The
Viceroy of Zhili, fully referred to in Chinese as the
Governor-General of Zhili and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs and Food Production, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys in China proper during the
Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Zhili was an important post because the province of Zhili, which literally means "directly ruled", was the area surrounding the imperial capital, Beijing. The administrative centre was in Tianjin even though the provincial capital was in Baoding. The Viceroy's duties as well as responsibilities have never been defined entirely. Generally speaking, the Viceroy oversaw the military and civil affairs of Zhili, Shandong and Henan provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili was also highly influential in imperial court politics.
Read more...: History List of Viceroys of Zhili
History
The office was first created on 30 September 1649 during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor, but was later abolished on 1 June 1658. On 23 November 1661, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the office was recreated, however abolished again later on 28 July 1669. After the Yongzheng Emperor restored it on 14 December 1724, the office had remained in place until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
From 1870 onwards, the Viceroy of Zhili concurrently held the position of "Beiyang Trade Minister" (北洋通商大臣); cf. "Nanyang Trade Minister" (南洋通商大臣) held by the Viceroy of Liangjiang.
47 people had held the position from 1649 to 1912. Among them, the more notable ones included Li Wei, Tang Zhiyu, Fang Guancheng, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Ronglu and Yuan Shikai. Li Hongzhang, in particular, held the office for about 25 years in total during the height of his political career.
List of Viceroys of Zhili
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直隶总督（ᡷᡳᠯᡳ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ|v=jyli uheri kadalara amban），正式官衔为
总督直隶等处地方，提督军务、粮饷、管理河道兼巡抚事，是
清朝9位最高级的封疆大臣之一，总管直隶的军民政务，总督署驻直隶省保定府城（今保定市莲池区）。而由于直隶省地处京畿要地，因此直隶总督被称为疆臣之首。直隶总督例兼兵部右尚书右都御史，可直接上奏皇帝。
Read more...: 沿革 历任总督
沿革
• 直隶总督的前身是设于顺治五年的直隶山东河南三省总督，当时预定的总督府设在直隶大名府（今邯郸市大名县）。
• 顺治十五年，降为直隶巡抚。
• 顺治十八年，复置直隶总督一职，驻地依旧位于大名。
• 康熙八年裁撤总督一职。
• 雍正元年，重设直隶总督一职。驻地为保定。建立保定直隶总督辕门。
• 乾隆十四年，直隶总督兼管黄河的防汛和治理工作。
• 乾隆二十八年，直隶总督兼任直隶省巡抚。
• 咸丰三年，长芦盐场的盐政划归直隶总督直辖。
• 同治九年，清廷将天津、营口和烟台三个口岸的通商事宜，划归直隶总督管理，并将北洋通商大臣一衔授与直隶总督。
• 自此直隶总督多驻在天津，在冬天外贸淡季，才回到保定。天津直隶总督衙门旧址辛亥革命后改为直隶省（河北省）政府驻地。1937年遭日军轰炸，成为废墟。中华人民共和国成立后，天津市政府在废墟上新建金钢公园，改建第二医院。保定直隶总督衙门旧址现保存基本完好。
历任总督
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