Background

In the early Qing dynasty, the rise and fall of the dynasty touched many poets and playwrights, especially intellectuals, which pushed them into thinking of the historical lessons taught by the downfall of the Ming. These writers, including Kong Shangren, expressed hatred and regret at its collapse through their works and a sense of historical responsibility. Kong said he wanted to make clear what had made the decay happen.

Kong heard stories about the period of Hong Guang (C: 弘 光) from his cousin Kong Fangxun (孔方訓), whose tale of Li Xiangjun inspired him into creating a script. But at that time, it was only a draft because Kong wanted to collect historical details. So during his three-year stay in the south, where the story took place, Kong got acquainted with Ming loyalists like Mao Xiang (冒襄), Deng Hanyi (鄧漢儀), Xu Shuxue (許漱雪), Zong Yuanding (宗元鼎), She Chacun (社茶村) and masters of art like Shitao, Gong Xian, and Cha Shibiao (查士標). He also visited historical sites such as Plum Blossom Mountain (梅花岭), Qin Huai River (秦淮河), Swallow Rock (燕子磯), Imperial Palace, and the Mausoleum of the Ming Emperor (明孝陵).

Though started in 1648, 「The Peach Blossom Fan」 was completed by Kong Shangren in 1699, under the watch and reign of the Qing Dynasty. That was a culmination of more than twenty years in efforts of writing. The musical play 「The Peach Blossom Fan」 contains 44 historical drama scenes emphasizing Chinese culture.

Drama characterized the collapse in 1644 of one of the then known dynasties, the Ming Dynasty. Using Hou Fangyu and a courtesan by the play name Li Xiangjun, it elaborates in love the death of the Ming Dynasty, though camouflaged in a love story. Many historians have, over the years, referred to it as one of China』s masterpieces in historical drama.

In terms of composition, it is a two-part play as conceived originally. There are an additional 40 scenes, but the length is not tiresomely long compared to many of the similar Chinese plays with 55 plus scenes, mainly with style drawn from the South. At the start of the play is the 『Enquiry』 which also forms part one. In contrast, the Intercalary fills in the inner parts before the central portion, with additional scenes such as the Sequel and eventually the epilogue.

Plot-wise, 「The Peach Blossom Fan」 is set in the Restoration Society, when the Ming Dynasty sought to bring changes as there had been rampant corruption. Ming falls after falling in love with Li Xiangjun, starts sharing gifts, and engages with her. Officials in the court plot or plan on how to cut short his reign and oversee the fall of the Ming Dynasty, with this plan being set and overseen by courtesans such as Ruan Dacheng. The dynasty is officially isolated from power and the throne to establish a new order and reject the old system of doing things.

An analysis of this work suggests that 「The Bleach of the Blossom Fan」 exposes the rot of official corruption, cowardly choices, and even outright callousness of those in authority, such as the Ming Dynasty. However, his order of things is cut short eventually because he had failed to read the people's mood or even be sensitive to the people. It is a play detailing the power of people who come together in unison and love for a just cause. That equally highlights the delicate balance of ascending to power without the interests of service to humanity at the core of decision-making.

Composition

The play was conceived as a two-part play, as stated in the notes of Liang Qichao. The play has over 40 total scenes. Birch wrote that this length is "not unduly long" for a southern-style (Yangtze Valley) Chinese play, citing the 55-scene length of Peony Pavilion.

The main portion of the play includes exactly 40 scenes. The "Enquiry" (prelude) section is located in the play's beginning. The first portion of the main play forms part one, the upper (上) part. The "Inter-calary" scene is in between the two parts of the main play. The second portion of the main portion of the play forms part two, the lower (下) part. The "Additional Scene" and then the "Sequel", the epilogue, are the final portions of the play.

Plot

In the late Ming dynasty, the reformist Donglin movement reinstituted the "Restoration Society" (C: 復社, P: fùshè, W: fu-she) in Nanjing to fight corrupt officials. Hou Fangyu, one of the Society's members, falls in love with courtesan Li Xiangjun beside the Qinhuai River. He sends Li Xiangjun a fan as a gift and becomes engaged to her. An official called Ruan Dacheng, delivers trousseau through celebrity Yang Longyou (T: 楊龍友, S: 杨龙友, P: Yáng Lóngyǒu, W: Yang Lung-yu) for Hou in order not to be isolated from the royal court. Hou is persuaded into accepting it, but Li Xiangjun rejects the gift firmly, which wins Hou Fangyu's respect.

Because he lacks military provisions, the commander of Wuchang Zuo Liangyu intends to move his army south to Nanjing, which terrifies the court. Considering Hou Fangyu's father had once been Zuo Liangyu's superior, Nanjing officials send Yang to ask Hou for help as a substitute. Hou Fangyu writes a letter to discourage Zuo from moving, but is slandered by Ruan for betraying the country, forcing him to find shelter with Shi Kefa in Yangzhou. Li Xiangjun and Hou Fangyu are separated.

At that time, the political situation runs out of control. News comes that Li Zicheng, the leader of peasant rebellion, had captured the capital Beijing, and that the Chongzhen Emperor had hanged himself. Ruan and Ma Shiying, the local governor of Fengyang (鳳陽督撫), crowns the Prince of Fu (福王) Zhu Yousong as new Emperor and changes the title of the reign into Hongguang 弘光. They persecute Reformists and indulge the Emperor with lust. Governor of Cao (曹撫) Tian Yang (田仰) covets Li's beauty and wants to take her as concubine. At the marriage ceremony, Li resists with a suicide attempt. She knocks her head on a pillar, leaving blood spots on the fan which was given by Hou Fangyu. After that, Yang draws a branch of peach blossoms with Li Xiangjun's blood on the fan, and it is sent to Hou Fangyu to show Li Xiangjun's determination. Jin Fu, author of Chinese Theatre, wrote that the fan and poem symbolize the integrity and determination of Li Xiangjun.

The Qing's army continues to go south, threatening the Ming government. However, the internal conflicts among four generals, who are in charge of strategic posts in north of the Yangtze River, are fierce, and Shi Kefa himself could not retrieve the defeat. Meanwhile, the new Emperor never cares about politics, only losing himself in song and dance. Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng send Li into the court as a gift, catering to the Emperor. Li Xiangjun scolds the evil officials to their faces and is beaten cruelly. Hou Fangyu flees to Nanjing during the chaotic war but was caught and sent into prison by Ruan Dacheng.

Yangzhou falls and Shi Kefa drowns himself into the river. The new Emperor is captured by the Qing army. The end of the play features a Taoist ceremony mourning the loss of the Ming dynasty. The remaining protagonists decide to seclude themselves instead of serving in the Qing dynasty. Hou Fangyu and Li Xiangjun meet each other occasionally at Qixia Mountain. When they are telling their affection, Zhang Yaoxing, a Taoist master, criticized them for the affair, asking "How laughable to cling to your amorous desires when the world has been turned upside down?" (or: "When there are such tremendous changes, you still indulge in love?"). This gives them both a realization. Li Xiangjun thus becomes a nun, while Hou Fangyu follows her step to become a Taoist priest. Cyril Birch, who collaborated on a University of California Press translation of The Peach Blossom Fan, wrote that "There can be no happy ending, given the historical authenticity of the action".

Like other Southern-style plays the play incorporates martial scenes and a love affair central to the plot. Birch wrote that the Hou Fangyu-Fragrant Princess love affair "is brilliantly integrated with the more weighty matter of the plot" and that the martial scenes "perfectly reflect the unhappy progress of the Ming cause and depict in vivid terms the gallant but ultimately futile loyalty or generals like Huang Te-kung and Shih-K'o-fa."

Characters

The play involves 30 dramatis personae. The protagonists are historical figures. Like many southern Chinese (Yangtze Valley) plays, there are contrasting character groupings. Hou Fangyu and his friends are in one grouping, while the Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng group forms an opposing grouping. Each role-type may control a set of characters. The "painted-face" (P: jing, W: ching) role controls Ma Shiying, Liu Liangzuo, Su Kunsheng, and Zhang Yanzhu. The "comic" (P: chou, W: ch'ou) role type controls Liu Jingting, Cai Yisuo, Zhen Tuoniang, and several attendants and servants.

Birch wrote that the audience is "led to a deep respect for Hou Fang-yü, Liu Ching-t'ing, and Shih K'o-fa, as in their different ways they follow their doomed ideals."

Character list

(in order of appearance)

The Master of Ceremonies of the Imperial Temple in Nanjing. He states that The Peach Blossom Fan "employs the emotions entailed by separation and union, to depict feelings about rise and fall." (T: 借離合之情，寫興亡之感,..., S: 借离合之情，写兴亡之感,...)

• C. H. Wang wrote that the Master "seems to impersonate" Kong Shangren.

Hou Fangyu (C: 侯方域, P: Hóu Fāngyù, W: Hou Fang-yü), a young scholar of distinction

• Hou Fangyu opposes corrupt officials who sell out to Manchus and is a loyalist to the Ming cause.

Chen Zhenhui (Ch'en Chen-hui), fellow member of the Revival Club

Wu Yingji (Wu Ying-chi), fellow member of the Revival Club

Liu Jingting (C: 柳敬亭, P: Liǔ Jìngtíng, W: Liu Ching-t'ing), a veteran minstrel of renown

• Lianche Tu Fang, an author on an encyclopedia article about Liu Jingting, wrote that the person was one of two people used in the story to "bring together the various incidents of the plot."

Li Zhenli (Li Chen-li), proprietress of an elegant house of pleasure and foster mother of the heroine

Yang Wencong (Yang Wen-ts'ung), painter, poet, and official

Li Xiangjun, a courtesan and the heroine. Li Xiangjun, the Fragrant Princess, follows her desires on whom to love and opposes bullies on the royal court.

• Jin Fu, author of Chinese Theatre, wrote that "Although Li Xiangjun is a singer, her emotions and actions are shown to be more noble than those of the scholars."

Su Kunsheng (T: 蘇崑生, S: 蘇崑生, P: Sū Kūnshēng, W: Su K'un-sheng), Li Xiangjun's singing teacher - Su Kunsheng asks Li Xiangjun to perform The Peony Pavilion.

• Lianche Tu Fang, an author on an encyclopedia article about Liu Jingting, wrote that the person was one of two people used in the story to "bring together the various incidents of the plot."

Ruan Dacheng (T: 阮大鋮, S: 阮大铖, P: Ruǎn Dàchéng, W: Juan Ta-ch'eng), corrupt politician, dramatist and poet

Ding Jizhi (Ting Chi-chih), poet-musician

Shen Gongxian (Shen Kung-hsien), poet-musician

Zhang Yanzhu (Chang Yen-chu), poet-musician

Bian Yujing (Pien Yü-ching), professional singing-girl

Kou Baimen (K'ou Pai-men), professional singing-girl

Zheng Tuoniang (Cheng T'o-niang), professional singing-girl

• Cyril Birch wrote that Zheng Tuoniang is "an important female part" and that the role to "offset the demure elegance of the ingenue (tan) role, Fragrant Princess", is one of the "major functions" of Zheng Tuoniang. Birch wrote that "We can imagine her as conspicuously ugly with her tart's makeup, lewd gestures, and regular caterwaul of a singing voice".

General Zuo Liangyu (C: 左良玉, P: Zuǒ Liángyù, W: Tso Liang-yü), commander of the Wu Chang garrison

General Shi Kefa (C: 史可法, P: Shǐ Kéfǎ, W: Shih K'o-fa), President of the Board of War at Nanjing

• Birch states that Shi Kefa is a general who has a "gallant but ultimately futile loyalty".

Ma Shiying (T: 馬士英, S: 马士英, P: Mǎ Shìyīng, W: Ma Shih-ying), Governor of Feng Yang and Grand Secretary

General Yuan Jixian (Yüan Chih-hsien)

General Huang Degong (Huang Te-kung)

• Birch states that Huang Degong is a general who has a "gallant but ultimately futile loyalty".

Emperor Hong Guang (Emperor Hung-kuang)

General Liu Zeqing (Liu Tse-ch'ing)

General Gao Jie (Kao Chieh)

General Liu Liangzuo (Liu Liang-tso)

Lan Ying (T: 藍 瑛, S: 蓝 瑛, P: Lán Yīng, W: Lan Ying), a famous painter

Cai Yisuo (C: 蔡益所, P: Cài Yìsuǒ, W: Ts'ai Yi-so), a Nanjing bookseller

Zhang Wei (T: 张 薇, S: 张 薇, P: Zhāng Wēi, W: Chang Wei) or Zhang the Taoist (T: 張瑤星, S: 张瑶星, P: Zhāng yáoxīng), former commander of the Imperial Guard in Beijing

Huang Shu (Huang Shu), Inspector General

Tian Xiong (T'ien Hsiung), adjutant to General Huang Degong

Han Zanzhou (Hsu Ch'ing-chün), a magistrate's runner

Analysis

Cyril Birch wrote that "The world of The Peach Blossom Fan is that late-Ming world of gross corruption, of callousness and cowardice and the breakdown of a long-cherished order. Yet the quality of life revealed in the play is of extraordinary cultivation and sensibility. There is a great poignancy in this contrast". C. H. Wang wrote that the play has an intertwining of the motifs of separation and union of people in love, and the motifs of the decline and ascent of political powers, and that "The parallel structure is not contained within a single plot only" but rather to the entire work.

Creation and conception

C. H. Wang, author of "The Double Plot of T'ao-hua shan," wrote that the author "attempted in this work not only to retell for common theatre-goers a romantic love-story but also to arouse scholars-especially Confucian intellectuals-to consider why and how China so easily lost her strength in the national crises of 1644-45." The play was written fewer than 50 years after the fall of the Ming dynasty, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.

Stage performance and adaptations

As soon as Kong finished the script of The Peach Blossom Fan, it was lent out and spread quickly among scholars and aristocrats. In the autumn of the year Jimao, even the emperor sent servant to Kong's house, asking in haste for the complete script. In the next year, General Li Muan set up a therical troupe called Jin Dou to perform the play, which gained huge fame immediately. Each time the troupe performed, the actors and actresses were given considerable tips.

The play was a particular favorite of the Kangxi Emperor.

Merchants in Yang Zhou once raised 160 thousand gold for the costume in the play.

During the last century, the play has been performed in forms of Peking Opera, Drama, Chu Opera, Gui Opera, Yue Opera, Xiang Opera, Min Opera, Bei Kun, Nan Kun and Huangmei Opera, and it has been adapted into 3 kinds of endings, including one that ends in a happy reunion.

In 1937, when World War II broke out, the famous Chinese playwright Ouyang Yuqian altered the ending of the play into "Having cut his hair, Hou surrendered to the Qing dynasty and served its royal court", satirizing the traitor Wang Jingwei of that time.

In 1964, playwright Mei Qian (梅阡) and Sun Jing (孫敬), using Ou's endding, put the drama into a movie script, starring famous actress Wang Danfeng and actor Feng Zhe.

In 2004, the California Institute for the Arts staged a version directed by Chen Shi-Zheng. The text was written by playwright Edward Mast and songs created by Stephin Merritt.

Publication

The Peach Blossom Fan was printed during Kong Shangren's lifetime. Several variations in the text appear in subsequent editions of the play.

There was 1982 edition edited by Wang Chi-ssu and others, published in Beijing. The play is presented in four juan (chüan) rather than the standard two parts.

Translations

One edition published by the University of California Press was translated into English by Chen Shih-hsiang and Harold Acton, K.B.E. with Cyril Birch collaborating. Birch wrote that the University of California Press translation is "complete except for a very few places". Portions translated included what Birch described as "the contrasting low punning and bawdy badinage," the scholars' formal compliments and greetings, "high poetry" within the songs, and self-introduction speeches and soliloquies described by Birch as "sometimes rather stiff".

Acton wrote that he and Chen Shih-hsiang hoped that their translation would be published at some point but that they translated the play "for its own sake rather than for publication." Chen Shih-hsiang had been researching early Chinese poetry and Acton had suggested translating The Peach Blossom Fan. Chen Shih-hsiang died in May 1971. At that time there was a manuscript draft with all scenes except for the final seven translated.

Cyril Birch, who had worked with Chen Shih-hsiang at the University of California Berkeley, translated the final seven scenes and revised the drafts. As a guide Birch used the People's Literature Press edition published in 1959 in Beijing. He used the annotations written by Wang Chi-ssu (C: 王季思, P: Wáng Jìsī, W: Wang Chi-ssu) and Su Huan-chung.

Due to the usage of allusions common in plays in the Ming and Qing Dynasties the University of California translation uses footnotes for what Birch described as "many" of these allusions. Birch wrote "many more have been sacrificed to the interests of readability". Birch wrote that in the final scenes, if the closest translation "would have impossibly retarded the movement of the verse" Birch used paraphrasing to follow on the actions of Chen Shih-hsiang and Acton. Birch cited Scene 32 as an example of a place where the translation was abridged. There the Master of Ceremonies' speech's strings of instructions indicating commands such as "Kneel! Rise! Kneel!" were omitted. Birch wrote that "These commands, in performance, would punctuate an elaborate posturing dance, but they make for boring reading."

Reception

Liang Qichao (1873–1929) wrote that this play was "a book of utmost desolation, poignant splendor, and utmost turmoil." He further wrote: "With the refined strictness of its structure, the magnificence of its style, and the depth of its sentiments, I would venture that Kong Shangren's Peach Blossom Fan surpasses the works of all epochs!"

Scholar Wang Guowei (1877–1927), who held the play in great esteem, compared it to the novel Dream of the Red Chamber.

Harold Acton, who co-wrote an English translation, stated that The Peach Blossom Fan is a "highly poetic chronicle play" that is "a vivid evocation of the downfall of the Ming dynasty" that "deserves to be better known to students of Chinese literature and history."

Dylan Suher of the literary magazine Asymptote described The Peach Blossom Fan as "The greatest masterpiece of the literature of political disappointment", and the play contains "some of the most elegant Chinese ever written—a density of poetic expression that rivals Shakespeare's."

Several modern adaptations of the play has also received acclaim. Kevin J. Wetmore reviewing the Edward Mast adapted and Chen Shi-Zheng directed version for Theatre Journal, describes it as "a powerfully moving, brilliantly theatrical, and playfully entertaining production."

歷史背景

當時正處于明朝末年，甲申之變－即流寇李闖陷燕京，崇禎皇帝自縊；吳三桂引清兵入關，華北大亂。鳳陽總督馬士英在金陵擁立福王－朱由崧為皇帝，建元「弘光」于南京建立朝廷。弘光皇帝不思北伐，耽于聲色；朝臣賣官鬻爵，搜刮銀錢；武將擁兵自重，互相攻伐。閣部史可法受四鎮軍閥擠兌，離開金陵督師江北，不久清兵南下，史可法則帶領殘兵三千，堅守揚州，後揚州陷落，清軍旋即南克金陵，南明朝廷亦土崩瓦解。

出場人物

全劇有30名主要演員，作者將其分為「色部」、「氣部」和「總部」。

• 色部是貫穿全劇表現「離合之情」故事主要情節的人物，又分為以男主角侯方域為首的及其周圍人物的「左部」和以女主角李香君為首的及其周圍人物的「右部」。「左部」和「右部」都分為「正色」、「間色」、「合色」、「潤色」四種，共16人。

• 氣部是表現背景歷史「興亡之感」的人物，又分為「奇部」和「偶部」。「奇部」和「偶部」又各分為「中氣」、「戾氣」、「餘氣」、「煞氣」，共12人。

• 總部只有兩人；「經星」張瑤星道士，「緯星」南京太常寺老贊禮，作為全劇幕中穿插，同時介紹背景，以情節外人補充交代敘事的人物。

情節梗概

明代末年，曾經是明朝改革派的「東林黨人」在南京秦淮重新組織「復社」，和曾經專權的太監魏忠賢餘黨、已被罷官的阮大鋮鬥爭。其中，複社中堅－侯方域在青樓邂逅秦淮歌妓李香君，兩人陷入愛河。侯方域送李香君一把題詩扇，而梳櫳香君。阮大鋮匿名托人贈送豐厚妝奩以拉攏侯方域，被李香君知曉堅決退回。阮大鋮懷恨在心。

不久後，寧南侯左良玉因缺少軍餉，移兵就食南京。楊龍友請侯方域以其父（左良玉之師）名義寫書勸止左良玉，並使柳敬亭遞書前去。阮大鋮藉此機會，在諸官議事時陷害侯方域，迫使其投奔史可法。

阮大鋮與馬士英擁立朱由崧為弘光帝。弘光帝即位後，起用阮大鋮、馬士英等人，阮趁機報復復社黨人，並強將李香君許配他人。李香君堅決不從，撞頭欲自盡未遂，血濺詩扇，李貞麗無奈冒名代嫁。楊龍友用血點在扇中，畫出一樹桃花。香君使蘇崑生寄扇與侯方域。侯方域此時與高傑同在河南，然高傑為許定國設計所殺，侯方域逃向南方，于黃河巧遇蘇崑生與李貞麗，得知此事後返回南京。

然此時阮大鋮以所作《燕子箋》媚弘光帝，李香君因此被選入宮。侯方域與蘇崑生返回南京後，不見香君。後侯方域與陳貞慧、吳應箕于書坊選書時，被阮大鋮所捕。蘇崑生赴左良玉處求救，左草檄發兵「清君側」，馬、阮乃調黃得功等將堵截左兵，左良玉之子攻打己方城池，左良玉吐血而亡，由蘇崑生簡單料理其後事。

此時清兵南下，然三鎮已被調走，堵截左良玉，長江無人防守，僅史可法率三千兵守揚州城，終不敵清兵。南京城破，明廷君臣各自逃散。（此時李香君在宮中，侯方域在獄中）侯、李二人與柳敬亭、蘇崑生等人同逃往棲霞山，寄居道觀。弘光帝逃往黃得功營，終為叛將劉良佐、劉澤清等劫送清兵，黃得功謝罪自刎。

張薇于棲霞山設道場，以祭奠甲申之變及南明滅亡時的死者。侯、李相遇于道場，然張薇撕碎桃花扇，點醒二人，二人因而出家學道。

歷史影響

桃花扇一劇脫稿後，立即引起社會的關注，康熙皇帝專門派內侍向孔尚任索要劇本（此後第二年，孔尚任即被罷官，疑與《桃花扇》有關），看到其中描述南明皇帝耽于聲色的情節，常皺眉頓足說：「弘光弘光，雖欲不亡，其可得乎！」

在抗日戰爭時期，知名劇作家歐陽予倩先生曾改編過這部劇本，將結尾改成侯方域剃髮留辮，改換清服入仕，找到李香君後，李香君憤而和其斷交，以諷喻當時誤入歧途的士子如汪兆銘（歷史上，真實的侯方域，確實在順治年間回河南參加鄉試）。1964年劇作家梅阡、孫敬把它改編成電影劇本，採用的是歐陽予倩劇本的結尾，由著名演員王丹鳳和馮喆主演，並以崑曲曲調作插曲，有的唱段選了牡丹亭的詞，更烘托出悲壯的氣氛。但由于寫的是末代王朝，文化大革命中被指為「懷念失敗的國民黨政府」而受到嚴厲的批判，文革後被平反。

文化影響

桃花扇對後世話劇影響甚大，有不少劇團都改編過孔尚任這齣著名劇目。臺灣在2001年曾以歌仔戲演出此劇，香港話劇團在2005劇季亦上演過桃花扇。

書名注釋

《鷓鴣天》（選自《全宋詞》第一冊）

【北宋】晏幾道（1030—1106）字叔原，號小山

彩袖殷勤捧玉鐘，當年拚卻醉顏紅。

舞低楊柳樓心月，歌盡桃花扇底風。

從別後，憶相逢，幾回魂夢與君同。

今宵賸把銀釭照，猶恐相逢是夢中。

注釋

擴展閱讀

• 江蘇省昆劇院《1699·桃花扇》（2017年3月17日公演，中日韓合作）

• Owen, Stephen, "Kong Shang-ren, Peach Blossom Fan: Selected Acts," in Stephen Owen, ed. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997. p. 942-972 (Archive).

延伸閱讀