Early years

Yongyan was born in the Old Summer Palace, 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing. His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became the emperor. The Chinese character for yong in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have a commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo in the imperial family during ancient China period.

Yongyan was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was Noble Consort Ling, the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an ethnic Han Chinese official whose family had been long integrated into the Manchu Eight Banners as part of a Han Banner.

The Qianlong Emperor originally had two other sons in mind for succeeding him, but both of them died early from diseases, hence in December 1773 he secretly chose Yongyan as his successor. In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor instated Yongyan as "Prince Jia of the First Rank" (嘉親王; or simply "Prince Jia").

Accession to the throne

In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended the throne and adopted the era name "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years, however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name and rite only because decisions were still made by his father, who became a Taishang Huang (emperor emeritus) after his abdication.

After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen, a favourite official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao, a half-sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates. The Jiaqing Emperor commuted the death sentence of the scholar Hong Liangji who had criticised the policies of the Qianlong Emperor and Heshen, instead exiling him to a remote part of northern China and pardoning him altogether in 1800.

Heshen was described as the 'primary evil' effecting the Empire, and after his removal the Emperor pursued a series of reforms of the court, civil service and treasury. He was a traditionalist in terms of his role as an ethnic Manchu leader, taking parts in imperial hunts, inspection tours, and upholding strict court protocol. As part of this traditionalist approach, the Jiaqing Emperor promoted ministers on the basis of their commitment to a 'purist' approach to Confucian rule.

The impact of the Jiaqing Emperor's reforms are questionable, with the Emperor described by Jonathan Spence as having 'relied on rhetoric more than specific policies to cleanse his empire', with Heshen's clique soon replaced by other bureaucratic factions.

At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, although this came at a steep fiscal cost. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power.

In 1813, the Jiaqing Emperor also faced the threat of the Eight Trigrams uprising, led by a millenarian Buddhist sect that launched a failed attack on the Forbidden City, with the intention of assassinating the Emperor upon his return from a hunting trip. The Jiaqing Emperor was intrigued by the leader of the rising, Lin Qing, and summoned him to a private interrogation. Lin was later executed by slicing.

Foreign relations

In 1816, William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the court, intending to establish more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. The Amherst Embassy proved a failure as a result of Amherst's refusal to perform a kowtow to the Emperor, but would prove to have a significant impact on British views of China and the Qing dynasty.

The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler Gia Long's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, but agreed that it could be changed to Việt Nam instead. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming.

Opposition to Christianity

The Great Qing Legal Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811, a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor, and repealed in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor. It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys.

Chinese nobility

The Jiaqing Emperor granted the title Wujing Boshi (五經博士 Wǔjīng Bóshì) to the descendants of Tang essayist Han Yu.

Personal life and interests

The Jiaqing Emperor commissioned printed compendia of courtly collections, which are an important source for our present understanding of Qing court art. He was a keen scholar of the Confucian classics (to which he devoted much of his time in the early years of his reign when the Qianlong Emperor remained de facto ruler), with 15,267 poems attributed to him.

Death and burial

On 2 September 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The Draft History of Qing did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke, as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as the Daoguang Emperor.

The Jiaqing Emperor was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Chang (昌; lit. "splendid") mausoleum complex.

Family

Empress

• Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后) of the Hitara clan (喜塔臘氏; 2 October 1760 – 5 March 1797)

　• Second daughter (2 June 1780 – 6 September 1783)

　• Minning (旻寧), the Daoguang Emperor (道光帝; 16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), second son

　• Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank (莊靜固倫公主; 20 October 1784 – 27 June 1811), fourth daughter

　　• Married Manibadala (瑪尼巴達喇; ? – 1832) of the Mongol Tumed Borjigin clan in November/December 1802

　• Miscarriage at three months (18 August 1785)

• Empress Xiaoherui (孝和睿皇后) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 20 November 1776 – 23 January 1850)

　• Seventh daughter (2 August 1793 – 16 July 1795)

　• Miankai (綿愷), Prince Dunke of the First Rank (惇恪親王; 6 August 1795 – 18 January 1838), third son

　• Mianxin (綿忻), Prince Ruihuai of the First Rank (瑞懷親王; 9 March 1805 – 27 September 1828), fourth son

Imperial Noble Consort

• Imperial Noble Consort Heyu (和裕皇貴妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 9 January 1761 – 27 April 1834)

　• Prince Mu of the Second Rank (穆郡王; 4 February 1780 – 10 June 1780), first son

　• Princess Zhuangjing of the Second Rank (莊敬和碩公主; 30 January 1782 – 4 April 1811), third daughter

　　• Married Sodnamdorji (索特納木多布濟; ? – 1825) of the Mongol Khorchin Borjigin clan on 24 December 1801 and had issue (one daughter)

• Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun (恭順皇貴妃) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 28 May 1787 – 23 April 1860)

　• Eighth daughter (8 March 1805 – 14 January 1806)

　• Princess Huimin of the First Rank (慧愍固倫公主; 18 February 1811 – 28 June 1815), ninth daughter

　• Mianyu (綿愉), Prince Huiduan of the First Rank (惠端親王; 8 March 1814 – 9 January 1865), fifth son

Consort

• Consort Shu (恕妃) of the Wanyan clan (完顏氏; ? – 1792)

• Consort Hua (華妃) of the Hougiya clan (侯佳氏; ? – 3 August 1808), personal name Liuniu (六妞)

　• Sixth daughter (2 August 1789 – June/July 1790)

• Consort Zhuang (莊妃) of the Wanggiya clan (王佳氏; ? – 9 March 1811)

• Consort Xin (信妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 26 April 1783 – 26 November 1822)

Concubine

• Concubine Jian (簡嬪) of the Guangiya clan (關佳氏; ? – 14 May 1780)

　• First daughter (14 May 1780 – 24 November 1783)

• Concubine Xun (遜嬪) of the Shen clan (沈氏; ? – 31 December 1786)

　• Princess Hui'an of the Second Rank (慧安和碩公主; 31 December 1786 – June/July 1795), fifth daughter

• Concubine Chun (淳嬪) of the Donggiya clan (董佳氏; ? – 30 November 1819)

• Concubine En (恩嬪) of the Uya clan (烏雅氏)

• Concubine Rong (榮嬪) of the Liang clan (梁氏)

• Concubine An (安嬪) of the Gūwalgiya clan (瓜爾佳氏; 1 March 1785 – 29 July 1837)

Noble Lady

• Noble Lady Yun (芸贵人)

• Noble Lady Yu (玉贵人)

First Class Attendant

• First Class Attendant Hui (慧常在)

Ancestry

In fiction and popular culture

• Portrayed by Yu Yang in War and Beauty (2004)

• Portrayed by Xin Baiqing Legend of Jiaqing (2005)

• Portrayed by Shaun Tam in Succession War (2018)

• Portrayed by Tang Jiatong in Story of Yanxi Palace (2018)

• Portrayed in Throne of Jade (2006), a historical fantasy novel by Naomi Novik.

• Lord Jiaqing's Journey to Taiwan (嘉慶君遊臺灣), a Taiwanese folklore

　• Portrayed in Lord Jiaqing's Journey to Taiwan (1980)

　• Portrayed by (Tân A-lân) in (2022)

生平

早年經歷

1760年11月13日（乾隆二十五年十月初六日）醜時顒琰出生，初名永琰，是乾隆帝第十五子，母魏佳氏。

乾隆三十八年冬至，乾隆帝以秘密建儲制，立永琰為大清皇太子。此前，乾隆帝亦曾按其父雍正帝設立的秘密建儲制指定皇位繼承人，但其早年屬意的建儲人選均接連早逝；直到乾隆後期才再度立儲，為十五子永琰。

乾隆三十九年（1774年），乾隆帝親賜喜塔臘氏為永琰嫡福晉。乾隆四十四年年底（1780年），永琰的一位妾室劉佳氏為他生下了長子。乾隆五十四年（1789年），乾隆帝封永琰為嘉親王。

太上皇聽政時期

乾隆六十年九月初三日（1795年10月15日）85歲的乾隆帝將皇位內禪于永琰，是為嘉慶帝，改名「顒琰」。

執政時期

嘉慶四年（1799年）正月，太上皇乾隆帝駕崩，嘉慶帝開始親政，時已40歲。

整頓貪污

嘉慶帝親政僅五天即逮捕乾隆朝大權臣和珅，迅即下詔宣布其二十大罪，將和珅賜死，抄沒其家產。親政第十五天，就將和珅一黨全部打倒。政府稅入七千萬兩白銀，而和珅以二十年之閣臣，其所蓄當一國二十年歲入半額而強，時人謂「和珅跌倒，嘉慶吃飽」。

嘉慶帝對貪污深惡痛絕，翰林院侍講梁同書「恭錄嘉慶七年御製罵廷臣詩」：「滿朝文武著錦袍，閭閻與朕無分毫；一杯美酒千人血，數碗肥羹萬姓膏。人淚落時天淚落，笑聲高處哭聲高；牛羊付與豺狼牧，負盡皇恩為爾曹。」但他卻拿不出治貪的辦法，他的治貪方式僅針對和珅一人，不肯擴大掃蕩層級，以致於收效有限，更無以改變朝廷全面性的腐化，尤其到了其末期更發生嘉慶兵部大印丟失案遷出一系列朝廷腐化真相，朝野震動。

民變迭起

嘉慶元年（1796年）十月，四川達州爆發徐天德、王登廷領導的造反，東鄉（今宣漢）爆發冷天祿、王三槐領導的造反，以及太平孫賜俸、龍紹周等人領導的農民造反，史稱「川楚教亂」，又稱川楚白蓮教造反。

嘉慶四年（1799年），白蓮教首領王三槐在北京受審時的供詞提到「官逼民反」，嘉慶知道後受到很大震動。

嘉慶八年（1803年），爆發陳德在紫禁城門口行刺嘉慶案。

嘉慶十八年（1813年）九月十五日，發生了天理教民攻入皇宮事件(癸酉之變)。林清率二百名天理教徒在宦官內應下進攻紫禁城，進至隆宗門方被包圍擊敗。當時，嘉慶在熱河避暑山莊回京的途中，不在宮內。不成軍的平民，武裝進攻皇城，為唐、宋、明以來從未見之事。

人口發展

• 嘉慶元年正月，是年「會計天下民數二億七千五百六十六萬二千零四十四名口」（275,662,044人）。

• 嘉慶十年，是年「會計天下民數三億三千二百一十八萬一千四百零三名口」（332,181,403人）。正月，顒琰詔內務府大臣嚴行約束太監的權力。

• 嘉慶二十年，是年「會計天下民數三億二千六百五十七萬四千八百九十五名口」（326,574,895人）。

對外關係

1802年底，安南新國王阮福映請求改國號為「南越」。惟古代南越國包括兩廣和越南北部，引起嘉慶帝警惕，改賜名「越南」，沿用至今。

1803年11月，沙俄樞密院致函清朝理藩院：新任俄國沙皇亞歷山大一世已經即位了，想派出使團祝賀嘉慶帝登基。次年3月，嘉慶帝稱俄人：「言辭極為和順，用意亦然頗為誠懇」，「應即准如所請辦理」。

1805年農曆四月，查禁洋人刻書傳教。五月，詔內務府大臣管理西洋堂，未能嚴加稽查，任令傳教，下部議處，其經卷檢查銷毀，習教佟蘭等獲罪。

1805年9月，俄國外交官戈洛夫金率242人到達伊爾庫茨克。因為清俄禮儀糾紛，直到次年1月使團才抵達外蒙古庫倫，庫倫辦事大臣蘊端多爾濟奉旨舉辦宴會招待俄使。宴會前，戈洛夫金拒絕向清朝皇帝香案行三跪九叩禮，雙方不歡而散。經過三十多天爭辯，嘉慶帝降旨，「將該大使妥為護送回國，並將從該大使所收取之全部貢品一併交還」。

1806年2月，戈洛夫金被迫率使團離境。他在邊界附近逗留了幾個月。直到8月接沙皇旨意，返回莫斯科。這引發了清朝方面的警惕，嘉慶皇帝給庫倫辦事大臣發去特別指示，要求各「卡倫」（哨所）的官兵，密切注意俄國的動態，加強邊境巡邏。俄國方面也加強了軍事警戒，戈洛夫金使團內的高級軍官，也被派出巡視邊境並進行調查。

俄方派遣由商務、內務、陸軍、外務等大臣組成特別委員會調查此事件，最後得出結論責任全在中方，但指出，「俄國對此不必像對待歐洲宮廷發生的類似事件那樣過分予以重視」——對于叩頭風波低調處理，這也是此前阿富汗帝國、大英帝國在和清朝遭遇同樣問題時的處理方法。

1808年農曆七月，英國稱幫助葡萄牙防禦法國侵占澳門，保護英國貿易，派兵船9艘入侵，九月到廣東香山雞頸洋面，英軍300人登岸，占據澳門三巴寺、東西炮台等，又駕舢板3艘駛入省河，至省城外十三行停泊，要求在澳門居住。兩廣總督吳熊光令他們回黃浦候旨。嘉慶帝指示吳熊光嚴加詰責，命其駛離。英軍不動，清軍封鎖水路，斷絕糧食，英軍在十月間撤離。顒琰以吳熊光表現怯懦，免總督職務，戍伊犁；廣東巡撫孫玉庭革職，顒琰諭示加強澳門炮台。1809年，嘉慶帝指示百齡：英吉利「素性強橫奸詐」，「于本年該國貨船到時，先期留心偵探，如再敢多帶夷兵欲圖進口，即行調集官兵相機堵勦。」

1810年，農曆二月，下詔令各督撫斷鴉片來源。1811年農曆七月，禁西洋人在內地居住，禁人民接觸天主教。1814年底批准兩廣總督蔣攸銛主張的嚴禁農民為洋人服役，洋行不得私蓋西式房屋以及清查商欠等。

1816年，英使阿美士德訪華，雙方因禮儀問題發生爭執，由于趕路緊急，載有官服與國書的車輛未抵達，路途勞累，阿美士德堅持休息。負責覲見的官員向嘉慶帝謊稱英使生病。嘉慶帝大怒，取消覲見，下令驅逐使團，不要貢品國書，次日賞了使團一些禮物，收了「貢品」，送上敕諭一道，拒絕英國提出的建立外交關係、開闢通商口岸、割讓沿海島嶼要求。

去世

終嘉慶一朝，雖「宵旰勤勞，曾無一日稍紓聖慮」，但貪污問題沒有解決，剪除和珅後卻未能斬草除根，反倒更加嚴重。這時期還爆發了白蓮教、天理教等民變，社會衝突激化，鴉片流入中國、八旗的生計問題、錢糧的虧空、河道漕運的難題，清朝國勢日非。清廷只能傾全力平定叛亂。嘉慶在天理教造反平定後，頒布「罪己詔」，史稱這時期為「嘉道中衰」。

嘉慶二十五年（1820年）七月十八日，嘉慶帝依例到熱河木蘭秋獵，命皇次子智親王綿寧、皇四子瑞親王綿忻隨駕，嘉慶帝被形容為「身體豐腴，精神強固」，二十四日，到達熱河行宮，「聖躬不豫」。當天，嘉慶帝到城隍廟燒香，又到永佑宮行禮，二十五日，病情嚴重 ，當夜崩逝，死因不明，據今日推測，嘉慶帝死亡的原因可能是年逾花甲，身體肥胖，天氣暑熱，旅途勞頓，誘發腦中風或心臟病而猝死。旋即由軍機大臣共同公布裝有傳位密諭的鐍匣 ，又得禧恩為代表的宗室之建議和認同，和皇太后的中宮懿旨和皇弟瑞親王綿忻的贊同，公布由綿寧繼位 。內閣擬定廟號有孝宗、仁宗、德宗、宣宗、康宗、肅宗，備選謚號有睿皇帝、神皇帝、元皇帝、成皇帝、定皇帝、熙皇帝。最終選定廟謚為仁宗睿皇帝。

道光元年三月二十三日（1821年4月23日），嘉慶帝入葬于昌陵（清西陵）。

評價

終嘉慶一朝，除了賜死和珅、處斬鄭源鹴、處絞富綱、平定白蓮教川楚教亂、平反並停止一些文字獄、主持為被毒殺的清官李毓昌伸冤，除此之外顯著的政績實在不多，只是一位勤政圖治的守成君主，個性循規蹈矩。他曾在〈勤政愛民論〉寫道：「勤政本來是為了愛民。有實心而後才有實政，有實政才能給百姓以實惠。……內外大臣應該在勤政的同時，實心實意的為百姓辦事才是……」然此期間黃河再度決堤，然而人謀不臧，用心做事的數名官員被貪官汙吏陷於不義，好官或被罷職，或被降職，甚至鞠躬盡瘁都未能獲得重視，災民大起。

乾隆帝晚年好大喜功，重用和珅，造成吏治敗壞，加上白蓮教造反，在嘉慶時期達到高潮，嘉慶帝雖有心整治國家，接連發布整飭吏治的諭旨，但性情優柔寡斷，對弊政多是懲而不殺，戒而不絕，最後政令不出紫禁城，無力解決其皇父統治期間晚年社會的矛盾，僅保持大清的盛世一陣子，吃老本的問題未解決，貪污更加嚴重，從此清朝康雍乾盛世的輝煌不再，反而進入了嘉道中衰的局面，飽受內憂外患之苦。嘉慶帝一生勤政，也雅好戲劇，洪亮吉上疏指責他「恐退朝之後，俳優近習之人，熒惑聖聽者不少」。嘉慶元年（1796年）正月，剛當皇帝的顒琰連看了十八天戲。當時乾隆雖退位，但仍大權獨攬，顒琰無事可做。

閻崇年：嘉慶的悲劇在于認為天下的問題都是由于和珅不好、百官不好造成的，而沒有從自身找責任，也沒有從制度挖根源。嘉慶在25年的皇帝生涯中，雖一件一件地解決乾隆盛世留下的危機，卻又一步一步地陷入更深的危機。乾隆朝盛世下的危機，到嘉慶朝更加深重。

張宏傑：從親政初期的偉大，到謝幕時的尷尬，嘉慶的滑落曲線如此令人嘆息。他二十多年的統治，前面連著「康乾盛世」，緊接其後的，則是「鴉片戰爭」。正是在嘉慶皇帝的統治下，大清王朝完成了走向萬劫不複的衰敗的關鍵幾步。

軼聞

• 台灣1980年代初台語歷史劇「嘉慶君遊台灣」，對台灣有一定程度影響，是根據野史傳說編劇，嘉慶帝身為皇太子時駕臨台灣，當時貼身有二保鏢，李勇與王得祿，李勇于南投竹山保謢嘉慶時中箭傷逝，王得祿則謢主有功，當上台人清代最高階官員，浙江提督與太子太保，今墓葬於台灣嘉義縣六腳鄉雙涵村。這齣戲也讓嘉慶帝成為台灣非常知名的皇帝。

家族列表

后妃

皇后

• 孝淑睿皇后，喜塔臘氏，副都統、內務府總管和爾經額之女，仁宗為皇子時冊封為嫡福晉，仁宗即位後冊封為皇后，嘉慶二年二月崩。生一子道光帝，二女，一殤，一下嫁瑪尼巴達喇。

• 孝和睿皇后，鈕祜祿氏，禮部尚書恭阿拉之女，仁宗及位前冊為側福晉。仁宗即位後封貴妃，是繼雍正朝的年貴妃、乾隆朝的高貴妃後，第三位「初封貴妃」。孝淑皇后崩後，乾隆帝命其為皇后，於仁宗釋服前先封為皇貴妃，攝六宮事。嘉慶六年冊為皇后。嘉慶二十五年八月，嘉慶帝在熱河巡行時駕崩。嘉慶帝的死訊傳回紫禁城後，皇后傳旨令宣宗道光帝即位。宣宗即位，晉皇太后。道光二十九年十二月崩，年七十四。生二子，綿愷、綿忻，一女，殤。

皇貴妃

• 和裕皇貴妃，劉佳氏。仁宗為皇子時，為格格，嘉慶初年，封為諴妃，嘉慶十三年進諴貴妃。宣宗尊為皇考諴禧皇貴妃。為嘉慶生下長子但早殤，一女下嫁索特納木多布濟。

• 恭順皇貴妃，鈕祜祿氏。嘉慶初年，被選入宮，封為如貴人，進如妃。宣宗尊為皇考如貴妃，文宗時尊為皇祖如皇貴太妃，薨，年七十四。生一子，綿愉，二女，皆殤。

妃

• 恕妃，完顏氏，仁宗為皇子時，為側福晉。卒于嘉慶登基前，追封為恕妃。

• 華妃，侯佳氏，名六妞，仁宗為皇子時，為格格，嘉慶初封瑩嬪。後晉華妃。一女，殤。

• 莊妃，王佳氏，仁宗為皇子時，為侍妾。嘉慶初封春常在，進春貴人、吉嬪、莊妃。

• 信妃，劉佳氏，嘉慶三年三月賜號信貴人，進信嬪。道光帝晉尊為皇考信妃。

嬪

• 遜嬪，沈佳氏，仁宗為皇子時，為格格。嘉慶二年追封遜嬪。

• 簡嬪，關佳氏，仁宗為皇子時，為格格。嘉慶二年追封簡嬪。

• 淳嬪，董佳氏，嘉慶二年十一月，在《官女子媽媽里用銀檔》出現，同年十二月二十八日才進宮。初賜號淳貴人，晉封為淳嬪。

• 榮嬪，梁氏，仁宗為皇子時，為侍妾，賜號榮常在，晉封榮貴人，道光帝晉尊榮嬪。

• 恩嬪，烏雅氏，賜號恩貴人，道光帝晉尊為恩嬪。

• 安嬪，蘇完瓜爾佳氏，嘉慶五年賜號安常在。道光帝晉尊為安嬪。

貴人

• 蕓貴人，姓氏不詳，嘉慶九年四月封蕓貴人，嘉慶十年卒，葬昌陵妃園寢。

• 玉貴人，姓氏不詳。嘉慶二年十一月，在《官女子媽媽里用銀檔》出現，同年十二月二十八日才進宮。嘉慶十九年閏二月，玉貴人開始患病，十月初七因受風寒而卒，葬昌陵妃園寢。

常在

• 慧常在，姓氏不詳。僅在嘉慶朝醫案中出現，應該葬於昌陵妃園寢。因為園寢中的寶頂數量，與已知的嘉慶帝后妃人數不符，尚有空缺。

皇子

嘉慶共生有5子9女。

• 皇長子，早夭未命名，穆郡王，母和裕皇貴妃劉佳氏；

• 皇次子，旻寧，即清宣宗，道光帝，母孝淑睿皇后喜塔臘氏；

• 皇三子，綿愷，惇恪親王，母孝和睿皇后鈕祜祿氏；

• 皇四子，綿忻，瑞懷親王，母孝和睿皇后鈕祜祿氏；

• 皇五子，綿愉，惠端親王，母恭順皇貴妃鈕祜祿氏；

皇女

• 皇長女（1780～1783），乾隆四十五年四月十一生，乾隆四十八年十一月初一殤，母嘉親王府格格關佳氏；

• 皇二女（1780～1783），乾隆四十五年四月三十生，乾隆四十八年八月初十殤，母孝淑睿皇后喜塔臘氏；

• 皇三女，莊敬和碩公主，母和裕皇貴妃劉佳氏；

• 皇四女，莊靜固倫公主，母孝淑睿皇后喜塔臘氏；

• 皇五女，慧安和碩公主，母遜嬪沈佳氏；

• 皇六女，（1789～1790），乾隆五十四年六月十二生，乾隆五十五年五月殤，母嘉親王格格侯佳氏；

• 皇七女，（1793～1795），乾隆五十八年六月二十六生，乾隆六十年六月十七日殤，母孝和睿皇后鈕祜祿氏；

• 皇八女，（1805），嘉慶十年二月初八戌時生，比四阿哥綿忻早出生兩個時辰，當年十一月殤，母恭順皇貴妃鈕祜祿氏；

• 皇九女，慧愍固倫公主，嘉慶十六年生，母恭順皇貴妃鈕祜祿氏；

影視形象

註釋

延伸閱讀

參考書目

• 羅威廉：〈乾嘉變革在清史上的重要性〉。