay me?" He replied, "As for daughters, sons, jade, and silk, these belong to Your Majesty. As for feathers, down, teeth, and hides, they are naturally produced in your lands." "Those that reach Jin are merely the leftovers from Your Majesty's abundance. How could I possibly repay you?" The ruler said, "Even so, how will you repay me?" He replied, "If by Your Majesty's grace I return to Jin, and if the armies of Jin and Chu meet in the Central Plains, I will withdraw three encampments from you. If I do not receive your command, then I shall hold a whip in my left hand and a bow case on my right, ready to fight against you." Zi Yu requested that he be killed. The ruler of Chu said, "The Jin nobleman is generous yet thrifty, cultivated and courteous." "His followers are respectful yet broad-minded, loyal and capable. "Duke Hou of Jin has no close allies; both within and without, people despise him." "I have heard that the Ji surname is descended from Tang Shu, and they are now in decline. Perhaps it will be through this Jin nobleman that they rise again. Heaven has decided to raise them up; who can stop it?" "To defy Heaven's will is sure to bring great misfortune." So they sent him to Qin. Duke Bo of Qin took in five women, including Huai Ying, who served by holding the basin and pouring water for washing hands. Afterward, he dismissed her with a wave of his hand. She became angry and said, "Qin and Jin are equals; why should I be treated so humbly!" The nobleman was frightened and lowered his rank to that of a prisoner. On another day, the ruler entertained him. Zi Fan said, "I am not as eloquent as Zhao Cui." "I request that Zhao Cui accompany me." The nobleman recited the poem "He Shui," and the ruler recited "Liu Yue." Zhao Cui said, "Chonger bows in gratitude for your gift." The nobleman descended from his carriage and bowed deeply. The ruler descended one step lower to decline the gesture. Zhao Cui said, "Your Majesty has bestowed upon Chonger the command to assist the Son of Heaven; how could Chonger dare not bow in gratitude?"
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十有四年，春，王正月。 |
| | In the twenty-fourth year, spring, the first month of the king.
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夏，狄伐鄭。 |
| | Summer, the Di attacked Zheng.
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秋，七月。 |
| | Autumn, seventh month.
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冬，天王出居于鄭。晉侯夷吾卒。 |
| | Winter, the Heavenly King left his residence and stayed in Zheng. Duke Yiwu of Jin died.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十四年，春，王正月，秦伯納之，不書，不告入也。及河，子犯以璧授公子曰，臣負羈絏，從君巡於天下，臣之罪甚多矣。臣猶知之，而況君乎請由此亡。」公子曰：「所不與舅氏同心者，有如白水。」投其璧于河。濟河，圍令狐，入桑泉，取臼衰。二月，甲午，晉師軍于廬柳，秦伯使公子縶如晉師，師退，軍于郇，辛丑，狐偃及秦、晉之大夫盟于郇。壬寅，公子入于晉師。丙午，入于曲沃。丁未，朝于武宮。戊申，使殺懷公于高梁。不書，亦不告也。呂郤畏偪，將焚公宮而弒晉侯。寺人披請見，公使讓之，且辭焉。曰蒲城之役，君命一宿，女即至。其後余從狄君以田渭濱，女為惠公來求殺余，命女三宿，女中宿至，雖有君命，何其速也。夫袪猶在，女其行乎。」對曰：「臣謂君之入也，其知之矣。若猶未也，又將及難。君命無二，古之制也。除君之惡，唯力是視，蒲人狄人，余何有焉，今君即位，其無蒲、狄乎？齊桓公置射鉤而使管仲相。君若易之，何辱命焉行者甚眾，豈唯刑臣。」公見之，以難告。三月，晉侯潛會秦伯于王城。己丑晦，公宮火。瑕甥、郤芮不獲公，乃如河上，秦伯誘而殺之。晉侯逆夫人嬴氏以歸。秦伯送衛於晉三千人，實紀綱之僕，初，晉侯之豎頭須，守藏者也。其出也，竊藏以逃，盡用以求納之。及入，求見，公辭焉以沐。謂僕人曰：「沐則心覆，心覆則圖反，宜吾不得見也。居者為社稷之守，行者為羈絏之僕，其亦可也，何必罪居者，國君而讎匹夫，懼者甚眾矣。」僕人以告，公遽見之。狄人歸季隗于晉而請其二子。文公妻趙衰，生原同、屏括、摟嬰。趙姬請逆盾，與其母，子餘辭，姬曰：「得寵而忘舊，何以使人？必逆之，固請，許之。來以盾為才，固請于公，以為嫡子，而使其三子下之，以叔隗為內子，而己下之。 |
| | In the twenty-fourth year, Spring, first month of the king: Lord Qin received him [the prince], but this was not recorded, because he did not report his entry. When they reached the river, Zifan presented a jade disc to Gongzi and said, "I have been burdened with shackles and followed you on your travels throughout the world; my crimes are numerous. I still know this, but how much more so for you, my lord? Please allow me to flee from here." Gongzi said: "He who does not share the same heart with my maternal uncle, may he be as the white river." He threw his jade disc into the river. Crossing the Yellow River, they encircled Linghu, entered Sangquan, and captured Jiuchui. On the Jiawu day of the second month, the Jin army stationed at Luliu. Lord Qin sent Gongzi Zhi to the Jin forces. The army withdrew and stationed at Xun. On the Xinchou day, Huyan and the ministers of Qin and Jin formed an alliance in Xun. On the Rinyin day, Gongzi entered the Jin forces. On the Bingwu day, he entered Quwo. On the Dingwei day, he paid homage at the Wu Palace. On the Wushen day, orders were given to kill Duke Huai at Gaoliang. This was not recorded; it was also not reported. Lü Xi feared oppression, and planned to burn the royal palace and assassinate Duke Jin. Siren Pi requested an audience; the duke had him rebuked and dismissed. He said, "During the battle of Pucheng, you were ordered by the lord to come in one night, and you arrived immediately." Later, when I followed the Di ruler to hunt by the Wei River, you came for Duke Huigong to kill me. You were ordered to stay three nights, yet you arrived in two; although there was an order from your lord, how quickly you came! "The sleeve of my robe is still here. Will you proceed with it?" He replied, "I thought when the lord entered [the throne], he would understand this already. If he still does not know it, then he will soon face trouble again. The lord's command must be obeyed without hesitation; this is the ancient custom. Eliminating the lord's enemies depends only on one's strength; whether they are from Pu or Di, what do I have to do with them? Now that you have ascended the throne, would you not still face threats from Pu and Di? Duke Huan of Qi set aside resentment over being shot with a bowstring and appointed Guan Zhong as his prime minister. "If you are willing to change this, why would I need your command? There are many who could carry out the task; it is not only a criminal like me." The duke met with him and informed him of the danger. In March, Duke Jin secretly met Lord Qin at Wangcheng. On the Jichou day of the month's end, a fire broke out in the palace. Xia Sheng and Xi Rui failed to find the duke, so they went to the riverbank; Lord Qin lured them in and killed them. Duke Jin met his wife Ying Shi and brought her back with him. Lord Qin sent 3,000 people from Wei to Jin, who were actually servants in charge of discipline. Originally, Shu Touxu, a servant of Duke Jin, was the custodian of treasures. When he left, he stole the treasure and fled, using it all to seek admission [into Wei]. When he entered [Jin], he requested an audience, but the duke refused him, saying he was taking a bath. He said to his servants: "When one takes a bath, the mind is turned inward; when the mind turns inward, plans are reversed. That explains why I could not see him." Those who remain are the guardians of the state, and those who leave become servants in bondage. That is acceptable; why must we punish those who stay? A ruler holding a grudge against an ordinary man will cause many to fear." The servant reported this, and the duke hurriedly met with him. The Di people returned Ji Kui to Jin and requested their two sons. Duke Wen married Zhao Cui, who bore Yuantong, Pingkuo, and Lou Ying. Zhao Ji requested to bring back Dun along with his mother. Ziyu declined, but Ji said: "To gain favor and forget the old is not a way to command others." "You must bring him back." She insisted repeatedly, and he finally agreed. She came because she regarded Dun as talented, and repeatedly petitioned the duke to make him his legitimate son, placing her three other sons below him. She also made Shu Kui an inner wife but placed herself beneath her.
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晉侯賞從亡者。介之推不言祿，祿亦弗及。推曰：「獻公之子九人，唯君在矣。惠、懷無親，外內棄之。天未絕晉，必將有主。主晉祀者，非君而誰？天實置之，而二三子以為己力，不亦誣乎，竊人之財，猶謂之盜，況貪天之功，以為己力乎，下義其罪，上賞其姦，上下相蒙，難與處矣！」其母曰：「盍亦求之，以死誰懟？」對曰：「尤而效之，罪又甚焉。且出怨言，不食其食。」其母曰：「亦使知之，若何？」對曰：「言，身之文也。身將隱，焉用文之是求顯也。」其母曰：「能如是乎與女偕隱。」遂隱而死。晉侯求之不獲，以綿上為之田，曰，以志吾過，且旌善人。 |
| | Duke Jin rewarded those who had followed him into exile. Jie Zhui did not speak of rewards, and thus was not given any reward. Zhui said: "Duke Xian had nine sons, but only you remain now. Dukes Huigong and Huai lacked virtue; they were abandoned by both the court and the people." "Heaven has not yet abandoned Jin, so there must be a ruler in the future. "The one who will preside over the ancestral rites of Jin is none other than you!" "It was Heaven that placed you there, yet these men claim it as their own merit—this is not false? To steal another's property is still called a thief; how much more so to appropriate Heaven's work and call it one's own effort! The lower ranks justify the crime, while those above reward treachery. When superiors and inferiors deceive each other, there is no way to live together!" His mother said: "Why not also ask for your reward? To die without resentment, who would you be angry with?" He replied: "To emulate those in fault is to commit an even greater crime. Moreover, I have expressed grievances and will not eat their food." His mother said: "Then let them know about it. What do you think?" He replied: "Words are the expression of one's being. "If I am about to retreat into obscurity, why use words? That would only seek recognition." His mother said: "Are you truly able to do this? I will hide with you." They then retreated into hiding and died. Duke Jin sought for him but did not find him, so he granted the land of Mianshang to his descendants and said: "This is to mark my mistake and also honor a virtuous man."
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鄭之入滑也，滑人聽命。師還，又即衛。鄭公子士洩、堵俞彌帥師伐滑。王使伯服、游孫伯如鄭請滑。鄭伯怨惠王之入，而不與厲公爵也，又怨襄王之與衛滑也，故不聽王命而執二子。王怒，將以狄伐鄭。富辰諫曰：「不可。臣聞之，大上以德撫民，其次親親以相及也。昔周公弔二叔之不咸，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。管、蔡、郕、霍、魯、衛、毛、聃、郜、雍、曹、滕、畢、原、酆、郇，文之昭也。邘、晉、應、韓，武之穆也。凡、蔣、邢、茅、胙、祭，周公之胤也。召穆公思周德之不類，故糾合宗族于成周，而作詩，曰，常棣之華，鄂不韡韡，凡今之人，莫如兄弟。』其四章曰：『兄弟鬩于牆，外禦其侮。』而是則兄弟雖有小忿，不廢懿親，今天子不忍小忿以棄鄭親，其若之何？庸勳親親，暱，近尊賢，德之大者也，即聾，從昧，與頑，用嚚，姦之大者也。棄德崇姦，禍之大者也。鄭有平惠之勳，又有厲宣之親，棄嬖寵而用三良，於諸姬為近，四德具矣。耳不聽五聲之和為聾，目不別五色之章為昧，心不則德義之經為頑，口不道忠信之言為嚚，狄皆則之，四姦具矣。周之有懿德也，猶曰『莫如兄弟』，故封建之。其懷柔天下也，猶懼有外侮。扞禦侮者莫如親親，故以親屏周。召穆公亦云。今周德既衰，於是乎又渝周、召以從諸姦，無乃不可乎？民未忘禍，王又興之，其若文、武何？」王弗聽，使頹叔、桃子出狄師。 |
| | When Zheng entered Hua, the people of Hua obeyed their commands. The army returned and then joined Wei again. Prince Shi Xi of Zheng and Du Yumi led an army to attack Hua. The king sent Bo Fu and You Sunbo to Zheng to request the return of Hua. Duke Zheng resented King Huai's entry into the throne without granting Duke Li a title, and also resented King Xiang for supporting Wei over Hua. Therefore, he refused to obey the king's command and detained the two envoys. The king was angry and planned to attack Zheng with the Di people. Fu Chen advised, "It is not advisable." I have heard that the highest virtue is to govern people with benevolence; next in importance is to be close to one's relatives and extend kindness accordingly. In the past, Duke of Zhou mourned the failure of his two uncles, so he enfeoffed relatives to serve as a protective barrier for the Zhou dynasty. Guan, Cai, Cheng, Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Dan, Gao, Yong, Cao, Teng, Bi, Yuan, Feng, and Xun were the descendants of Duke Wen. Yu, Jin, Ying, and Han were the descendants of King Wu. Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Zu, and Jia were the descendants of the Duke of Zhou. Zhaomugong, thinking of the Zhou virtue that was no longer exemplified, therefore gathered his clan in Chengzhou and composed a poem: "The flowers of the 棠棠 tree are bright and splendid. Among all people today, none compare to brothers." Its fourth stanza says: "Brothers quarrel within the walls, but together repel external insults." If this is so, then even if brothers have minor quarrels, they should not abandon their close kinship. Now the Son of Heaven cannot bear a small grievance to forsake his kinsman Zheng; how can we do otherwise? Rewarding meritorious service and honoring close relatives, being affectionate to the near, respectful to the noble, and reverent toward the virtuous—these are the greatest virtues. To follow deafness with blindness, to associate with stubbornness, and to employ treacherous people—these are the gravest evils. To abandon virtue and elevate evildoers is the greatest source of disaster. Zheng has the merit of Pinghui, and is also closely related to Duke Li and Duke Xuan. It abandoned favored favorites in favor of three virtuous men; among all the Ji clan descendants, it is the closest. Four virtues are thus fulfilled. Ears that cannot discern the harmony of five tones are deaf; eyes that cannot distinguish the patterns of five colors are blind. A heart that does not follow the principles of virtue and righteousness is stubborn, and a mouth that does not speak words of loyalty and trustworthiness is treacherous. The Di people all follow these traits—four evils are thus complete. When the Zhou dynasty had noble virtue, it was still said "none compare to brothers," so they enfeoffed them. Their efforts to pacify the world were still accompanied by fear of external threats. No one is better at defending against insults than close relatives; thus, they used kinship to protect the Zhou dynasty. This was also what Zhaomugong said. Now that the virtue of Zhou has declined, to abandon the principles of Zhou and Zhao in favor of various evildoers—would this not be unacceptable? The people have not forgotten past calamities, yet the king is now stirring them up again. What would King Wen and King Wu think of this?" The king did not listen and sent Tuishu and Taizi to lead the Di forces.
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夏，狄伐鄭，取櫟。王德狄人，將以其女為后，富辰諫曰：「不可，臣聞之曰：『報者倦矣，施者未厭。』狄固貪惏。王又啟之，女德無極，婦怨無終，狄必為患。」王又弗聽。初甘昭公有寵於惠后，惠后將立之，未及而卒。昭公奔齊，王復之，又通於隗氏。王替隗氏，頹叔、桃子曰：「我實使狄，狄其怨我。」遂奉大叔以狄師攻王。王御士將禦之，王曰：「先后其謂我何寧使諸侯圖之。」王遂出，及坎欿，國人納之。秋，頹叔、桃子奉大叔，以狄師伐周，大敗周師，獲周公忌父、原伯、毛伯、富辰。王出適鄭，處于氾，大叔以隗氏居于溫。 |
| | Summer, the Di attacked Zheng and captured Li. The king favored the Di people and planned to make his daughter their queen. Fu Chen advised, "This is not advisable. I have heard it said: 'Those who repay kindness become weary; those who give are never satisfied.' "The Di people are inherently greedy and insatiable. If the king further encourages them, their greed will have no bounds, and resentment from your daughter as a wife will never end. The Di will surely become a source of trouble." The king again did not listen. Originally, Duke Ganzhao was favored by Queen Huigong, who intended to make him king; but before this could happen, she died. In the beginning, Duke Ganzhao enjoyed favor with Queen Huigong. She had intended to appoint him as ruler but did not live long enough to do so. Duke Ganzhao fled to Qi. The king reinstated him and he became involved in a relationship with Wei Shi. The king replaced Wei Shi, and Tuishu and Taizi said: "It was we who sent the Di people; they may resent us." So they then supported Dashu with the Di forces to attack the king. The royal guards were about to resist them, but the king said: "What would my ancestors say of me? Better let the feudal lords deal with it." So the king left. Upon reaching Kankan, the people of the capital received him back. Autumn, Tuishu and Taizi supported Dashu with the Di army to attack Zhou. They heavily defeated the Zhou forces, capturing Duke Gongjifu, Yuan Bo, Mao Bo, and Fu Chen. The king fled to Zheng and stayed in Fan; Dashu settled with Wei Shi at Wen.
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鄭子華之弟子臧出奔宋，好聚鷸冠。鄭伯聞而惡之，使盜誘之。八月，盜殺之于陳、宋之間。君子曰：「服之不衷，身之災也。詩曰，彼己之子，不稱其服，子臧之服，不稱也夫。詩曰，自詒伊慼，其子臧之謂矣，《夏書》曰，『地平天成』，稱也。」 |
| | Zi Zang, the disciple of Zi Hua from Zheng, fled to Song and was fond of collecting yu caps. Duke Zheng heard about this and disliked it, so he sent thieves to lure him out. In the eighth month, the thieves killed him between Chen and Song. The gentlemen said: "To wear things not in accordance with one's position is a disaster for oneself." The Book of Songs says, "That man there, his attire does not match his status." The clothing worn by Zi Zang indeed did not match. The Book of Songs says: "It is they who bring upon themselves sorrow," which refers to Zi Zang. The Shu of Xia says, "The earth is level and the heavens are complete," meaning proper status and conduct.
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宋及楚平，宋成公如楚。還入於鄭，鄭伯將享之，問禮於皇武子，對曰，宋，先代之後也，於周為客，天子有事膰焉，有喪拜焉，豐厚可也。」鄭伯從之，享宋公有加，禮也。 |
| | Song made peace with Chu; Duke Chenggong of Song went to Chu. On his return, he entered Zheng. Duke Zhuang of Zheng planned to entertain him and asked about the proper etiquette from Huang Wuzi. The latter replied: "Song is a descendant of an ancient dynasty; it is considered a guest in Zhou. When the Son of Heaven has sacrifices, he sends offerings to Song; when there is mourning, he pays respects. Therefore, generous hospitality would be appropriate." Duke Zhuang followed this advice and entertained Duke Chenggong of Song with extra generosity; this was in accordance with proper rites.
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冬，王使來告難曰，不穀不德，得罪于母弟之寵子帶，鄙在鄭地氾，敢告叔父。」臧文仲對曰：「天子蒙塵于外，敢不奔問官守？」王使簡師父告于晉，使左鄢父告于秦。天子無出，書曰「天王出居于鄭」，辟母弟之難也。天子凶服降名，禮也。 |
| | In winter, the king sent a messenger to report his distress: "I am unworthy and have offended my beloved younger brother's favored son Dai. I now take refuge in Fan, which is located in Zheng territory. I dare to inform you, Uncle." Zang Wenzhong replied: "The Son of Heaven is in exile outside the capital. How could I dare not rush to inquire about my official duties?" The king sent Jian Shifu to inform Jin, and Zuo Yanfu to inform Qin. It was not customary for the Son of Heaven to leave his capital; thus, it is recorded as "The Heavenly King went into residence in Zheng," indicating that he fled from the danger posed by his younger brother. The Son of Heaven lowered his rank and wore mourning clothes, which was in accordance with rites.
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鄭伯與孔將鉏，石甲父，侯宣多，省視官具于氾，而後聽其私政，禮也。 |
| | Duke Zhuang of Zheng, together with Kong Jiangchu, Shi Jiapu, and Hou Xuanduo, inspected the official supplies in Fan before allowing private governance; this was in accordance with rites.
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衛人將伐邢，禮至曰：「不得其守，國不可得也。我請昆弟仕焉。」乃往，得仕。 |
| | The people of Wei were about to attack Xing, but Li Zhi said: "Without capturing its defenders, the state cannot be taken." "I will request that my brothers serve there." So he went and obtained a position.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十有五年，春，王正月。丙午，衛侯燬滅邢。 |
| | In the twenty-fifth year, spring, the first month of the king. On the Bingwu day, Marquis Wei Hui destroyed the state of Xing.
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夏，四月，癸酉，衛侯燬卒。 |
| | In summer, in the fourth month, on the Gouyou day, Marquis Wei Hui died.
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宋蕩伯姬來逆婦。 |
| | Song Dang Boji came to escort his daughter-in-law.
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宋殺其大夫。 |
| | The state of Song killed its high official.
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秋，楚人圍陳，納頓子于頓。 |
| | In autumn, the people of Chu besieged Chen and installed Dun Zi in Dun.
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葬衛文公。 |
| | The funeral rites for Duke Wen of Wei were held.
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冬，十有二月，癸亥，公會衛子、莒慶，盟于洮。 |
| | In winter, on the Guhai day of the twelfth month, the ruler met with Wei Zi and Ju Qing and concluded an alliance at Tao.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十五年，春，衛人伐邢，二禮從國子巡城，掖以赴外，殺之。正月，丙午，衛侯燬滅邢，同姓也，故名，禮至為銘曰：「余掖殺國子，莫余敢止。」 |
| | In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, the people of Wei attacked Xing. Er Li followed Guo Zi on a city inspection and was pushed out by him to be killed. On the Bingwu day of the first month, Marquis Wei Hui annihilated Xing; since they were of the same clan name, it is recorded by name. Li Zhi composed an inscription saying: "I pushed Guo Zi to his death, and no one dared to stop me."
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秦伯師于河上，將納王，狐偃言於晉侯曰：「求諸侯，莫如勤王。諸侯信之，且大義也。繼文之業。而信宣於諸侯，今為可矣。」使卜偃卜之，曰：「吉！遇黃帝戰于阪泉之兆，公曰：「吾不堪也。」對曰：「周禮未改，今之王，古之帝也。」公曰：「筮之。」筮之，遇大有之睽，曰吉，遇公用享于天子之卦也，戰克而王饗，吉孰大焉？且是卦也，天為澤以當日，天子降心以逆公，不亦可乎大有去睽而復，亦其所也。」晉侯辭秦師而下。三月，甲辰，次于陽樊，右師圍溫，左師逆王。 |
| | The ruler of Qin stationed his troops by the river, intending to install the king. Fu Yan said to Duke Jin: "To seek support from the feudal lords, nothing is better than assisting the king." The feudal lords will trust you, and it is also a matter of great righteousness. Carry on the legacy of Wen. And establish Xuan's credibility among the feudal lords; now is the time to do so." He sent Bu Yan to make an oracle consultation, who said: "Favorable! The omen indicates a battle with the Yellow Emperor at Banquan. The ruler said: "I am not capable of this." He replied: "The Zhou rites have not changed; the current king is like an ancient emperor." The ruler said: "Cast yarrow stalks for a divination." They cast the oracle, and it encountered Kai from Dayou. It said "favorable." This is the hexagram of a ruler receiving offerings from the Son of Heaven; victory in battle and being honored by the king—what could be more auspicious? Moreover, in this hexagram, Heaven becomes a lake to correspond with the sun; the Son of Heaven humbles himself to welcome you. Is it not appropriate? Dayou moving into Kai and returning is also its proper place." Duke Jin bid farewell to the Qin forces and descended. In March, on the Jiachen day, they halted at Yangfan. The right division encircled Wen, while the left division went to meet the king.
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夏，四月，丁巳，王入于王城，取大叔于溫，殺之于隰城，戊午，晉侯朝王。王饗醴，命之宥。請隧，弗許，曰：「王章也。未有代德而有二王，亦叔父之所惡也。」與之陽樊，溫原，欑，茅，之田，晉於是始起南陽。陽樊不服，圍之。蒼葛呼曰，「德以柔中國，刑以威四夷，宜吾不敢服也。此誰非王之親姻，其俘之也！」乃出其民。 |
| | In summer, in April, on the Dingsi day, the king entered Wangcheng. They captured Duke Shu from Wen and killed him at Xicheng. On the Wumu day, Duke Jin paid homage to the king. The king offered a ceremonial drink of li and ordered clemency for them. They requested the right to be buried in a tunnel-style tomb, but it was not granted, saying: "This is the king's regulation." "There has never been a case where one without succeeding virtue holds two kings' status; this is also what your uncle despises." They were granted the fields of Yangfan, Wenyuan, Cun, and Mao. From then on, Jin began to rise in Nanyang. Yangfan did not submit; they surrounded it. Cang Ge cried out, "Virtue is used to pacify the Central States, and punishment is used to awe the four barbarian regions. It is fitting that we dared not submit." "Who among us is not a relative or in-law of the king? Capture them!" They then released its people.
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秋，秦、晉伐鄀。楚鬥克、屈禦寇以申、息之師戍商密。秦人過析隈，入而係輿人以圍商密，昏而傅焉。宵，坎血加書，偽與子儀、子邊盟者。商密人懼曰：「秦取析矣，戍人反矣。」乃降秦師。囚申公子儀、息公子邊以歸。楚令尹子玉追秦師，弗及，遂圍陳，納頓子于頓。 |
| | In autumn, Qin and Jin attacked Ruo. Chu Dou Ke and Qu Yukou led the armies of Shen and Xi to garrison Shangmi. The Qin forces passed through Xiwui, entered and tethered the chariots of the defenders to encircle Shangmi, approaching it closely by dusk. At night, they dug a trench filled with blood and added written documents, pretending to conclude an alliance with Zi Yi and Zi Bian. The people of Shangmi were frightened and said: "Qin has captured Xi, and the garrison forces have turned against us." They then surrendered to the Qin army. They captured Shen Gong Zi Yi and Xi Gong Zi Bian and returned with them. The Lord Chancellor of Chu, Zi Yu, pursued the Qin army but failed to catch up; he then encircled Chen and installed Dun Zi in Du.
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冬，晉侯圍原，命三日之糧。原不降，命去之。諜出，曰：「原將降矣。」軍吏曰：「請待之。」公曰：「信，國之寶也，民之所庇也。得原失信，何以庇之所亡滋多。」退一舍而原降，遷原伯貫于冀。趙衰為原大夫，狐溱為溫大夫。 |
| | In winter, Duke Jin besieged Yuan and ordered provisions for three days' worth of rations. Yuan did not surrender; he was ordered to withdraw. A spy came out and said: "Yuan is about to surrender." The military officer said: "Please wait for it." The ruler said: "Trust is the treasure of a state, what the people rely on. To gain Yuan but lose trust—how can we protect those who would be lost? It will only lead to more losses." After retreating one shè (fifty li), Yuan surrendered. The ruler of Yuan, Guan Bo, was relocated to Ji. Zhao Cui became the governor of Yuan, and Hu Qin became the governor of Wen.
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衛人平莒于我。十二月，盟于洮，脩衛文公之好，且及莒平也。 |
| | The people of Wei mediated peace between us and Ju. In the twelfth month, an alliance was concluded at Tao to renew the friendship with Duke Wen of Wei, and also to achieve peace with Ju.
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晉侯問原守於寺人勃鞮。對曰：「昔趙衰以壺飧從徑，餒而弗食。」故使處原。 |
| | Duke Jin asked Siren Boti about the defense of Yuan. He replied: "In the past, Zhao Cui followed Duke Jing with a pot of food and refused to eat when hungry." Therefore, he was placed in charge of Yuan.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十有六年，春，王正月。己未，公會莒子，衛甯速，盟于向。 |
| | In the twenty-sixth year, spring, the first month of the king. On the Jiw ei day, the Gong met with Ju Zi and Wei Ningsu and formed an alliance at Xiang.
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齊人侵我西鄙。公追齊師至酅，不及。 |
| | The Qi people invaded our western borderlands. The Gong pursued the Qi army to Xi, but did not catch up with them.
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夏，齊人伐我北鄙。 |
| | In summer, the Qi people attacked our northern borderlands.
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衛人伐齊。 |
| | The Wei people attacked Qi.
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公子遂如楚乞師。 |
| | Gongzi Sui went to Chu to request military assistance.
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秋，楚人滅夔子歸。 |
| | In autumn, the Chu people destroyed Kuizi Gui.
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冬，楚人伐宋，圍緡。公以楚師伐齊，取穀。公至自伐齊。 |
| | In winter, the Chu people attacked Song and besieged Min. The Gong led the Chu forces to attack Qi and captured Gu. The Gong returned from his expedition against Qi.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十六年，春，王正月。公會莒茲平公，甯莊子盟于向，尋洮之盟也。 |
| | In the twenty-sixth year [of the reign], spring, first month of the king's calendar. The Gong met with Ju Zipinggong and Ning Zhuangzi to form an alliance at Xiang, which was a follow-up to the Taiao Alliance.
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「齊師侵我西鄙」，討是二盟也。 |
| | "The Qi forces invaded our western borderlands," this was in retaliation for these two alliances.
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夏，齊孝公伐我北鄙。衛人伐齊，洮之盟故也。公使展喜犒師，使受命于展禽。齊侯未入竟，展喜從之，曰：「寡君聞君親舉玉趾，將辱於敝邑，使下臣犒執事。」齊侯曰：「魯人恐乎對曰：「小人恐矣，君子則否。」齊侯曰，室如縣罄，野無青草，何恃而不恐，對曰：「恃先王之命，昔周公、大公股肱周室，夾輔成王。成王勞之而賜之盟，曰：『世世子孫，無相害也！』載在盟府，大師職之。桓公是以糾合諸侯而謀其不協，彌縫其闕而匡救其災，昭舊職也。及君即位，諸侯之望曰：『其率桓之功。』我敝邑用不敢保聚，曰：『豈其嗣世九年而棄命廢職，其若先君何君必不然。』恃此以不恐。」齊侯乃還。 |
| | In summer, Duke Xiaogong of Qi attacked our northern borderlands. The Wei people attacked Qi, due to the Taiao Alliance. The Gong sent Zhan Xi to offer rewards to the troops and had him receive instructions from Zhan Qin. Before Duke Qi had entered the border, Zhan Xi followed him and said: "My lord has heard that Your Majesty is about to set foot in our humble territory, so he sent me, your lowly minister, to offer rewards to those in charge." Duke Qi said: "Are the Lu people afraid?" He replied: "The common people are afraid, but the gentlemen are not." Duke Qi said: "Your houses are as empty as hanging kongzhongs, and the fields have no green grass; on what do you rely to not be afraid?" He replied: "We rely on the command of our ancestors. In the past, Duke Zhou and Tai Gong were pillars of the Zhou dynasty, assisting King Cheng in governance." King Cheng honored them with rewards and granted them an alliance, saying: "May your descendants through the ages never harm each other!" It is recorded in the archives of alliances, and it is the duty of the Grand Master. Duke Huan was therefore able to convene the feudal lords and address their disagreements, mending their shortcomings and rescuing them from disasters; this was a demonstration of his old duties. When Your Majesty ascended the throne, the feudal lords looked forward to saying: "May you follow Duke Huan's achievements." Our humble territory therefore dares not to gather and protect, saying: "Could their descendants have abandoned the mandate and neglected their duties after nine generations? How could they treat our ancestors? Your Majesty must not do so." We rely on this to remain unafraid." Duke Qi then withdrew.
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東門襄仲、臧文仲如楚乞師。臧孫見子玉而道之伐齊、宋，以其不臣也。 |
| | Dongmen Xiangzhong and Zang Wenzhong went to Chu to request an army. Zang Sun met with Zi Yu and advised him to attack Qi and Song, because they had not shown proper submission.
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夔子不祀祝融與鬻熊。楚人讓之，對曰：「我先王熊摯有疾，鬼神弗赦而自竄于夔。吾是以失楚，又何祀焉？」秋，楚成得臣、鬥宜申帥師滅夔，以夔子歸。 |
| | Kuizi did not perform sacrifices to Zhurong and Yuxiong. The Chu people reproached him, who replied: "My ancestor Duke Xiong Zhi was ill; the gods and spirits did not forgive him, so he fled to Kuili on his own. Therefore, I lost my position in Chu, so why should I perform sacrifices?" In autumn, Cheng Dechen and Dou Yishen led the army to destroy Kuili and brought back Kuizi.
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宋以其善於晉侯也，叛楚即晉。冬，楚令尹子玉、司馬子西帥師伐宋，圍緡。公以楚師伐齊，取穀。凡師能左右之曰「以」。寘桓公子雍於穀，易牙奉之，以為魯援，楚申公叔侯戍之。桓公之子七人，為七大夫於楚。 |
| | Song defected from Chu to Jin because they were friendly with Duke Jinhou. In winter, Zi Yu, the Lingyi of Chu, and Zi Xi, the Sima, led an army to attack Song and besieged Min. The Gong led the forces of Chu to attack Qi and captured Gu (Grain). Whenever an army can be directed or controlled, it is said "to lead with." They placed Gongzi Yong, a son of Duke Huan, in Gu, where Yiya served him and provided support for Lu; the Chu official Shengong Shuhou was stationed there to defend it. Duke Huan had seven sons, who became seven high officials in Chu.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十有七年，春，杞子來朝。 |
| | In the twenty-seventh year, spring, Qi Zi came to pay homage.
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夏，六月，庚寅，齊侯昭卒。 |
| | In summer, on the Gengyin day of the sixth month, Lord Zhao of Qi died.
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秋，八月，乙未，葬齊孝公。乙巳，公子遂帥師入杞。 |
| | In autumn, on the Yiwèi day of the eighth month, Duke Xiao of Qi was buried. On the Yisi day, Gongzi Sui led his troops into Qi.
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冬，楚人、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男圍宋。十有二月，甲戌，公會諸侯盟于宋。 |
| | In winter, the people of Chu, Duke Chen, Duke Cai, Bo Zheng, and Nan Xu besieged Song. On the Jiaxu day of the twelfth month, the ruler met with the feudal lords to form an alliance in Song.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十七年，春，杞桓公來朝，用夷禮，故曰子。公卑杞，杞不共也。 |
| | In the twenty-seventh year: In spring, King Huan of Qi came to pay homage; he was treated according to Yi rites, hence he is called Zi. The ruler lowered himself before Qi, and therefore Qi did not offer tribute.
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夏，齊孝公卒，有齊怨，不廢喪紀，禮也。 |
| | In summer, Duke Xiao of Qi died. Despite resentment toward Qi, the mourning rites were not abandoned; this was in accordance with ritual propriety.
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秋，入杞，責無禮也。 |
| | In autumn, troops entered Qi to hold them accountable for their disrespectful behavior.
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楚子將圍宋，使子文治兵於睽，終朝而畢，不戮一人。子玉復治兵於蒍，終日而畢，鞭七人，貫三人耳。國老皆賀子文，子文飲之酒。蒍賈尚幼，後至不賀。子文問之，對曰：「不知所賀。子之傳政於子玉，曰：『以靖國也。』靖諸內而敗諸外，所獲幾何子玉之敗，子之舉也，舉以敗國，將何賀焉子玉剛而無禮，不可以治民，過三百乘，其不能以入矣。苟入而賀，何後之有。 |
| | Prince Chu planned to besiege Song and sent Ziwen to prepare troops at Kui. The preparations were completed in a single morning, without killing even one person. Zi Yu again prepared troops at Wei; the preparations took all day to complete, and he whipped seven people and pierced three with spears. The elder statesmen of the country all congratulated Ziwen, who then treated them to wine. Wei Jia was still young and arrived later without offering congratulations. Ziwen asked him why, and he replied: "I do not know what to congratulate you for. "You passed the administration of state affairs to Zi Yu, saying, 'This is to pacify the country.'" "You pacified the interior but failed in external affairs; what have you gained? Zi Yu's failure is due to your recommendation. To recommend someone who brings about the downfall of the state—what is there to congratulate? Zi Yu is rigid and disrespectful, unfit to govern the people. If he leads more than three hundred chariots, I fear he will not be able to enter [the city]." "If he enters and we offer congratulations then, what difference would it make if we were late?"
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冬，楚子及諸侯圍宋，宋公孫固如晉告急。先軫曰：「報施救患，取威定霸，於是乎在矣。」狐偃曰：「楚始得曹，而新昏於衛，若伐曹、衛，楚必救之，則齊、宋免矣。」於是乎蒐于被廬，作三軍，謀元帥，趙衰曰：「郤縠可。臣亟聞其言矣，說禮、樂而敦《詩》、《書》。詩書，義之府也，禮樂，德之則也，德、義，利之本也。《夏書》曰：『賦納以言，明試以功，車服以庸。』君其試之。」乃使郤縠將中軍，郤溱佐之，使狐偃將上軍，讓於狐毛而佐之，命趙衰為卿，讓於欒枝、先軫。使欒枝將下軍，先軫佐之。荀林父御戎，魏犨為右，晉侯始入而教其民，二年，欲用之。子犯曰：「民未知義，未安其居。」於是乎出定襄王，入務利民，民懷生矣。將用之子。犯曰：「民未知信，未宣其用。」於是乎伐原以示之信。民易資者，不求豐焉，明徵其辭，公曰：「可矣乎？」子犯曰：「民未知禮，未生其共。」於是乎大蒐以示之禮，作執秩以正其官。民聽不惑，而後用之。出穀戍，釋宋圍，一戰而霸，文之教也。 |
| | In winter, Prince Chu and the feudal lords besieged Song. Gongsun Gu of Song went to Jin to report an emergency. Xian Zhen said: "To repay kindness, rescue from distress, gain prestige, and establish hegemony—this is the moment to do so." Hu Yan said: "Chu has just captured Cao and recently married into the Wei family. If we attack Cao and Wei, Chu will certainly come to their rescue, thus relieving Qi and Song." Thus they held a military review at Bei Lu, established three armies, and planned to appoint a supreme commander. Zhao Cui said: "Xi Hu is suitable." "I have often heard his words; he speaks of rites and music, and values the 'Shi' and 'Shu.'" "The 'Shi' and the 'Shu' are repositories of righteousness; rites and music are standards of virtue. Virtue and righteousness are the roots of benefit." "The 'Shang Shu' says: 'Accept words as tribute, test ability through accomplishments, and bestow carriages and robes according to merit.'" "Your lordship should give him a trial." Thus they appointed Xi Hu as commander of the central army, with Xi Qin as his deputy. They assigned Hu Yan to command the upper army, yielding the position to Hu Mao and serving as his deputy. Zhao Cui was named a high minister, but he yielded the honor to Luan Zhi and Xian Zhen. They appointed Luan Zhi as commander of the lower army, with Xian Zhen as his deputy. Xun Linfu served as the charioteer, and Wei Chou was on the right side. When Duke Jin first entered [the region], he began to educate his people; after two years, he wished to use them in battle. Zi Fan said: "The people do not yet understand righteousness and are unsettled in their dwellings." Thus they went out to support King Xiang, and upon returning focused on benefiting the people; as a result, the people cherished life. They were about to use them, my lord. Fan said: "The people do not yet trust us and are unaware of how they will be used." Thus they attacked Yuan to demonstrate their credibility. For the people who easily provided resources, they did not demand more; instead, they clearly stated their terms. The ruler asked: "Is it ready now?" Zi Fan said: "The people do not yet know the rites and have not developed a sense of reverence." Thus they held a grand military review to demonstrate the rites, and established the Zhizhi system to regulate their official positions. Only after the people listened without confusion were they put into use. They withdrew from Gu Shu, lifted the siege of Song, and achieved hegemony with a single battle—this was the teaching of Duke Wen.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十有八年，春，晉侯侵曹。晉侯伐衛。 |
| | In the twenty-eighth year [of his reign], spring, Duke Jin invaded Cao. Duke Jin attacked Wei.
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公子買戍衛，不卒戍，刺之。楚人救衛。 |
| | Gongzi Mai was stationed to defend Wei, but did not complete his garrison duty; he was assassinated. The people of Chu came to the aid of Wei.
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三月，丙午，晉侯入曹，執曹伯，畀宋人。 |
| | On the Bingwu day of the third month, Duke Jin entered Cao, captured Duge Bo, and handed him over to the people of Song.
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夏，四月己巳，晉侯、齊師、宋師、秦師及楚人戰于城濮，楚師敗績。楚殺其大夫得臣。 |
| | In summer, on the Jisi day of the fourth month, Duke Jin, along with the armies of Qi, Song, and Qin, fought against the people of Chu at Chengpu, and the army of Chu suffered a crushing defeat. Chu killed its high official Dechen.
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衛侯出奔楚。 |
| | Duke Wei fled to Chu.
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五月，癸丑，公會晉侯，齊侯，宋公蔡侯，鄭伯，衛子，莒子，盟于踐土，陳侯如會。公朝于王所。 |
| | In the fifth month, on the Guichou day, His Majesty met with Duke Jin, Duke Qi, Gong Song, Hou Cai, Bo Zheng, Zi Wei, and Zi Ju, and they formed an alliance at Jiantu. The Marquis of Chen attended the meeting as well. His Majesty paid a court visit to the Son of Heaven's residence.
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六月，衛侯鄭自楚復歸于衛。衛元咺出奔晉。 |
| | In June, Duke Wei Zheng returned from Chu back to Wei. Wei Yuanxuan fled to Jin.
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陳侯款卒。 |
| | The Marquis of Chen Kuan died.
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秋，杞伯姬來。 |
| | In autumn, Ji Bo came from Qi.
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公子遂如齊。 |
| | Gongzi Sui went to Qi.
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冬，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、陳子、莒子、邾人、秦人于溫。 |
| | In winter, His Majesty met with Duke Jin and Duke Qi, Gong Song and Hou Cai, Bo Zheng and Zi Chen, Zi Ju, the people of Zhu, and the people of Qin at Wen.
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天王狩于河陽。壬申，公朝于王所。 |
| | The Son of Heaven conducted a hunting expedition in Heyang. On the Renshen day, His Majesty paid a court visit to where the Son of Heaven was residing.
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晉人執衛侯，歸之于京師。衛元咺自晉復歸于衛。 |
| | The people of Jin captured Duke Wei and returned him to the capital. Wei Yuanxuan returned from Jin back to Wei.
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諸侯遂圍許。曹伯襄復歸于曹，遂會諸侯圍許。 |
| | The feudal lords then encircled Xu. Duke Cao Xiang returned to Cao and thus joined the feudal lords in surrounding Xu.
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| | 僖公二十... : |
二十八年，春，晉侯將伐曹，假道于衛，衛人弗許。還，自河南濟。侵曹伐衛。正月戊申，取五鹿。二月，晉郤縠卒。原蹫將中軍，胥臣佐下軍，上德也，晉侯、齊侯盟于斂盂。衛侯請盟，晉人弗許。衛侯欲與楚，國人不欲，故出其君以說于晉。衛侯出居于襄牛。 |
| | In the twenty-eighth year, spring, Duke Jin was about to attack Cao and requested passage through Wei territory; the people of Wei did not grant permission. He turned back and crossed from the southern bank of the Yellow River. He invaded Cao and attacked Wei. On the Wushen day of the first month, they captured Wu Lu. In February, Duke Jin Xi Hu died. Yuan Qun took command of the central army, and Xu Chen assisted in the lower army; this was an act of virtue. Duke Jin and Duke Qi formed an alliance at Lianyu. Duke Wei requested to form an alliance, but the people of Jin did not agree. Duke Wei wanted to ally with Chu, but his subjects did not want this; therefore, they expelled their ruler in order to appease Jin. Duke Wei left and took residence at Xiangniu.
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公子買戍衛，楚人救衛，不克。公懼於晉，殺子叢以說焉。謂楚人曰：「不卒戍也。」 |
| | Gongzi Mai was stationed in Wei, and the people of Chu came to rescue Wei; they did not succeed. His Majesty feared Jin and killed Zi Cong in order to appease them. He told the people of Chu, "This was because he did not complete his garrison service."
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晉侯圍曹，門焉多死，曹人尸諸城上，晉侯患之，聽輿人之謀曰：「稱舍於墓。」師遷焉，曹人兇懼，為其所得者棺而出之。因其兇也而攻之。三月丙午，入曹。數之，以其不用僖負羈而乘軒者三百人也，且曰：「獻狀。」令無入僖負羈之宮而免其族，報施也。魏犨、顛頡怒曰：「勞之不圖，報於何有！」爇僖負羈氏。氏魏犨傷於胸，公欲殺之，而愛其材，使問，且視之。病，將殺之。魏犨束胸見使者曰：「以君之靈，不有寧也。」距躍三百，曲踊三百，乃舍之，殺顛頡以徇于師，立舟之僑以為戎右。宋人使門尹般如晉師告急。公曰：「宋人告急，舍之，則絕。告楚，不許。我欲戰矣，齊、秦未可，若之何？」先軫曰，使宋舍我而賂齊秦，藉之告楚。我執曹君，而分曹、衛之田以賜宋人。楚愛曹、衛，必不許也。喜賂怒頑，能無戰乎？」公說，執曹伯，分曹、衛之田以畀宋人。楚人入居于申，使申叔去穀，使子玉去宋，曰：「無從晉師。晉侯在外十九年矣，而果得晉國。險阻艱難，備嘗之矣，民之情偽，盡知之矣，天假之年，而除其害，天之所置，其可廢乎《軍志》曰：『允當則歸。』又曰：『知難而退。』又曰：『有德不可敵。』此三《志》者，晉之謂矣。』子玉使伯棼請戰，曰，非敢必有功也，願以間執讒慝之口，王怒，少與之師，唯西廣、東宮與若敖之六卒實從之。子玉使宛春告於晉師曰：「請復衛侯而封曹，臣亦釋宋之圍。」子犯曰：「子玉無禮哉！君取一，臣取二，不可失矣。」先軫曰：「子與之。定人之謂禮，楚一言而定三國，我一言而亡之，我則無禮，何以戰乎不許楚言，是棄宋也，救而棄之，謂諸侯何楚有三施，我有三怨。怨讎已多，將何以戰？不如私許復曹衛以攜之，執宛春以怒楚，既戰而後圖之。」公說，乃拘宛春於衛，且私許復曹、衛。曹、衛告絕於楚。子玉怒，從晉師。晉師退，軍吏曰：「以君辟臣，辱也。且楚師老矣，何故退？」子犯曰：「師直為壯，曲為老，豈在久乎？微楚之惠不及此，退三舍辟之，所以報也，背惠食言，以亢其讎，我曲楚直，其眾素飽，不可謂老。我退而楚還，我將何求。若其不還，君退臣犯，曲在彼矣。」退三舍，楚眾欲止，子玉不可。夏，四月戊辰，晉侯、宋公、齊國歸父、崔夭、秦小子憖次于城濮。楚師背酅而舍，晉侯患之，聽輿人之誦，曰：「原田每每，舍其舊而新是謀。」公疑焉，子犯曰：「戰也戰而捷，必得諸侯。若其不捷，表裡山河，必無害也，公曰：「若楚惠何？」欒貞子曰：「漢陽諸姬，楚實盡之。思小惠而忘大恥，不如戰也，晉侯夢與楚子搏，楚子伏己而盬其腦，是以懼，子犯曰：「吉我得天，楚伏其罪，吾且柔之矣。』子玉使鬥勃請戰，曰：「請與君之士戲，君馮軾而觀之，得臣與寓目焉。」晉侯使欒枝對曰：「寡君聞命矣。楚君之惠，未之敢忘，是以在此。為大夫退，其敢當君乎？既不獲命矣，敢煩大夫，謂二三子。『戒爾車乘，敬爾君事，詰朝將見。』晉車七百乘，韅、靷、鞅、靽。晉侯登有莘之虛以觀師，曰：「少長有禮，其可用也。」遂伐其木以益其兵。己巳，晉師陳于莘北，胥臣以下軍之佐當陳、蔡。子玉以若敖之六卒將中軍，曰：「今日必無晉矣。」子西將左，子上將右。胥臣蒙馬以虎皮，先犯陳、蔡。陳、蔡奔，楚右師潰。狐毛設二旆而退之。欒枝使輿曳柴而偽遁，楚師馳之。原軫，郤溱，以中軍公族橫擊之，狐毛、狐偃以上軍夾攻子西，楚左師潰。楚師敗績。子玉收其卒而止，故不敗。晉師三日館穀，及癸酉而還。甲午，至于衡雍，作王宮于踐土。鄉役之三月，鄭伯如楚。致其師，為楚師既敗而懼，使子人九行成于晉。晉欒枝入盟鄭伯。五月丙午，晉侯及鄭伯盟于衡雍。丁未，獻楚俘于王，駟介百乘，徒兵千。鄭伯傅王，用平禮也。已酉，王享醴，命晉侯宥，王命尹氏，及王子虎，內史叔興父策命晉侯為侯伯，賜之大輅之服，戎輅之服，彤弓一，彤矢百，玈弓矢千，秬鬯一卣，虎賁三百人。曰：「王謂叔父：『敬服王命，以綏四國，糾逖王慝。』」晉侯三辭，從命，曰：「重耳敢再拜稽首，奉揚天子之丕顯休命。」受策以出，出入三覲。 |
| | Duke Jin surrounded Cao, and many died at the gates. The people of Cao displayed their corpses on the city walls; Duke Jin was troubled by this and heeded a plan proposed by the common people: "Announce that we will encamp near the tombs." The army moved there, and the people of Cao became terrified; those who had been captured by them were placed in coffins and brought out. Taking advantage of their terror, they attacked them. On the Bingwu day of March, they entered Cao. They counted them, as there were three hundred men who rode in carriages without having used Xi Fuiji; and it was also said: "Present the list." An order was given not to enter the residence of Xi Fuiji and to pardon his clan, as a reward for past kindness. Wei Chou and Dian Jie angrily said: "We did not seek reward for our labor, so how can there be any repayment?" They burned the residence of the Xi Fuiji clan. Wei Chou was wounded in the chest; His Majesty wanted to kill him but valued his talent, so he sent someone to inquire and check on him. He was ill, and they were going to kill him. Wei Chou bound his chest and met the envoy, saying: "By your lord's divine power, I have no peace." After leaping forward three hundred times and hopping sideways three hundred times, they released him. Dian Jie was executed as a warning to the army, and Zhou Zhiqiao was appointed as Right Commander of the chariot forces. The people of Song sent Menyin Ban to the Jin camp to plead for urgent assistance. His Majesty said: "The people of Song have come in a state of emergency; if we abandon them, our alliance will be broken." Reporting to Chu was not allowed. "I want to fight, but Qi and Qin are not yet ready; what should we do?" Xian Zhen said: "Let Song abandon us and offer bribes to Qi and Qin, using them as intermediaries to inform Chu." We have captured the ruler of Cao, and we will divide the fields of Cao and Wei to bestow upon the people of Song. Chu values Cao and Wei; they certainly will not agree. "Delighted by bribes and angry at stubbornness, can there be no war?" His Majesty was pleased; he captured Duke Cao Bo and divided the fields of Cao and Wei among the people of Song. The people of Chu entered and took residence in Shen; they sent Shenshu to leave Gu, and Ziyu to leave Song, saying: "Do not follow the Jin army." Duke Jin had been away for nineteen years, and finally succeeded in obtaining the state of Jin. He had experienced all kinds of dangers, hardships, and difficulties; he knew the true nature of his people thoroughly. Heaven granted him longevity to remove their troubles—what Heaven has established, how could it be abandoned? The military text says: "If justified, then return." It also says: "Know the difficulty and withdraw." It further states: "Virtue cannot be opposed." "These three principles of strategy refer to Jin." Ziyu sent Bo Fen to request battle, saying: "I do not dare to claim certain success; I only wish to use this opportunity to silence the mouths of those who spread slander and deceit." The king was angry and gave him a small force—only the western Guang, eastern Gong, and six companies from Jiao Ao actually followed him. Ziyu sent Wanchun to inform the Jin army: "Please restore Duke Wei and grant fiefs to Cao, and I will also lift the siege on Song." Zifan said: "How disrespectful Ziyu is!" "The ruler takes one, the minister takes two; we cannot miss this opportunity." Xian Zhen said: "You should agree to their request." "Establishing peace for the people is what constitutes propriety. Chu made one statement to stabilize three states, but we make one statement and destroy them. If we are without propriety, how can we fight? Refusing Chu's proposal would mean abandoning Song; rescuing it only to abandon it—what will we say to the feudal lords? Chu has shown us three acts of kindness, while we have incurred three grievances." We already have many enemies; how can we fight?" lodash It would be better to secretly agree to restore Cao and Wei in order to divide their forces, seize Wanchun to anger Chu, and then plan after the battle." His Majesty was pleased, so he detained Wanchun in Wei and secretly agreed to restore Cao and Wei. Cao and Wei announced their severance of relations with Chu. Ziyu was angry and followed the Jin army. The Jin forces withdrew, and a military officer said: "For a ruler to avoid his minister is an insult." "Moreover, the Chu army is exhausted; why then do we retreat?" Zifan said: "An army with just cause appears strong, while one in the wrong seems exhausted. Does it matter how long they have been at war?" "Without the kindness of Chu, we would not have reached this point. Retreating three li to avoid them is how we repay their favor. To betray that kindness and break our word in order to oppose an enemy—this makes us wrong and them right. Their troops are well-fed and disciplined; they cannot be called exhausted." "If we retreat and Chu withdraws, what will we seek?" "If they do not withdraw, it is the ruler who retreated while his minister advanced; then the injustice lies with them." They withdrew three li. The Chu forces wanted to stop, but Ziyu would not agree. In summer, on the Wuchen day of April, Duke Jin, Gong Song, Guo Guifu of Qi, Cuai Yao, and Xiaozi Yin of Qin encamped at Chengpu. The Chu army camped with their backs to Xi, and Duke Jin was worried. Heeding the words of a commoner's recitation, he said: "The fertile fields are abundant; they have abandoned what is old in favor of new plans." His Majesty was doubtful. Zifan said: "We should fight! If we win, we will surely gain the feudal lords' allegiance." "If we do not win, with mountains and rivers as our natural defenses inside and out, there will surely be no harm." His Majesty said: "What about the kindness shown by Chu?" Luan Zhenzi said: "The Ji clans in Hanyang were all eliminated by Chu." "To dwell on a small kindness while forgetting the great humiliation is worse than fighting." Duke Jin had dreamed of wrestling with the ruler of Chu, who fell upon him and bit his head; thus he was afraid. Zifan said: "This is an auspicious omen! We have Heaven's favor, and Chu has incurred guilt. I will subdue them gently." Ziyu sent Dou Bo to request battle, saying: "Please allow my men and your soldiers a mock fight. You may lean on the crossbar of your chariot to watch; Dechen and I will observe as well." Duke Jin sent Luan Zhi to reply: "My lord has heard your command." "We have not forgotten the kindness of the ruler of Chu; that is why we are here." "If a great man withdraws, how dare I oppose the ruler?" "Since we have not received your command, how dare we trouble you, Master? Please convey our words to your men." "Prepare your chariots and be diligent in your duties for the ruler. We shall meet tomorrow morning." The Jin army had seven hundred chariots, equipped with xian, yin, yang, and ban. Duke Jin ascended the ruins of You Shen to observe his troops, saying: "The young and old are orderly and respectful; they can be used." He then cut down trees to strengthen their weapons. On the Jisi day, the Jin army formed a battle array north of Shen; Xu Chen, as assistant to the lower army, faced the forces of Chen and Cai. Ziyu led the central army with six companies from Jiao Ao, saying: "Today there will be no more Jin." Zixi commanded the left wing and Zishang commanded the right. Xu Chen covered his horses with tiger skins and led the charge against Chen and Pian. The forces of Chen and Cai fled, and the right wing of the Chu army collapsed. Huma set up two banners to lure them back. Luanzhi had the chariots drag branches and pretended to retreat, luring the Chu army into a charge. Yuanzhen and Xiqin, with the central army's noble clan forces, struck them from the side. Huma and Huyan, leading the upper army, flanked Zixi in a joint attack; thus, the left wing of the Chu army was routed. The Chu army suffered a crushing defeat. Ziyu gathered his troops and halted them, so they did not suffer total defeat. The Jin army spent three days resting and receiving provisions before returning on the Gouyu day. On the Jiawu day, they arrived at Hengyong and built a royal palace in Jiantu. Three months after the campaign, Duke Zheng of Zheng went to Chu. He sent his troops as tribute, for having been frightened by the defeat of the Chu army; he dispatched Ziren Jiu to negotiate peace with Jin. Luanzhi of Jin entered into an alliance with Duke Zheng of Zheng. On the Bingwu day of the fifth month, Duke Jin and Duke Zheng of Zheng formed an alliance at Hengyong. On the Dingwei day, they presented the captured Chu prisoners to the king: one hundred chariots with four armored horses each and a thousand foot soldiers. Duke Zheng of Zheng served as an attendant for the king, in accordance with the rites for equal states. On the Yiyu day, the king offered a banquet with sweet wine and ordered Duke Jin to be pardoned. The king commanded Yin Shi, Prince Hu of the royal family, and Neishi Shuxingfu to issue an edict appointing Duke Jin as Houbo (a lord among lords), bestowing upon him ceremonial robes for the grand chariot, military chariot attire, one red bow, a hundred red arrows, a thousand black bows and arrows, one yao of 秬鬯 (sacred wine), and three hundred tiger 贲 soldiers. It said: "The king addressed his uncle [Duke Jin]: 'Respectfully obey the king's commands to pacify the four states and to correct the king's wrongdoings.'" Duke Jin declined three times but finally accepted the command, saying: "Chonger dares to bow twice and kowtow deeply, receiving and honoring the illustrious decree of the Son of Heaven." He received the edict and departed, making three formal visits in and out.
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衛侯聞楚師敗，懼，出奔楚，遂適陳，使元咺奉叔武以受盟。癸亥，王子虎盟諸侯于王庭，要言曰：「皆獎王室，無相害也有渝此盟，明神殛之！俾隊其師，無克祚國，及其玄孫，無有老幼，君子謂是盟也信，謂晉於是役也能以德攻。初，楚子玉自為瓊弁玉纓，未之服也。先戰，夢河神謂己曰，畀余，余賜女孟諸之麋，弗致也，大心與子西，使榮黃諫，弗聽，榮季曰：「死而利國，猶或為之，況瓊玉乎是糞土也，而可以濟師，將何愛焉？」弗聽，出告二子曰：「非神敗令尹，令尹其不勤民，實自敗也。」既敗，王使謂之曰，大夫若入，其若申息之老何，子西、孫伯曰：「得臣將死，二臣止之曰：『君其將以為戮。』」及連穀而死。晉侯聞之，而後喜可知也，曰：『莫余毒也。』已蒍呂臣實為令尹，奉己而已，不在民矣。 |
| | Duke Wei of Wei heard that the Chu army had been defeated, became frightened, fled to Chu, and then went to Chen. He sent Yuanxuan to escort Shu Wu to accept an alliance. On the Guihai day, Prince Hu of the royal house formed an alliance with the feudal lords at the king's court. He declared solemnly: "All shall support the royal court and not harm one another. If anyone violates this oath, may the gods punish him!" "May their armies be destroyed, and may they not have a prosperous state, down to their great-grandsons. Whether young or old, none shall escape." The gentlemen considered this oath sincere and believed that in this campaign, Jin was able to wage war with virtue. Originally, Ziyu of Chu had made a jadelined hat and jade tassels for himself but had not yet worn them. Before the battle, he dreamed that the river god told him: "Give it to me, and I shall grant you deer from Mengzhu." He did not offer them. Daxin and Zixi sent Rong Huang to advise against this, but he would not listen. Rong Ji said: "If dying benefits the state, some might still do it; how much more so for jade? These are mere dirt and filth, yet they can help save the army—what is there to be stingy about?" He did not listen. Upon leaving, he told the two sons: "It is not the gods who have defeated the Lord Minister; it was because the Lord Minister did not work diligently for the people that he brought about his own downfall." After the defeat, the king sent a message to him saying: "If you enter [the capital], what will become of the elderly people from Shen and Xi?" Zixi and Sunbo said: "Deshen is about to die. Two ministers tried to stop him, saying: 'The lord might have you executed.'" He died upon reaching Liangu. When Duke Jin heard of this, it was clear that he rejoiced, saying: "No one can harm me now." Yi Wei Lüchen became Lord Minister in reality, but served only his own interests and no longer cared for the people.
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或訴元咺於衛侯曰：「立叔武矣。」其子角從公，公使殺之。咺不廢命，奉夷叔以入守。六月，晉人復衛侯。甯武子與衛人盟于宛濮，曰：「天禍衛國，君臣不協，以及此憂也。今天誘其衷，使皆降心以相從也。不有居者，誰守社稷不有行者，誰扞牧圉不協之故，用昭乞盟于爾大神以誘天衷。自今日以往，既盟之後，行者無保其力，居者無懼其罪。有渝此盟，以相及也。明神先君，是糾是殛。」國人聞此盟也，而後不貳。衛侯先期入，甯子先，長牂守門，以為使也，與之乘而入，公子歂犬、華仲前驅。叔孫將沐，聞君至，喜，捉髮走出，前驅射而殺之。公知其無罪也，枕之股而哭之。歂犬走出，公使殺之。元咺出奔晉。 |
| | Someone complained to Duke Wei of Wei about Yuanxuan, saying: "They have already enthroned Shu Wu." His son Jiao followed the duke. The duke ordered him killed. Yuanxuan did not abandon his duty but served Yishu and entered to defend the city. In June, the Jin people restored Duke Wei of Wei to power. Ning Wuzi formed an alliance with the people of Wei at Wanpu, saying: "Heaven has brought calamity upon the State of Wei; its ruler and ministers failed to cooperate, leading to this distress. "Today Heaven is guiding our hearts, urging us all to lower our pride and follow one another." "Without those who remain, who will guard the state? Without those who go out, who will defend our people and livestock? Because of this lack of harmony, we now solemnly request an oath from you great gods to seek Heaven's guidance." "From this day forward, after the alliance is made, those who go out shall not rely solely on their strength, and those who remain shall not fear punishment for their actions." "If anyone violates this oath, they will bring misfortune upon themselves and others." "The gods of Heaven and our ancestors shall punish and correct them." When the people heard this oath, they thereafter remained loyal without divided hearts. Duke Wei entered the city earlier than scheduled. Ningzi went first, and Zhangzang guarded the gate, thinking he was an envoy. He was given a chariot to ride in with him into the city; Gongzi Chuanquan and Hua Zhong led the way. Shushun was about to take a bath when he heard that the duke had arrived, and rejoiced greatly. He grabbed his hair and ran out, but the vanguard shot and killed him. The duke knew he was innocent and placed his head on his thigh while weeping over him. Chuanquan ran out, and the duke ordered him killed. Yuanxuan fled to Jin.
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城濮之戰，晉中軍風于澤，亡大旆之左旃。祁瞞奸命，司馬殺之，以徇于諸侯。使茅茷代之。師還，壬午，濟河。舟之僑先歸，士會攝右。秋，七月丙申，振旅，愷以入于晉。獻俘授馘，飲至大賞，徵會討貳。殺舟之僑以徇于國，民於是大服。君子謂：「文公其能刑矣，三罪而民服。云：「」不失賞刑之謂也。」 |
| | During the Battle of Chengpu, a wind blew through the central Jin army's formation in the marshland, causing the left pennant of their large banner to be lost. Qi Man violated orders; the military commander executed him and displayed his body before the feudal lords as a warning. He appointed Mao Fa to replace him. After the campaign ended, on the Renwu day, they crossed the Yellow River. Zhou Qiao returned to Jin first, and Shihui assumed command of the right wing in his place. In autumn, on the Bingshen day of the seventh month, they reviewed their troops and returned to Jin in a triumphant procession. They presented captured enemies and severed ears as trophies, held a grand banquet with rewards, and summoned feudal lords for an assembly to punish those who had been disloyal. Zhou Qiao was executed in the capital as a warning; at this, the people were greatly subdued and obedient. The gentlemen said: "Duke Wen of Jin truly understood punishment—three criminals executed and the people submitted." The Book of Songs says: "Show grace to this central land, so as to pacify all directions." This is what it means by not failing in rewards and punishments.
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冬，會于溫，討不服也。衛侯與元咺訟，甯武子為輔，鍼莊子為坐，士榮為大士，衛侯不勝。殺士榮，刖鍼莊子，謂甯俞忠而免之，執衛侯，歸之于京師，寘諸深室，甯子職納橐饘焉，元咺歸于衛，立公子瑕。 |
| | In winter, a meeting was held at Wen to punish those who did not submit. Duke Wei and Yuanxuan had a dispute, with Ning Wuzi as the assistant judge, Zhen Zhuangzi as the recorder, and Shirong as the chief official. Duke Wei did not prevail in the case. Shirong was killed, Zhen Zhuangzi was amputated of his feet. Ning Yu was considered loyal and thus spared. Duke Wei was arrested and sent to the capital, where he was confined in a dark chamber. Ningzi personally delivered food and soup to him. Yuanxuan returned to Wei and enthroned Gongzi Xia as ruler.
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是會也，晉侯召王，以諸侯見，且使王狩。仲尼曰：『以臣召君，不可以訓。』故書曰『天王狩于河陽』。」言非其地也。且明德也。壬申，公朝于王所。丁丑，諸侯圍許。晉侯有疾。曹伯之豎侯，獳貨筮史，使曰：「以曹為解。齊桓公為會而封異姓，今君為會而滅同姓。曹叔振鐸，文之昭也。先君唐叔，武之穆也。且合諸侯而滅兄弟，非禮也。與衛偕命，而不與偕復，非信也。同罪異罰，非刑也。禮以行義，信以守禮，刑以正邪，舍此三者，君將若之何？」公說，復曹伯，遂會諸侯于許。晉侯作三行以禦狄，荀林父將中行，屠擊將右行，先篾將左行。 |
| | At this assembly, Duke Jin summoned the king and presented him with a meeting of feudal lords, while also arranging for the king to go on a hunting expedition. Confucius said: "To summon one's ruler as a subject is not an example that can be followed." Therefore, the Records state: "The Son of Heaven went hunting at Heyang." It indicates that it was not a proper place for such an activity. And it also demonstrates moral integrity. On the Renshen day, the duke paid a visit to the Son of Heaven's residence. On the Dingchou day, the feudal lords surrounded Xu. Duke Jin fell ill. A servant of Duge, named Hou Niu Hua, consulted a diviner and said: "Use the State of Cao as an offering to resolve this." Duke Huan of Qi convened an assembly and enfeoffed a different surname. Now, you convene an assembly but destroy a clan with the same surname. Duke Cao Shu Zhenduo was a descendant of Duke Wen. Our late lord, Tangshu, was a distant relative of Duke Wu. Moreover, to convene the feudal lords and yet destroy one's own kinsmen is against ritual propriety. To have been enfeoffed together with Wei but not to restore it along with Wei is untrustworthy. To impose different punishments for the same crime is unjust. "Ritual propriety guides righteousness, trustworthiness upholds ritual, and punishment corrects wrongdoing. To abandon these three principles, what will the ruler do?" The duke was convinced, restored Duke Cao, and thus convened an assembly of feudal lords at Xu. Duke Jin established three divisions to resist the Di people: Xun Linfu commanded the central division, Tuji commanded the right division, and Xianmie commanded the left division.
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| | 僖公三十... : |
三十年，春，王正月。 |
| | In the thirtieth year [of the reign period], spring, the first month of the king.
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夏，狄侵齊。 |
| | Summer, the Di people invaded Qi.
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秋，衛殺其大夫元咺及公子瑕。衛侯鄭歸于衛。 |
| | Autumn, Wei killed its high official Yuanxuan and Gongzi Xia. Duke Zheng of Wei returned to Wei.
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晉人、秦人圍鄭。介人侵蕭。冬，天王使宰周公來聘。公子遂如京師，遂如晉。 |
| | The Jin people and the Qin people besieged Zheng. Jie people invaded Xiao. Winter, the Heavenly King sent Zai Zhou Gong to visit. Gongzi Sui went to the capital, and then proceeded to Jin.
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| | 僖公三十... : |
三十年，春，晉人侵鄭，以觀其可攻與否。狄間晉之有鄭虞也，夏，狄侵齊。 |
| | In the thirtieth year, spring, the Jin people invaded Zheng in order to observe whether it could be attacked or not. Taking advantage of Jin's preoccupation with Zheng and its suspicions, in summer the Di people invaded Qi.
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晉侯使醫衍酖衛侯。甯俞貨醫，使薄其酖，不死，公為之請，納玉於王，與晉侯，皆十榖，王許之，秋，乃釋衛侯。 |
| | Duke of Jin sent Yi Yan to poison Duke Wei. Ning Yu bribed the physician, instructing him to dilute the poison; thus, Duke Wei did not die. The duke of Jin requested clemency on his behalf and presented ten gǔ of jade to the king and to Duke of Jin. The king agreed. In autumn, they released Duke Wei.
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衛侯使賂周歂，冶廑，曰，苟能納我，吾使爾為卿，周、冶殺元咺及子適、子儀。公入，祀先君。周冶既服將命，周歂先入，及門，遇疾而死。冶廑辭卿。 |
| | Duke of Wei sent bribes to Zhou Chuan and Ye Jin, saying, "If you can admit me [back], I will appoint both of you as high officials." Zhou and Ye killed Yuanxuan along with Zi Shi and Zi Yi. The duke entered [the state] and performed sacrifices to his predecessor rulers. After Zhou Ye had accepted the commission, Zhou Chuan entered first; upon reaching the gate, he encountered an illness and died. Ye Jin declined the position of high official.
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九月，甲午，晉侯，秦伯，圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍汜南。佚之狐言於鄭伯曰：「國危矣若使燭之武見秦君，師必退。」公從之，辭曰，臣之壯也，猶不如人，今老矣，無能為也已。公曰：「吾不能早用子，今急而求子，是寡人之過也。然鄭亡，子亦有不利焉。」許之，夜縋而出，見秦伯曰：「秦、晉圍鄭，鄭既知亡矣。若亡鄭而有益於君，敢以煩執事。越國以鄙遠，君知其難也，焉用亡鄭以倍鄰鄰之厚，君之薄也。若舍鄭以為東道主，行李之往來，共其乏困，君亦無所害。且君嘗為晉君賜矣，許君焦、瑕，朝濟而夕設版焉，君之所知也。夫晉何厭之有？既東封鄭，又欲肆其西封。若不闕秦，將焉取之闕秦以利晉，唯君圖之。」秦伯說，與鄭人盟。使杞子、逢孫、楊孫戍之，乃還。子犯謂擊之，公曰：「不可。微夫人之力不及此。因人之力而敝之，不仁，失其所與，不知。以亂易整，不武。吾其還也。」亦去之。 |
| | On the Jiawu day of the ninth month, Duke of Jin and Gongbo of Qin besieged Zheng because it had been disrespectful to Jin and was also disloyal by aligning with Chu. The Jin army stationed at Hanling, and the Qin army stationed at Fanan. Yizhi Hu said to Duke Zheng: "The state is in danger. If you send Zhu Zhiwu to see the ruler of Qin, the army will surely withdraw." The duke followed his advice. Zhu Zhiwu declined, saying: "When I was young and strong, I was still not as capable as others; now that I am old, I can do nothing at all." The duke said: "I did not employ you earlier; now in an emergency, I am seeking your help. This is my fault." "Nevertheless, if Zheng perishes, it will also be disadvantageous for you." Zhu Zhiwu agreed. At night, he was lowered over the city wall and went to see Gongbo of Qin, saying: "The Qin and Jin armies have surrounded Zheng, and Zheng already knows it is doomed." "If the destruction of Zheng would be beneficial to you, I dare not trouble your officials with this matter." "Crossing a distant land to regard it as a remote dependency, you know how difficult that is. Why then destroy Zheng in order to increase the strength of your neighbor? That would weaken your position." "If you spare Zheng and make it a host for travelers on the eastern route, allowing its people to provide supplies and assistance for your envoys' journeys, this would cause no harm to you." "Moreover, you have already received a favor from the ruler of Jin, who granted you Jiao and Xia. Yet as soon as morning came after your crossing, he had defenses built by evening—this is something you are well aware of." "What does Jin ever have enough of?" "After having already extended its eastern boundary by annexing Zheng, it now wishes to expand further westward." "If Qin is not weakened, where will Jin take more? Weakening Qin would benefit Jin. Please consider this carefully, Your Majesty." Gongbo of Qin was pleased and made an alliance with the people of Zheng. He sent Qi Zi, Peng Sun, and Yang Sun to garrison it, then withdrew his forces. Zi Fan said: "We should attack them." The duke replied: "No, we cannot." "Without the lady's support, I would not have reached this point." "To rely on someone else's strength and then betray them is unkind; to lose one's allies is unwise." "To replace order with chaos is not valorous." "We should return, then." And so they withdrew as well.
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初，鄭公子蘭出奔晉，從於晉侯伐鄭，請無與圍鄭。許之，使待命于東。鄭石甲父、侯宣多逆以為大子，以求成于晉，晉人許之。 |
| | Initially, Gongzi Lan of Zheng fled to Jin and followed Duke of Jin in his campaign against Zheng, requesting not to participate in the siege of Zheng. It was granted; he was ordered to await orders in the east. 략 Shi Jiapu and Hou Xuanduo of Zheng welcomed Gongzi Lan as crown prince in order to seek peace with Jin, and the people of Jin agreed.
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冬，王使周公閱來聘。饗有昌歜、白、黑、形鹽。辭曰：「國君，文足昭也，武可畏也，則有備物之饗，以象其德。薦五味，羞嘉穀，鹽虎形，以獻其功。吾何以堪之？」 |
| | Winter, the king sent Zhou Gong Yue to visit. The banquet included Changchu, white [food], black [food], and shaped salt. [The visitor] declined, saying: "A ruler of a state should have sufficient literary virtue to be illustrious and martial strength to inspire awe; only then is there an elaborate banquet with all kinds of offerings to symbolize his virtue." "Offering five flavors, presenting excellent grains, and shaping salt into the form of a tiger are ways to present one's achievements." "How could I possibly be worthy of such honors?"
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東門襄仲將聘于周，遂初聘于晉。 |
| | Dongmen Xiangzhong was about to visit the Zhou court, and thus made his first official visit to Jin.
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| | 僖公三十... : |
三十有一年，春，取濟西田。 |
| | In the thirty-first year [of the reign], in spring, land west of Ji was taken.
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公子遂如晉。 |
| | Gongzi Sui went to Jin.
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夏，四月，四卜郊，不從，乃免牲。猶三望。 |
| | In summer, the fourth month, divination was performed four times for a sacrifice at the suburbs, but it did not yield an auspicious result; thus, the sacrificial animals were released. Three additional sacrifices to distant deities were still conducted.
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秋，七月。 |
| | In autumn, the seventh month.
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冬，杞伯姬來求婦。 |
| | In winter, Qi Boji came seeking a wife.
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狄圍衛，十有二月，衛遷于帝丘。 |
| | The Di people besieged Wei; in the twelfth month, Wei moved its capital to Diqiu.
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| | 僖公三十... : |
三十一年，春，「取濟西田」，分曹地也。使臧文仲往，宿於重館。重館人告曰：「晉新得諸侯，必親其共，不速行，將無及也。」從之，分曹地，自洮以南，東傅于濟，盡曹地也。襄仲如晉，拜曹田也。 |
| | In the thirty-first year, in spring, "taking land west of Ji" refers to dividing up the territory of Cao. They sent Zang Wenzhong to go there; he stayed at Chongguan. The people of Chongguan informed him, saying: "Jin has recently gained the allegiance of the feudal lords and will certainly favor those who are prompt in their service. If you do not hurry, you may be too late." He followed their advice and divided the territory of Cao; from Tao in the south to the east bordering Ji, it encompassed all of Cao's land. Xiang Zhong went to Jin to pay respects for the grant of Cao territory.
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「夏，四月，四卜郊，不從，乃免牲」，非禮也。「猶三望」，亦非禮也。禮不卜常祀，而卜其牲日。牛卜日曰牲。牲成而卜郊，上怠慢也。望郊之細也。不郊，亦無望可也。 |
| | "The phrase 'In summer, fourth month, four divinations were performed for a suburban sacrifice, which did not yield an auspicious response, so the sacrificial animals were released' was against ritual propriety." "The phrase 'three additional sacrifices to distant deities' was also against ritual propriety." Rituals did not require divination for regular sacrifices, but only for the selection of a day for the sacrificial animals. Divination performed on an ox to select a date was called "sheng." lords After the sacrificial animals were prepared, divination for a suburban sacrifice was conducted; this showed neglect and disrespect from above. Sacrifices to distant deities are minor in comparison to the major suburban sacrifices. If a suburban sacrifice is not performed, then there is no need for sacrifices to distant deities either.
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秋，晉蒐于清原，作五軍似禦狄，趙衰為卿。 |
| | In autumn, Jin held a military review at Qingyuan and established five armies as if to resist the Di people; Zhao Cui was appointed as an assistant minister.
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冬，狄圍衛，衛遷于帝丘。卜曰三百年。衛成公夢康叔曰：「相奪予享。」公命祀相。甯武子不可，曰，鬼神非其族類，不歆其祀，杞、鄫何事相之不享於此久矣，非衛之罪也。不可以間成王周公之命祀，請改祀命。」 |
| | In winter, the Di surrounded Wei, and Wei moved its capital to Diqiū. Divination said three hundred years. Duke Cheng of Wei dreamed that Duke Kangshu said, "Someone has taken away my offerings." The duke ordered sacrifices to Xiang. Ning Wuzi refused, saying: "The spirits of the dead do not favor sacrifices unless they are from their own clan. What has Qi and Zeng to do with Xiang? The offerings for Xiang have long ceased here; it is not Wei's fault." "It would be improper to interfere with the sacrificial rites established by King Cheng and Duke of Zhou. Please change the order for sacrifices."
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鄭洩駕惡公子瑕，鄭伯亦惡之，故公子瑕出奔楚。 |
| | Zheng Xiejia hated Gongzi Xia, and Duke Zheng also disliked him; therefore, Gongzi Xia fled to Chu.
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| | 僖公三十... : |
三十有二年，春，王正月。 |
| | In the thirty-second year, spring, the first month of the king.
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夏，四月，己丑，鄭伯捷卒。 |
| | In summer, the fourth month, on the Jichou day, Duke Bojie of Zheng died.
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衛人侵狄。 |
| | The people of Wei invaded Di.
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秋，衛人及狄盟。 |
| | In autumn, the people of Wei and Di concluded an alliance.
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冬，十有二月，己卯，晉侯重耳卒。 |
| | In winter, the twelfth month, on the Jimao day, Duke Chonger of Jin died.
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| | 僖公三十... : |
三十二年，春，楚鬥章請平于晉，晉陽處父報之，晉楚始通。 |
| | In the thirty-second year, in spring, Dou Zhang of Chu requested peace with Jin. Yang Chufu of Jin responded to him; this was when Jin and Chu first established communication.
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夏，狄有亂。衛入侵狄。 |
| | In summer, there was turmoil in Di. Wei launched an invasion against Di.
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狄請平焉。 |
| | Di requested peace with them.
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秋，衛人及狄盟。 |
| | In autumn, the people of Wei concluded an alliance with Di.
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冬，晉文公卒。庚辰，將殯于曲沃，出絳，柩有聲如牛。卜偃使大夫拜，曰：「君命大事，將有西師過軼我，擊之，必大捷焉。」杞子自鄭使告于秦曰，鄭人使我掌其北門之管，若潛師以來，國可得也。」穆公訪諸蹇叔，蹇叔曰：「勞師以襲遠，非所聞也。師勞力竭，遠主備之，無乃不可乎師之所為，鄭必知之。勤而無所，必有悖心。且行千里，其誰不知？」公辭焉，召孟明、西乞、白乙，使出師於東門之外。蹇叔哭之曰：「孟子，吾見師之出，而不見其入也！」公使謂之曰：「爾何知？中壽，爾墓之木拱矣！」蹇叔之子與師，哭而送之，曰：「晉人禦師必於殽。殽有二陵焉，其南陵，夏后皋之墓也，其北陵，文王之所辟風雨也。必死是間，余收爾骨焉，秦師遂東。 |
| | In winter, Duke Wen of Jin died. On the Gengchen day, they were about to bury him in Quwo; when leaving Jiang, there was a sound from the coffin like that of an ox. Boyan instructed the officials to perform a bowing ceremony, saying: "The lord has been commanded by Heaven for great affairs. Soon an army from the west will overtake us; if we attack them, we shall surely achieve a great victory." Qi Zi sent word to Qin from Zheng, saying: "The people of Zheng have appointed me to be in charge of the key to their northern gate. If you secretly send an army here, we can capture the state." Duke Mu consulted Jianshu, who said: "To exhaust an army in order to launch a surprise attack on a distant target is something I have never heard of. The troops will be weary and their strength exhausted, while the distant ruler will certainly be prepared; is this not unwise? Whatever the army does, Zheng must know about it. To work hard without purpose will surely lead to rebellious thoughts. Moreover, marching a thousand li, who would not know about it?" The duke dismissed the advice and summoned Mengming, Xiqi, and Baiyi, ordering them to lead an army out beyond the eastern gate. Jianshu wept as he said: "Lady Meng, I shall see the army depart but not return!" The duke sent someone to say to him: "What do you know?" "If your life span is only medium, the trees over your grave will already be growing together!" Jianshu's son joined the army and wept as he sent him off, saying: "The people of Jin will surely intercept our forces at Yao. There are two hills in Yao; the southern hill is the tomb of Xia Hou Gao, and the northern hill is where King Wen took shelter from wind and rain. You will surely die between these two hills; I shall collect your bones there." Thus, the army of Qin proceeded eastward.
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| | 僖公三十... : |
三十有三年，春，王二月，秦人入滑。 |
| | In the thirty-third year, spring, the second month of the reign of King [Wang], the Qin people entered Hua.
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齊侯使國歸父來聘。 |
| | Duke Qi sent Guoguifu to visit here.
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夏，四月，辛巳，晉人及姜戎敗秦師于殽。 |
| | In summer, the fourth month, on the Xinsi day, the Jin people and Jiang Rong defeated the Qin army at Xiao.
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癸巳，葬晉文公。 |
| | On the Gusi day, Duke Wen of Jin was buried.
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狄侵齊。 |
| | The Di people invaded Qi.
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公伐邾，取訾婁。 |
| | The Gong attacked Zhu and captured Zilou.
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秋，公子遂帥師伐邾。 |
| | In autumn, Gongzi Sui led the army to attack Zhu.
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晉人敗狄于箕。 |
| | The Jin people defeated the Di at Ji.
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冬，十月，公如齊。十有二月，公至自齊。 |
| | In winter, the tenth month, the Gong went to Qi. In the twelfth month, the Gong returned from Qi.
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乙巳，公薨于小寢。 |
| | On the Yisi day, the Gong died in the small chamber.
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隕霜不殺草，李梅實。 |
| | Frost fell but did not kill the grass; plums and apricots bore fruit.
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晉人、陳人、鄭人伐許。 |
| | The Jin, Chen, and Zheng people attacked Xu.
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| | 僖公三十... : |
三十三年，春，晉秦師過周北門，左右免冑而下，超乘者三百乘。王孫滿尚幼，觀之，言於王曰：「秦師輕而無禮，必敗。輕則寡謀，無禮則脫。入險而脫，又不能謀，能無敗乎？」」及滑，鄭商人弦高將市於周，遇之。以乘韋先，牛十二，犒師，曰：「寡君聞吾子，將步師出於敝邑，敢犒從者；不腆敝邑，為從者之淹，居則具一日之積，行則備一夕之衛。」」且使遽告于鄭。鄭穆公使視客館，則束載、厲兵、秣馬矣。使皇武子辭焉，曰：「吾子淹久於敝邑，唯是脯資，餼牽竭矣。為吾子之將行也，鄭之有原圃，猶秦之有具囿也；吾子取其麋鹿，以閒敝邑，若何？」杞子奔齊，逢孫楊孫奔宋。孟明曰：「鄭有備矣，不可冀也。攻之不克，圍之不繼，吾其還也。」」滅滑而還。 |
| | In the thirty-third year, in spring, the Jin and Qin armies passed by the northern gate of Zhou. The soldiers on both sides removed their helmets and dismounted; three hundred chariots were mounted with a leap. Wangsun Man was still young, observed this, and said to the king: "The Qin army is light and disrespectful; they will surely be defeated. Lightness leads to lack of strategy, and disrespect leads to carelessness. Entering a dangerous place while being careless, and also lacking in strategy, how can there not be defeat?" When they reached Hua, the Zheng merchant Xian Gao was going to do business in Zhou and met them. He sent twelve oxen wrapped in cowhide ahead as a gift to the army, saying: "My lord has heard that you, my honored general, are about to march your troops out of our humble territory; we dare to offer these oxen as a token for those following you; Our humble territory is not affluent, but we will provide one day's provisions for those staying and prepare one night's defense for those on the move." And he also sent a messenger to urgently inform Zheng. Duke Muguang of Zheng sent someone to inspect the guest quarters, and found that they had already packed their belongings, sharpened weapons, and fed their horses. He sent Huang Wuzi to bid them farewell, saying: "You have stayed in our humble territory for a long time; the provisions and livestock we could offer are now exhausted. In preparation for your departure, Vong has Yuanpu, just as Qin has Ju You; please take its deer and antelope to spare our territory the trouble. What do you say?" Qi Zi fled to Qi, Feng Sun and Yang Sun fled to Song. Meng Ming said: "Zheng is prepared; we cannot hope for success anymore. Attacking it will not lead to victory, and surrounding it will not be sustainable; we should return." They destroyed Hua and returned.
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齊國莊子來聘，自郊勞至于贈賄，禮成而加之以敏。臧文仲言於公曰：「國子為政，齊猶有禮，君其朝焉。臣聞之，服於有禮，社稷之衛也。」 |
| | Zhuangzi of Guo from Qi came to visit; from the reception at the suburbs to the final gift-giving, all rites were completed with added attentiveness. Zang Wenzhong said to the Gong: "Guozi is in charge of government affairs; Qi still observes rites. You should pay a court visit there. I have heard that submission to those who observe rites is the defense of the state."
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晉原軫曰：「秦違蹇叔，而以貪勤民，天奉我也。奉不可失，敵不可縱。縱敵患生，違天不祥，必伐秦師。」欒枝曰：「未報秦施而伐其師，其為死君乎？」先軫曰：「秦不哀吾喪而伐吾同姓，秦則無禮，何施之為吾聞之，一日縱敵，數世之患也。謀及子孫，可謂死君乎！」遂發命，遽興姜戎。子墨衰絰，梁弘御戎，萊駒為右。 |
| | lords Yuan Zhen of Jin said: "Qin defied Jian Shu and burdened its people with greed; Heaven is aiding us. An opportunity from Heaven must not be missed, and the enemy must not be spared. Releasing the enemy will bring trouble; defying Heaven is an ill omen. We must attack the Qin army." Luan Zhi said: "We have not yet repaid Qin's kindness but are now attacking its army; would that be loyal to our late lord?" Xian Zhen said: "Qin did not mourn our funeral and attacked our kinsmen; Qin has been disrespectful. What kindness is there to repay? I have heard that releasing the enemy for one day brings trouble for generations." "To plan for one's descendants can truly be called loyalty to our late lord!" He then issued orders and quickly mobilized the Jiang Rong. Zi wore mourning clothes, Liang Hong drove the chariot, and Lai Ju served as the right-hand man.
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夏，四月，辛巳，敗秦師于殽，獲百里孟明視、西乞術、白乙丙以歸。遂墨以葬文公。晉於是始墨。文嬴請三帥，曰：「彼實構吾二君。寡君若得而食之，不厭，君何辱討焉？使歸就戮于秦，以逞寡君之志，若何，公許之，先軫朝，問秦囚。公曰：「夫人請之，吾舍之矣。」先軫怒曰：「武夫力而拘諸原，婦人暫而免諸國。墮軍實而長寇讎，亡無日矣！」不顧而唾。公使陽處父追之，及諸河，則在舟中矣。釋左驂，以公命贈孟明。孟明稽首曰，君之惠，不以纍臣釁鼓，使歸就戮于秦，寡君之以為戮，死且不朽。若從君惠而免之，三年將拜君賜。」秦伯素服郊次，鄉師而哭，曰：「孤違蹇叔以辱二三子，孤之罪也。不替孟明，孤之過也。大夫何罪且吾不以一眚掩大德。」 |
| | In summer, the fourth month on the Xinsi day, they defeated the Qin army at Xiao and captured Baili Mengming Shi, Xi Qi Shu, and Baiyi Bing, bringing them back. They then wore black mourning clothes to bury Duke Wen. Jin began the practice of wearing black mourning clothes from this time onward. Wen Ying pleaded for the three commanders, saying: "They were indeed responsible for causing conflict between our two lords. If my lord could capture and eat them, he would not be satisfied; why should you trouble yourself to punish them?" She asked that they be sent back to Qin for execution, so as to satisfy my lord's desire. What do you think?" The Gong agreed. Xian Zhen went early in the morning and visited the captured Qin prisoners. The Gong said: "Lady Wen requested it, so I have released them." Xian Zhen angrily said: "Martial men fought hard to capture them at Yuan, yet a woman's brief request has freed them in the state. This weakens our military strength and strengthens our enemies; we will perish without delay!" He turned away and spat. The Gong sent Yang Chufu to pursue them, who caught up with them at the river, but they were already in a boat. He released the left horse and presented a gift from the Gong to Meng Ming. Meng Ming kowtowed and said: "Your lord's kindness is not to use this disgraced servant as a sacrifice for the war drums, but to allow me to return to Qin for punishment. My lord will execute me; I shall die yet remain immortal. If you show mercy and spare my life, in three years' time I will repay your kindness." Duke Qin wore plain clothes and waited at the outskirts, facing the army and weeping, saying: "I defied Jian Shu's advice and brought disgrace upon these men; this is my fault. Not replacing Meng Ming was my mistake. What crime have the officials committed? Moreover, I will not let one mistake obscure their great virtues."
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「狄侵齊」，因晉喪也。 |
| | lords "The Di invaded Qi" because of Jin's mourning period.
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公伐邾，取訾婁，以報升陘之役。邾人不設備。秋，襄仲復伐邾。 |
| | The Gong attacked Zhu and took Zilou as retaliation for the Battle of Shengxing. The people of Zhu did not prepare defenses. In autumn, Xiang Zhong again attacked Zhu.
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狄伐晉，及箕。八月，戊子，晉侯敗狄于箕。郤缺獲白狄子。先軫曰，匹夫逞志於君，而無討，敢不自討乎？」免冑入狄師，死焉，狄人歸其元，面如生，初，臼季使過冀，見冀缺耨，其妻饁之。敬，相待如賓。與之歸，言諸文公曰：「敬，德之聚也。能敬必有德，德以治民，君請用之！臣聞之，出門如賓，承事如祭，仁之則也，公曰：「其父有罪，可乎？」對曰：「舜之罪也殛鯀，其舉也興禹。管敬仲，桓之賊也，實相以濟。《》曰：『父不慈，子不祗，兄不友，弟不共，不相及也』。《》曰：『采葑采菲，無以下體。』君取節焉可也。」文公以為下軍大夫。反自箕，襄公以三命命先且居將，中軍，以再命命先茅之縣賞胥臣，曰：「舉郤缺，子之功也。」以一命命郤缺為卿，復與之冀，亦未有軍行。 |
| | The Di attacked Jin and reached Ji. On the Wusi day of the eighth month, Duke Jin defeated the Di at Ji. Xi Que captured the son of the Bai Di. Xian Zhen said: "A commoner expresses his will to the lord without being punished; how dare I not punish myself?" He removed his helmet and entered the Di army, where he died. The Di returned his head, which still looked as if alive. Originally, Jiu Ji had passed through Ji on a mission and saw Ji Que tilling the fields; his wife brought him food. They treated each other with respect, like guests. He brought him back and told Duke Wen: "Respect is the gathering of virtue. Those who can show respect must possess virtue; with virtue, one can govern the people. Please appoint him, my lord!" I have heard that going out the door as if to a guest and handling affairs as in a sacrifice are the principles of benevolence." The Gong said: "His father committed crimes; is this acceptable?" He replied: "When Shun punished Gun for his crime, he executed him, but when he appointed someone, he promoted Yu. Guan Jingzhong was a traitor to Duke Huan, yet in fact, he served as his prime minister and achieved success. The Kang Gao says: "A father's lack of kindness, a son's lack of reverence, an elder brother's lack of friendliness, and a younger brother's lack of harmony—these are not things that can be passed on." The Shi says: "Gather feng and fei, do not discard them for their roots." Your lord may take the virtue from this." Duke Wen appointed him as a lower general. After returning from Ji, Duke Xiang conferred the rank of general on Xian Qiju with three commands for leading the central army. With two commands, he awarded the county of Xian Mao to Xu Chen as a reward, saying: "It was your merit that recommended Xi Que." With one command, he appointed Xi Que as an official and restored to him the fief of Ji; there was still no military campaign.
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冬，公如齊，朝，且弔有狄師也。反，薨于小寢，即安也。 |
| | In winter, the Gong went to Qi for a court visit and also to express condolences due to the Di invasion. On his return journey, he died in the small chamber; this was considered peaceful.
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晉、陳、鄭伐許，討其貳於楚也。楚令尹子上侵陳、蔡。陳、蔡成，遂伐鄭，將納公子瑕。門于桔柣之門，瑕覆于周氏之汪。外僕髡屯禽之以獻。文夫人斂而葬之鄶城之下。 |
| | Jin, Chen, and Zheng attacked Xu to punish its duplicity toward Chu. Chu's Ling Yin Zishang invaded Chen and Cai. After Chen and Cai made peace, they then attacked Zheng, intending to install Gongzi Xia. They breached the gate at Jie Zhi Men, but Xia was captured in Zhou Shi's pond. Waipu Kuntun captured him and presented him as a tribute. Lady Wen prepared his funeral rites and buried him beneath the city of Huangcheng.
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晉陽處父侵蔡，楚子上救之，與晉師夾泜而軍。陽子患之，使謂子上曰：「吾聞之，『文不犯順，武不違敵』。子若欲戰，則吾退舍，子濟而陳，遲速唯命。不然，紓我。老師費財，亦無益也。」乃駕以待。子上欲涉，大孫伯曰：「不可晉人無信，半涉而薄我，悔敗何及不如紓之。」乃退舍，陽子宣言曰：「楚師遁矣。」遂歸，楚師亦歸。大子商臣譖子上曰：「受晉賂而辟之，楚之恥也。罪莫大焉！」王殺子上。 |
| | Jin's Yang Chufu invaded Cai, and Chu's Zishang came to its rescue, with the Jin army camping on both sides of the Zhi River. Yang Zi was worried and sent a message to Zishang, saying: "I have heard that 'in diplomacy, one does not violate order; in warfare, one does not defy the enemy.'" "If you wish to fight, then I will withdraw my troops. You may cross the river and form your formation; whether quickly or slowly is at your command." Otherwise, please allow us to retreat. "A prolonged campaign wastes men and resources; it would be of no benefit." Zishang then prepared his chariot to await developments. Zishang wanted to cross the river, but Daisun Bo said: "We cannot. The Jin people are untrustworthy; if we cross halfway and they attack us, it will be too late to regret our defeat. It is better to withdraw." So Zishang withdrew his troops, and Yang Zi publicly declared: "The Chu army has fled!" He then returned, and the Chu army also retreated. 太子 Shangchen slandered Zishang, saying: "He accepted bribes from Jin and avoided battle; this is a disgrace to Chu. No crime could be greater!" The king executed Zishang.
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葬僖公緩，作主，非禮也。凡君薨，卒哭而祔，祔而作主，特祀於主，烝、嘗、禘於廟。 |
| | They delayed the burial of Duke Xi and made a wooden effigy, which was against ritual propriety. Whenever a ruler dies, after the mourning period ends, ancestral rites are performed with the deceased's spirit. The wooden effigy is made at this time and used for special sacrifices; regular offerings of steam, taste, and grand ceremonies take place in the temple.
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