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Scope: Daoism Request type: Paragraph
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道家 - Daoism

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莊子 - Zhuangzi

[Warring States] 350 BC-250 BC English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《莊子》 Library Resources
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[Also known as: 《南華真經》]

內篇 - Inner Chapters

English translation: James Legge [?] Library Resources

人間世 - Man in the World, Associated with other Men

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《人間世》 Library Resources
4 人間世:
顏闔將傅衛靈公大子,而問於蘧伯玉曰:「有人於此,其德天殺。與之為無方,則危吾國;與之為有方,則危吾身。其知適足以知人之過,而不知其所以過。若然者,吾奈之何?」蘧伯玉曰:「善哉問乎!戒之慎之,正汝身也哉!形莫若就,心莫若和。雖然,之二者有患。就不欲入,和不欲出。形就而入,且為顛為,為崩為蹶。心和而出,且為聲為名,為妖為孽。彼且為嬰兒,亦與之為嬰兒;彼且為無町畦,亦與之為無町畦;彼且為無崖,亦與之為無崖。達之,入於無疵。汝不知夫螳蜋乎?怒其臂以當車轍,不知其不勝任也,是其才之美者也。戒之慎之!積伐而美者以犯之,幾矣。汝不知夫養虎者乎?不敢以生物與之,為其殺之之怒也;不敢以全物與之,為其決之之怒也。時其飢飽,達其怒心。虎之與人異類而媚養己者,順也;故其殺者,逆也。夫愛馬者,以筐盛矢,以蜄盛溺。適有蚉虻僕緣,而拊之不時,則缺銜、毀首、碎胸。意有所至,而愛有所亡,可不慎邪!」
Man in the World,...:
Yan He, being about to undertake the office of Teacher of the eldest son of duke Ling of Wei, consulted Qu Bo-yi. 'Here,' said he, 'is this (young) man, whose natural disposition is as bad as it could be. If I allow him to proceed in a bad way, it will be at the peril of our state; if I insist on his proceeding in a right way, it will be at the peril of my own person. His wisdom is just sufficient to know the errors of other men, but he does not know how he errs himself. What am I to do in such a case?' Qu Bo-yi replied,'Good indeed is your question! Be on your guard; be careful; see that you keep yourself correct! Your best plan will be, with your person to seek association with him, and with your mind to try to be in harmony with him; and yet there are dangers connected with both of these things. While seeking to keep near to him, do not enter into his pursuits; while cultivating a harmony of mind with him, do not show how superior you are to him. If in your personal association you enter into his pursuits, you will fall with him and be ruined, you will tumble down with a crash. If in maintaining a harmony with his mind, you show how different you are from him, he will think you do so for the reputation and the name, and regard you as a creature of evil omen. If you find him to be a mere boy, be you with him as another boy; if you find him one of those who will not have their ground marked out in the ordinary way, do you humour him in this characteristic; if you find him to be free from lofty airs, show yourself to be the same - (ever) leading him on so as to keep him free from faults. Do you not know (the fate of) the praying mantis? It angrily stretches out its arms, to arrest the progress of the carriage, unconscious of its inability for such a task, but showing how much it thinks of its own powers. Be on your guard; be careful. If you cherish a boastful confidence in your own excellence, and place yourself in collision with him, you are likely to incur the fate (of the mantis). Do you not know how those who keep tigers proceed? They do not dare to supply them with living creatures, because of the rage which their killing of them will excite. They do not (even) dare to give them their food whole, because of the rage which their rending of it will excite. They watch till their hunger is appeased, (dealing with them) from their knowledge of their natural ferocity. Tigers are different from men, but they fawn on those who feed them, and do so in accordance with their nature. When any of these are killed by them, it is because they have gone against that nature. Those again who are fond of horses preserve their dung in baskets, and their urine in jars. If musquitoes and gadflies light on them, and the grooms brush them suddenly away, the horses break their bits, injure (the ornaments on) their heads, and smash those on their breasts. The more care that is taken of them, the more does their fondness (for their attendants) disappear. Ought not caution to be exercised (in the management of them)?'

應帝王 - The Normal Course for Rulers and Kings

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《應帝王》 Library Resources
5 應帝王:
鄭有神巫曰季咸,知人之生死存亡,禍福壽夭,期以歲月旬日,若神。鄭人見之,皆棄而走。列子見之而心醉,歸以告壺子,曰:「始吾以夫子之道為至矣,則又有至焉者矣。」壺子曰:「吾與汝既其文,未既其實,而固得道與?」眾雌而無雄,而又奚卵焉!而以道與世亢必信,夫故使人得而相女。嘗試與來,以予示之。」明日,列子與之見壺子。出而謂列子曰:「嘻!子之先生死矣,弗活矣,不以旬數矣!吾見怪焉,見溼灰焉。」列子入,泣涕沾襟,以告壺子。壺子曰:「鄉吾示之以地文,萌乎不震不正。是殆見吾杜德機也。嘗又與來。」明日,又與之見壺子。出而謂列子曰:「幸矣!子之先生遇我也。有瘳矣,全然有生矣。吾見其杜權矣。」列子入,以告壺子。壺子曰:「鄉吾示之以天壤,名實不入,而機發於踵。是殆見吾善者機也。嘗又與來。」明日,又與之見壺子。出而謂列子曰:「子之先生不齊,吾無得而相焉。試齊,且復相之。」列子入,以告壺子。壺子曰:「吾鄉示之以太沖莫勝。是殆見吾衡氣機也。鯢桓之審為淵,止水之審為淵,流水之審為淵。淵有九名,此處三焉。嘗又與來。」明日,又與之見壺子。立未定,自失而走。壺子曰:「追之!」列子追之不及,反以報壺子,曰:「已矣,已失矣,吾弗及也。」壺子曰:「鄉吾示之以未始出吾宗。吾與之虛而委蛇,不知其誰何,因以為弟靡,因以為波流,故逃也。」然後列子自以為未始學而歸,三年不出。為其妻爨,食豕如食人。於事無與親,彫琢復朴,塊然獨以其形立。紛而封哉,一以是終。
The Normal Course for...:
In Zheng there was a mysterious wizard called Ji-xian. He knew all about the deaths and births of men, their preservation and ruin, their misery and happiness, and whether their lives would be long or short, foretelling the year, the month, the decade and the day like a spirit. When the people of Kang saw him, they all ran out of his way. Liezi went to see him, and was fascinated by him. Returning, he told Hu-zi of his interview, and said, 'I considered your doctrine, my master, to be perfect, but I have found another which is superior to it.' Hu-zi replied, 'I have communicated to you but the outward letter of my doctrine, and have not communicated its reality and spirit; and do you think that you are in possession of it? However many hens there be, if there be not the cock among them, how should they lay (real) eggs? When you confront the world with your doctrine, you are sure to show in your countenance (all that is in your mind), and so enable (this) man to succeed in interpreting your physiognomy. Try and come to me with him, that I may show myself to him.'
On the morrow, accordingly, Liezi came with the man and saw Hu-zi. When they went out, the wizard said, 'Alas! your master is a dead man. He will not live;-- not for ten days more! I saw something strange about him - I saw the ashes (of his life) all slaked with water!' When Liezi reentered, he wept till the front of his jacket was wet with his tears, and told Hu-zi what the man had said. Hu-zi said, 'I showed myself to him with the forms of (vegetation beneath) the earth. There were the sprouts indeed, but without (any appearance of) growth or regularity:-- he seemed to see me with the springs of my (vital) power closed up. Try and come to me with him again.'
Next day, accordingly, Liezi brought the man again and saw Hu-zi. When they went out, the man said, 'It is a fortunate thing for your master that he met with me. He will get better; he has all the signs of living! I saw the balance (of the springs of life) that had been stopped (inclining in his favour).' Liezi went in, and reported these words to his master, who said, 'I showed myself to him after the pattern of the earth (beneath the) sky. Neither semblance nor reality entered (into my exhibition), but the springs (of life) were issuing from beneath my feet;-- he seemed to see me with the springs of vigorous action in full play. Try and come with him again.'
Next day Liezi came with the man again, and again saw Hu-zi with him. When they went out, the wizard said, 'Your master is never the same. I cannot understand his physiognomy. Let him try to steady himself, and I will again view him.' Liezi went in and reported this to Hu-zi, who said, 'This time I showed myself to him after the pattern of the grand harmony (of the two elemental forces), with the superiority inclining to neither. He seemed to see me with the springs of (vital) power in equal balance. Where the water wheels about from (the movements of) a dugong, there is an abyss; where it does so from the arresting (of its course), there is an abyss; where it does so, and the water keeps flowing on, there is an abyss. There are nine abysses with their several names, and I have only exhibited three of them. Try and come with him again.'
Next day they came, and they again saw Hu-zi. But before he had settled himself in his position, the wizard lost himself and ran away. 'Pursue him,' said Hu-zi, and Liezi did so, but could not come up with him. He returned, and told Hu-zi, saying, 'There is an end of him; he is lost; I could not find him.' Hu-zi rejoined, 'I was showing him myself after the pattern of what was before I began to come from my author. I confronted him with pure vacancy, and an easy indifference. He did not know what I meant to represent. Now he thought it was the idea of exhausted strength, and now that of an onward flow, and therefore he ran away.'
After this, Liezi considered that he had not yet begun to learn (his master's doctrine). He returned to his house, and for three years did not go out. He did the cooking for his wife. He fed the pigs as if he were feeding men. He took no part or interest in occurring affairs. He put away the carving and sculpture about him, and returned to pure simplicity. Like a clod of earth he stood there in his bodily presence. Amid all distractions he was (silent) and shut up in himself. And in this way he continued to the end of his life.

外篇 - Outer Chapters

English translation: James Legge [?] Library Resources

胠篋 - Cutting open Satchels

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《胠篋》 Library Resources
2 胠篋:
故曰:「脣竭則齒寒,魯酒薄而邯鄲圍,聖人生而大盜起。」掊擊聖人,縱舍盜賊,而天下始治矣。夫川竭而谷虛,丘夷而淵實。聖人已死,則大盜不起,天下平而無故矣。聖人不死,大盜不止。雖重聖人而治天下,則是重利盜跖也。為之斗斛以量之,則並與斗斛而竊之;為之權衡以稱之,則並與權衡而竊之;為之符璽以信之,則並與符璽而竊之;為之仁義以矯之,則並與仁義而竊之。何以知其然邪?彼竊鉤者誅,竊國者為諸侯,諸侯之門,而仁義存焉,則是非竊仁義聖知邪?故逐於大盜,揭諸侯,竊仁義並斗斛、權衡、符璽之利者,雖有軒冕之賞弗能勸,斧鉞之威弗能禁。此重利盜跖而使不可禁者,是乃聖人之過也。故曰:「魚不可脫於淵,國之利器不可以示人。」彼聖人者,天下之利器也,非所以明天下也。故絕聖棄知,大盜乃止;擿玉毀珠,小盜不起;焚符破璽,而民朴鄙;掊斗折衡,而民不爭;殫殘天下之聖法,而民始可與論議。擢亂六律,鑠絕竽瑟,塞瞽曠之耳,而天下始人含其聰矣;文章,散五采,膠離朱之目,而天下始人含其明矣;毀絕鉤繩而棄規矩,攦工倕之指,而天下始人有其巧矣。故曰:「大巧若拙。」削曾、史之行,鉗楊、墨之口,攘棄仁義,而天下之德始玄同矣。彼人含其明,則天下不鑠矣;人含其聰,則天下不累矣;人含其知,則天下不惑矣;人含其德,則天下不僻矣。彼曾、史、楊、墨、師曠、工倕、離朱,皆外立其德,而以爚亂天下者也,法之所無用也。
Cutting open Satchels:...:
Hence it is that we have the sayings, 'When the lips are gone the teeth are cold;' 'The poor wine of Lu gave occasion to the siege of Han-dan;' 'When sages are born great robbers arise.' Only when you destroy the sages and pardon all the thieves and robbers can the world begin to be ordered. When the stream is dried, the valley is empty; when the mound is levelled, the deep pool (beside it) is filled up. When the sages have died, the great robbers will not arise; the world would be at peace, and there would be no more troubles. While the sagely men have not died, great robbers will not cease to appear. The more right that is attached to (the views of) the sagely men for the government of the world, the more advantage will accrue to (such men as) the robber Kih. If we make for men pecks and bushels to measure (their wares), even by means of those pecks and bushels should we be teaching them to steal; if we make for them weights and steelyards to weigh (their wares), even by means of those weights and steelyards shall we be teaching them to steal. If we make for them tallies and seals to secure their good faith, even by means of those tallies and seals shall we be teaching them to steal. If we make for them benevolence and righteousness to make their doings correct, even by means of benevolence and righteousness shall we be teaching them to steal. How do I know that it is so? Here is one who steals a hook (for his girdle) - he is put to death for it: here is another who steals a state - he becomes its prince. But it is at the gates of the princes that we find benevolence and righteousness (most strongly) professed - is not this stealing benevolence and righteousness, sageness and wisdom? Thus they hasten to become great robbers, carry off princedoms, and steal benevolence and righteousness, with all the gains springing from the use of pecks and bushels, weights and steelyards, tallies and seals: even the rewards of carriages and coronets have no power to influence (to a different course), and the terrors of the axe have no power to restrain in such cases. The giving of so great gain to robbers (like) Zhi, and making it impossible to restrain them - this is the error committed by the sages.
In accordance with this it is said, 'Fish should not be taken from (the protection of) the deep waters; the agencies for the profit of a state should not be shown to men.' But those sages (and their teachings) are the agencies for the profit of the world, and should not be exhibited to it. Therefore if an end were put to sageness and wisdom put away, the great robbers would cease to arise. If jade were put away and pearls broken to bits, the small thieves would not appear. If tallies were burned and seals broken in pieces, the people would become simple and unsophisticated. If pecks were destroyed and steelyards snapped in two, the people would have no wrangling. If the rules of the sages were entirely set aside in the world, a beginning might be made of reasoning with the people. If the six musical accords were reduced to a state of utter confusion, organs and lutes all burned, and the ears of the (musicians like the) blind Khwang stopped up, all men would begin to possess and employ their (natural) power of hearing. If elegant ornaments were abolished, the five embellishing colours disused and the eyes of (men like) Li Zhu glued up, all men would begin to possess and employ their (natural) power of vision. If the hook and line were destroyed, the compass and square thrown away, and the fingers of men (like) the artful Khui smashed, all men would begin to possess and employ their (natural) skill - as it is said, 'The greatest art is like stupidity.' If conduct such as that of Zeng (Shen) and Shi (Qiu) were discarded, the mouths of Yang (Zhu) and Mo (Di) gagged, and benevolence and righteousness seized and thrown aside, the virtue of all men would begin to display its mysterious excellence. When men possessed and employed their (natural) power of vision, there would be no distortion in the world. When they possessed and employed their (natural) power of hearing, there would be no distractions in the world. When they possessed and employed their (natural) faculty of knowledge, there would be no delusions in the world. When they possessed and employed their (natural) virtue, there would be no depravity in the world. Men like Zeng (Shen), Shi (Qiu), Yang (Zhu), Mo (Di), Shi Kuang (the musician), the artist Khui, and Li Zhu, all display their qualities outwardly, and set the world in a blaze (of admiration) and confound it - a method which is of no use!

天地 - Heaven and Earth

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《天地》 Library Resources
10 天地:
將閭葂見季徹曰:「魯君謂葂也曰:『請受教。』辭不獲命,既已告矣,未知中否,請嘗薦之。吾謂魯君曰:『必服恭儉,拔出公忠之屬,而無阿私,民孰敢不輯!』」季徹局局然笑曰:「若夫子之言,於帝王之德,猶螳蜋之怒臂以當車軼,則必不勝任矣。且若是,則其自為處危,其觀臺多物,將往投跡者眾。」將閭葂覤覤然驚曰:「葂也汒若於夫子之所言矣。雖然,願先生之言其風也。」季徹曰:「大聖之治天下也,搖蕩民心,使之成教易俗,舉其賊心而皆進其獨志,若性之自為,而民不知其所由然。若然者,豈兄堯、舜之教民,溟滓然弟之哉?欲同乎德而心居矣。」
Heaven and Earth:
At an interview with Ji Che, Jiang-li Wan said to him, 'Our ruler of Lu asked to receive my instructions. I declined, on the ground that I had not received any message for him. Afterwards, however, I told him (my thoughts). I do not know whether (what I said) was right or not, and I beg to repeat it to you. I said to him, "You must strive to be courteous and to exercise self-restraint; you must distinguish the public-spirited and loyal, and repress the cringing and selfish - who among the people will in that case dare not to be in harmony with you?"' Ji Che laughed quietly and said, 'Your words, my master, as a description of the right course for a Di or King, were like the threatening movement of its arms by a mantis which would thereby stop the advance of a carriage - inadequate to accomplish your object. And moreover, if he guided himself by your directions, it would be as if he were to increase the dangerous height of his towers and add to the number of his valuables collected in them - the multitudes (of the people) would leave their (old) ways, and bend their steps in the same direction.'
Jiang-li Wan was awe-struck, and said in his fright, 'I am startled by your words, Master, nevertheless, I should like to hear you describe the influence (which a ruler should exert).' The other said, 'If a great sage ruled the kingdom, he would stimulate the minds of the people, and cause them to carry out his instructions fully, and change their manners; he would take their minds which had become evil and violent and extinguish them, carrying them all forward to act in accordance with the (good) will belonging to them as individuals, as if they did it of themselves from their nature, while they knew not what it was that made them do so. Would such an one be willing to lookup to Yao and Shun in their instruction of the people as his elder brothers? He would treat them as his juniors, belonging himself to the period of the original plastic ether. His wish would be that all should agree with the virtue (of that early period), and quietly rest in it.'

12 天地:
諄芒將東之大壑,適遇苑風於東海之濱。苑風曰:「子將奚之?」曰:「將之大壑。」曰:「奚為焉?」曰:「夫大壑之為物也,注焉而不滿,酌焉而不竭,吾將遊焉。」苑風曰:「夫子無意於橫目之民乎?願聞聖治。」諄芒曰:「聖治乎,官施而不失其宜,拔舉而不失其能,畢見其情事而行其所為,行言自為而天下化,手撓顧指,四方之民莫不俱至,此之謂聖治。」「願聞德人。」曰:「德人者,居無思,行無慮,不藏是非美惡。四海之內,共利之之謂悅,共給之之謂安;怊乎若嬰兒之失其母也,儻乎若行而失其道也。財用有餘而不知其所自來,飲食取足而不知其所從。此謂德人之容。」「願聞神人。」曰:「上神乘光,與形亡,此謂照曠。天地樂而萬事銷亡,萬物復情,此之謂混冥。」
Heaven and Earth:
Zhun Mang, on his way to the ocean, met with Yuan Feng on the shore of the eastern sea, and was asked by him where he was going. 'I am going,' he replied, 'to the ocean;' and the other again asked, 'What for?' Zhun Mang said, 'Such is the nature of the ocean that the waters which flow into it can never fill it, nor those which flow from it exhaust it. I will enjoy myself, rambling by it.' Yuan Feng replied, 'Have you no thoughts about mankind? I should like to hear from you about sagely government.' Zhun Mang said, 'Under the government of sages, all offices are distributed according to the fitness of their nature; all appointments are made according to the ability of the men; whatever is done is after a complete survey of all circumstances; actions and words proceed from the inner impulse, and the whole world is transformed. Wherever their hands are pointed and their looks directed, from all quarters the people are all sure to come (to do what they desire): this is what is called government by sages.'
'I should like to hear about (the government of) the kindly, virtuous men,' (continued Yuan Feng). The reply was, 'Under the government of the virtuous, when quietly occupying (their place), they have no thought, and, when they act, they have no anxiety; they do not keep stored (in their minds) what is right and what is wrong, what is good and what is bad. They share their benefits among all within the four seas, and this produces what is called (the state of) satisfaction; they dispense their gifts to all, and this produces what is called (the state of) rest. (The people) grieve (on their death) like babies who have lost their mothers, and are perplexed like travellers who have lost their way. They have a superabundance of wealth and all necessaries, and they know not whence it comes; they have a sufficiency of food and drink, and they know not from whom they get it: such are the appearances (under the government) of the kindly and virtuous.'
'I should like to hear about (the government of) the spirit-like men,' (continued Yuan Feng once more). The reply was, 'Men of the highest spirit-like qualities mount up on the light, and (the limitations of) the body vanish. This we call being bright and ethereal. They carry out to the utmost the powers with which they are endowed, and have not a single attribute unexhausted. Their joy is that of heaven and earth, and all embarrassments of affairs melt away and disappear; all things return to their proper nature: and this is what is called (the state of) chaotic obscurity.'

繕性 - Correcting the Nature

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《繕性》 Library Resources
2 繕性:
古之人在混芒之中,與一世而得澹漠焉。當是時也,陰陽和靜,鬼神不擾,四時得節,萬物不傷,群生不夭,人雖有知,無所用之,此之謂至一。當是時也,莫之為而常自然。
Correcting the Nature:...:
The men of old, while the chaotic condition was yet undeveloped, shared the placid tranquillity which belonged to the whole world. At that time the Yin and Yang were harmonious and still; their resting and movement proceeded without any disturbance; the four seasons had their definite times; not a single thing received any injury, and no living being came to a premature end. Men might be possessed of (the faculty of) knowledge, but they had no occasion for its use. This was what is called the state of Perfect Unity. At this time, there was no action on the part of any one, but a constant manifestation of spontaneity.
逮德下衰,及燧人、伏羲始為天下,是故順而不一。德又下衰,及神農、黃帝始為天下,是故安而不順。德又下衰,及唐、虞始為天下,興治化之流,澆淳散朴,離道以善,險德以行,然後去性而從於心。心與心識知而不足以定天下,然後附之以文,益之以博。文質,博溺心,然後民始惑亂,無以反其性情而復其初。
This condition (of excellence) deteriorated and decayed, till Sui-ren and Fu-xi arose and commenced their administration of the world; on which came a compliance (with their methods), but the state of unity was lost. The condition going on to deteriorate and decay, Shen Nong and Huang-Di arose, and took the administration of the world, on which (the people) rested (in their methods), but did not themselves comply with them. Still the deterioration and decay continued till the lords of Tang and Yu began to administer the world. These introduced the method of governing by transformation, resorting to the stream (instead of to the spring), thus vitiating the purity and destroying the simplicity (of the nature). They left the Dao, and substituted the Good for it, and pursued the course of Haphazard Virtue. After this they forsook their nature and followed (the promptings of) their minds. One mind and another associated their knowledge, but were unable to give rest to the world. Then they added to this knowledge (external and) elegant forms, and went on to make these more and more numerous. The forms extinguished the (primal) simplicity, till the mind was drowned by their multiplicity. After this the people began to be perplexed and disordered, and had no way by which they might return to their true nature, and bring back their original condition.

秋水 - The Floods of Autumn

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《秋水》 Library Resources
5 秋水:
河伯曰:「若物之外,若物之內,惡至而倪貴賤?惡至而倪小大?」北海若曰:「以道觀之,物無貴賤;以物觀之,自貴而相賤:以俗觀之,貴賤不在己。以差觀之,因其所大而大之,則萬物莫不大;因其所小而小之,則萬物莫不小。知天地之為稊米也,知豪末之為丘山也,則差數等矣。以功觀之,因其所有而有之,則萬物莫不有;因其所無而無之,則萬物莫不無。知東西之相反,而不可以相無,則功分定矣。以趣觀之,因其所然而然之,則萬物莫不然;因其所非而非之,則萬物莫不非。知堯、桀之自然而相非,則趣操睹矣。昔者堯、舜讓而帝,之、噲讓而絕;湯、武爭而王,白公爭而。由此觀之,爭讓之禮,堯、桀之行,貴賤有時,未可以為常也。梁麗可以衝城,而不可以窒穴,言殊器也;騏驥驊騮,一日而馳千里,捕鼠不如狸狌,言殊技也;鴟鵂夜撮蚤,察毫末,晝出瞋目而不見丘山,言殊性也。故曰:蓋師是而無非,師治而無亂乎?是未明天地之理,萬物之情者也。是猶師天而無地,師陰而無陽,其不可行明矣。然且語而不舍,非愚則誣也。帝王殊禪,三代殊繼。差其時,逆其俗者,謂之篡夫;當其時,順其俗者,謂之義徒。默默乎河伯!女惡知貴賤之門,大小之家!」
The Floods of Autumn:...:
The earl of the He said, 'Whether the subject be what is external in things, or what is internal, how do we come to make a distinction between them as noble and mean, and as great or small?' Ruo of the Northern Sea replied, 'When we look at them in the light of the Dao, they are neither noble nor mean. Looking at them in themselves, each thinks itself noble, and despises others. Looking at them in the light of common opinion, their being noble or mean does not depend on themselves. Looking at them in their differences from one another, if we call those great which are greater than others, there is nothing that is not great, and in the same way there is nothing that is not small. We shall (thus) know that heaven and earth is but (as) a grain of the smallest rice, and that the point of a hair is (as) a mound or a mountain - such is the view given of them by their relative size. Looking at them from the services they render, allowing to everything the service which it does, there is not one which is not serviceable; and, extending the consideration to what it does not do, there is not one which is not unserviceable. We know (for instance) that East and West are opposed to each other, and yet that the one cannot be without (suggesting the idea of) the other - (thus) their share of mutual service is determined. Looking at them with respect to their tendencies, if we approve of what they approve, then there is no one who may not be approved of; and, if we condemn what they condemn, there is no one who may not be condemned. There are the cases of Yao and Jie, each of whom approved of his own course, and condemned the other - such is the view arising from the consideration of tendency and aim.
Formerly Yao and Shun resigned (their thrones), and yet each continued to be Di; Zhi-kuai resigned (his marquisate) which led to his ruin. Tang and Wu contended (for the sovereignty), and each became king; the duke a contended (for Qi), which led to his extinction. Looking at the subject from these examples of striving by force and of resigning, and from the conduct of Yao (on the one hand) and of Jie (on the other), we see that there is a time for noble acting, and a time for mean - these characteristics are subject to no regular rule.
A battering ram may be used against the wall of a city, but it cannot be employed to stop up a hole - the uses of implements are different. The (horses) Qi-ji and Hua-liu could in one day gallop 1000 li, but for catching rats they were not equal to a wild dog or a weasel - the gifts of creatures are different. The white horned owl collects its fleas in the night-time, and can discern the point of a hair, but in bright day it stares with its eyes and cannot see a mound or a hill - the natures of creatures are different.
Hence the sayings, "Shall we not follow and honour the right, and have nothing to do with the wrong? shall we not follow and honour those who secure good government, and have nothing to do with those who produce disorder?" show a want of acquaintance with the principles of Heaven and Earth, and with the different qualities of things. It is like following and honouring Heaven and taking no account of Earth; it is like following and honouring the Yin and taking no account of the Yang. It is clear that such a course cannot be pursued. Yet notwithstanding they go on talking so: if they are not stupid, they are visionaries. The Di sovereigns resigned their thrones to others in one way, and the rulers of the three dynasties transmitted their thrones to their successors in another. He who acts differently from the requirements of his time and contrary to its custom is called an usurper; he who complies with the time and follows the common practice is said to be righteous. Hold your peace, 0 earl of the He. How should you know what constitutes being noble and being mean, or who are the small and who the great?'

7 秋水:
河伯曰:「然則何貴於道邪?」北海若曰:「知道者必達於理,達於理者必明於權,明於權者不以物害己。至德者,火弗能熱,水弗能溺,寒暑弗能害,禽獸弗能賊。非謂其薄之也,言察乎安危,寧於禍福,謹於去就,莫之能害也。故曰:天在內,人在外,德在乎天。知天人之行,本乎天,位乎得。蹢䠱而屈伸,反要而語極。」曰:「何謂天?何謂人?」北海若曰:「牛馬四足,是謂天;落馬首,穿牛鼻,是謂人。故曰:無以人天,無以故命,無以得殉名。謹守而勿失,是謂反其真。」
The Floods of Autumn:...:
The earl of the He said, 'What then is there so valuable in the Dao?' Ruo of the Northern Sea replied, 'He who knows the Dao is sure to be well acquainted with the principles (that appear in the procedures of things). Acquainted with (those) principles, he is sure to understand how to regulate his conduct in all varying circumstances. Having that understanding, he will not allow things to injure himself. Fire cannot burn him who is (so) perfect in virtue, nor water drown him; neither cold nor heat can affect him injuriously; neither bird nor beast can hurt him. This does not mean that he is indifferent to these things; it means that he discriminates between where he may safely rest and where he will be in peril; that he is tranquil equally in calamity and happiness; that he is careful what he avoids and what he approaches - so that nothing can injure him. Hence it is said, "What is heavenly is internal; what is human is external." The virtue (of man) is in what is Heavenly. If you know the operation of what is Heavenly and what is Human, you will have your root in what is Heavenly and your position in Virtue. You will bend or stretch (only) after the (necessary) hesitation; you will have returned to the essential, and may be pronounced to have reached perfection.'
'What do you mean,' pursued the earl, 'by the Heavenly, and by the Human?' Ruo replied, 'Oxen and horses have four feet - that is what I call their Heavenly (constitution). When horses' heads are haltered, and the noses of oxen are pierced, that is what I call (the doing of) Man. Hence it is said, "Do not by the Human (doing) extinguish the Heavenly (constitution); do not for your (Human) purpose extinguish the appointment (of Heaven); do not bury your (proper) fame in (such) a pursuit of it; carefully guard (the Way) and do not lose it: this is what I call reverting to your True (Nature)."'

10 秋水:
公孫龍問於魏牟曰:「龍少學先生之道,長而明仁義之行,合同異,雜堅白,然不然,可不可,困百家之知,窮眾口之辯,吾自以為至達已。今吾聞莊子之言,汒焉異之,不知論之不及與,知之弗若與?今吾無所開吾喙,敢問其方。」
The Floods of Autumn:...:
Gong-sun Long asked Mou of Wei, saying, 'When I was young, I learned the teachings of the former kings; and when I was grown up, I became proficient in the practice of benevolence and righteousness. I brought together the views that agreed and disagreed; I considered the questions about hardness and whiteness; I set forth what was to be affirmed and what was not, and what was allowable and what was not; I studied painfully the various schools of thought, and made myself master of the reasonings of all their masters. I thought that I had reached a good understanding of every subject; but now that I have heard the words of Zhuangzi, they throw me into a flutter of surprise. I do not know whether it be that I do not come up to him in the power of discussion, or that my knowledge is not equal to his. But now I do not feel able to open my mouth, and venture to ask you what course I should pursue.'
公子牟隱机太息,仰天而笑曰:「子獨不聞夫埳井之鼃乎?謂東海之鱉曰:『吾樂與!出跳梁乎井幹之上,入休乎缺甃之崖,赴水則接腋持頤,蹶泥則沒足跗,還虷蟹與科斗,莫吾能若也。且夫擅一壑之水,而跨跱埳井之樂,此亦至矣,夫子奚不時來入觀乎?』東海之鱉左足未入,而右膝已縶矣。於是逡巡而卻,告之海曰:『夫千里之遠,不足以舉其大;千仞之高,不足以極其深。禹之時,十年九潦,而水弗為加益;湯之時,八年七旱,而崖不為加損。夫不為頃久推移,不以多少進退者,此亦東海之大樂也。』於是埳井之鼃聞之,適適然驚,規規然自失也。且夫知不知是非之竟,而猶欲觀於莊子之言,是猶使蚊負山,商蚷馳河也,必不勝任矣。且夫知不知論極妙之言,而自適一時之利者,是非埳井之鼃與?且彼方跐黃泉而登大皇,無南無北,奭然四解,淪於不測;無東無西,始於玄冥,反於大通。子乃規規然而求之以察,索之以辯,是直用管窺天,用錐指地也,不亦小乎!子往矣!且子獨不聞壽陵餘子之學行於邯鄲與?未得國能,又失其故行矣,直匍匐而歸耳。今子不去,將忘子之故,失子之業。」
Gong-sun Mou leant forward on his stool, drew a long breath, looked up to heaven, smiled, and said, 'Have you not heard of the frog of the dilapidated well, and how it said to the turtle of the Eastern Sea, "How I enjoy myself? I leap upon the parapet of this well. I enter, and having by means of the projections formed by the fragments of the broken tiles of the lining proceeded to the water, I draw my legs together, keep my chin up, (and strike out). When I have got to the mud, I dive till my feet are lost in it. Then turning round, I see that of the shrimps, crabs, and tadpoles there is not one that can do like me. Moreover, when one has entire command of all the water in the gully, and hesitates to go forward, it is the greatest pleasure to enjoy one's self here in this dilapidated well - why do not you, Master, often come and enter, and see it for yourself?" The turtle of the Eastern Sea (was then proceeding to go forward), but before he had put in his left foot, he found his right knee caught and held fast. On this he hesitated, drew back, and told (the frog) all about the sea, saying, "A distance of a thousand li is not sufficient to express its extent, nor would (a line of) eight thousand cubits be equal to sound its depth. In the time of Yu, for nine years out of ten the flooded land (all drained into it), and its water was not sensibly increased; and in the time of Thang for seven years out of eight there was a drought, but the rocks on the shore (saw) no diminution of the water because of it. Thus it is that no change is produced in its waters by any cause operating for a short time or a long, and that they do not advance nor recede for any addition or subtraction, whether great or small; and this is the great pleasure afforded by the Eastern Sea." When the frog of the dilapidated well heard this, he was amazed and terror-struck, and lost himself in surprise.
And moreover, when you, who have not wisdom enough to know where the discussions about what is right and what is wrong should end, still desire to see through the words of Zhuangzi, that is like employing a mosquito to carry a mountain on its back, or a millipede to gallop as fast as the Ho runs - tasks to which both the insects are sure to be unequal. Still further, when you, who have not wisdom enough to know the words employed in discussing very mysterious subjects, yet hasten to show your sharpness of speech on any occasion that may occur, is not this being like the frog of the dilapidated well?
And that (Zhuangzi) now plants his foot on the Yellow Springs (below the earth), and anon rises to the height of the Empyrean. Without any regard to south and north, with freedom he launches out in every direction, and is lost in the unfathomable. Without any regard to east and west, starting from what is abysmally obscure, he comes back to what is grandly intelligible. (All the while), you, Sir, in amazement, search for his views to examine them, and grope among them for matter for discussion - this is just like peeping at the heavens through a tube, or aiming at the earth with an awl; are not both the implements too small for the purpose? Go your ways, Sir.
And have you not heard of the young learners of Shou-ling, and how they did in Han-dan? Before they had acquired what they might have done in that capital, they had forgotten what they had learned to do in their old city, and were marched back to it on their hands and knees. If now you do not go away, you will forget your old acquirements, and fail in your profession.'
公孫龍口呿而不合,舌舉而不下,乃逸而走。
Gong-sun Long gaped on the speaker, and could not shut his mouth, and his tongue clave to its roof. He slank away and ran off.

雜篇 - Miscellaneous Chapters

Library Resources

庚桑楚 - Geng-sang Chu

English translation: James Legge [?]
Books referencing 《庚桑楚》 Library Resources
10 庚桑楚:
道通,其分也,其成也毀也。所惡乎分者,其分也以備;所以惡乎備者,其有以備。故出而不反,見其鬼;出而得,是謂得死。而有實,鬼之一也。以有形者象無形者而定矣。
Geng-sang Chu:
The Dao is to be found in the subdivisions (of its subject); (it is to be found) in that when complete, and when broken up. What I dislike in considering it as subdivided, is that the division leads to the multiplication of it - and what I dislike in that multiplication is that it leads to the (thought of) effort to secure it. Therefore when (a man) comes forth (and is born), if he did not return (to his previous non-existence), we should have (only) seen his ghost; when he comes forth and gets this (return), he dies (as we say). He is extinguished, and yet has a real existence: (this is another way of saying that in life we have) only man's ghost. By taking the material as an emblem of the immaterial do we arrive at a settlement of the case of man.

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