Biography

His ancestors lived in Yulin Wei, Shaanxi, and later moved to Ningxia Wei (today's Yinchuan) in Shaanxi. In 1621, during the Tianqi era of the Ming dynasty, he was born into a military family in Ningxia Wei. In 1645 (the second year of Shunzhi), he enlisted in the army and joined Meng Qiaofang's troops, stationed at Tongguan as a guard captain. He participated in campaigns against Qin Prefecture and Gongchang, defeating He Zhen and Wu Dading, for which he was granted the position of Commander of Water Conservancy and Farming in Ningxia. In 1650 (the fifth year of Shunzhi), Zhao Liangdeng led troops to subdue the Hui tribes in the western regions and captured Ding Guodong.

In 1656 (the thirteenth year of Shunzhi), Hong Chengchou appointed Zhao Liangdeng as a deputy general to campaign in Yunnan and Guizhou. In 1662 (the first year of Kangxi), Zhao Liangdeng was promoted to the position of General of Guangluo, Yunnan, and successively suppressed uprisings by Miao tribes in Manai, Longna, and Shuixi. In 1665 (the fourth year of Kangxi), he resigned from his post due to his father's death and returned home to observe the mourning period. In 1669 (the eighth year of Kangxi), the Qing court reinstated him as General of Datong, Shanxi. In 1672 (the eleventh year of Kangxi), Zhao Liandeng was transferred to serve as General of Tianjin.

Suppressing the Ningxia Military Mutiny

In 1673 (the twelfth year of Kangxi), Pingxi King Wu Sangui rebelled against the Qing in Yunnan. Supported by Wu Sangui's forces, military officers in Ningxia initiated a mutiny in 1674 (the thirteenth year of Kangxi) and beheaded Ningxia Commander Chen Fu. Zhao Liangdeng requested permission from Emperor Kangxi to lead a hundred elite soldiers to Ningxia and read the emperor's edict to calm the troops. He discovered that the ringleaders were Lieutenant Liu De, Brigadier General Xiong Hu, and camp soldiers Yan Guoxian and Chen Jinzhong. Zhao Liangdeng ordered them to defend external positions, dispersing their followers. Soon after, he captured and executed Xiong Hu and others under imperial decree, quelling the mutiny. In 1676 (the fifteenth year of Kangxi), he was appointed as Commander of Ningxia.

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References

• 趙良棟 (Chinese)

生平

祖居陝西榆林衛，後遷居陝西都司寧夏衛（今銀川市）。明天啟元年（1621年）生于寧夏衛的一個軍人家庭。。順治二年（1645年），應募從軍，隸屬孟喬芳部，駐守潼關，任潼關守備。從征秦州、鞏昌，擊敗賀珍、武大定，以功授寧夏水利屯田都司。五年，討河西回部，擒丁國棟。

順治十三年（1656），趙良棟隨經略洪承疇征討雲南、貴州，授督標中軍副將。1662年（康熙元年），趙良棟被擢升為雲南廣羅總兵，先後剿平馬乃、隴納、水西等地苗族起義。1665年（康熙四年），趙良棟因父喪辭官，回鄉守孝。1669年（康熙八年），清廷又起複趙良棟為山西大同總兵。1672年（康熙十一年），趙良棟改任天津總兵。

平定寧夏兵變

1673年（康熙十二年），平西王吳三桂在雲南反清。在吳三桂勢力的支持下，1674年（康熙十三年）寧夏軍官發起寧夏兵變，寧夏提督陳福被斬殺。趙良棟請示康熙皇帝，率精兵百人趕赴寧夏，並宣讀皇帝詔諭，安撫士卒。查知兵變的首惡是把總劉德、參將熊虎、營兵閻國賢、陳進忠，于是讓他們出外防守，分散其黨羽。不久，趙良棟抓捕熊虎等人，定罪後請出聖旨將他們誅殺，平定兵變。康熙十五年（1676年），任寧夏提督。

三藩之亂期間的四川戰事

十八年六月，康熙帝採納趙良棟建議，命駐在陝西的撫遠大將軍圖海規取漢中、興安(今陝西安康)，往定四川。八月，圖海定下「四路進取漢中、興安」的戰略，自率將軍佛尼埒進軍興安，命畢力克圖進軍略陽、趙良棟進軍徽縣、王進寶進軍棧道。十月，趙良棟帶領寧夏精兵五千，進破密樹關，並分兵襲取黃渚關，大敗叛軍，攻克徽縣，不久又奪取略陽，擊退叛將吳之茂。

十一月，趙良棟奪取陽平關，攻打沔縣，並在寧羌與王進寶會師，被封為勇略將軍，仍領寧夏提督。1680年（康熙十九年），趙良棟進軍白水壩，叛軍沿江列陣。當時，江水漲潮，難以行船，而叛軍亂箭齊下。趙良棟傳令道：「你們看我鞭子指向進軍，有敢退後的斬！」全軍應諾。

隨後，趙良棟策馬渡河，全軍紛紛跟從，被敵軍火炮擊傷數十人，也無人後退。叛軍大驚，潰散而逃。趙良棟率軍追擊，先後在石峽溝、青箐山擊破叛軍，攻取龍安府，渡過明月江，直奔綿竹。吳三桂任命的巡撫張文德出降，成都得以收複，此時距趙良棟出兵之日剛剛十天。十九年（1680年）正月，趙良棟所部進入四川。一月二十八日，清廷以趙良棟為雲貴總督，加兵部尚書銜。

三藩之亂期間的雲南、貴州戰事

1681年（康熙二十年），趙良棟兵進朝天關，命趙弘燦繞道攻擊叛軍背後。趙弘燦收複瀘州、敘州、永寧，與趙良棟在夾江會師，一同攻克雅州，進而收複建昌。不久，趙良棟兵渡金沙江，駐軍武定。當時，大將軍貝子彰泰統帥四十萬大軍屯兵于昆明城東的歸化寺，並布下死士里連營，直逼昆明湖。吳世璠聚集殘軍，固守昆明，與清軍相持。 康熙二十年（1681年）初清軍會師雲南城（今昆明市）外，吳世璠急調馬寶、胡國柱、夏國相等還救雲南。清軍圍困昆明長達九個月不能克，

九月，趙良棟率軍趕到，巡視營壘後，向彰泰請戰，彰泰不戰，趙良棟以為會貽誤戰機，當夜便率部攻打南壩，並奪取浮橋，直逼昆明城下。彰泰對趙良棟道：「你的軍隊已經累了，先暫且退下，讓蔡毓榮來打。」趙良棟道：「我軍死戰所得，怎能讓給別人？」彰泰于是令全軍進擊，與迎戰的叛軍在桂花寺大戰，全軍都奮勇爭先。叛軍大敗，吳世璠自殺，雲南平定。

從吳三桂鎮守雲南起，一直到吳世璠敗亡，吳氏經營雲南二十餘年，積蓄財寶無數。清軍攻破昆明後，眾將都爭相掠奪財物，只有趙良棟一無所取，其所部兵馬，紀律嚴明，沒有劫掠的事情發生。

噶爾丹戰事

康熙二十八年，授騎都尉（拜他喇布勒哈番）。三十年，噶爾丹擾邊，西安將軍尼雅翰出防寧夏，向趙良棟諮詢軍事。三十二年，寧夏總兵馮德昌赴甘州，趙良棟受命暫領鎮兵，後來彈劾德昌剋扣軍糧，德昌坐罷。三十三年，奉命率兵駐土喇防禦噶爾丹，旋召回京。三十四年，授世襲一等精奇尼哈番，趙良棟生性亢直，在四川時得罪了建威將軍吳丹，權臣納蘭明珠說他在四川時不及時援助其它戰區，疏請將他革職。趙良棟被降職。告病回寧夏。良棟希望留在北京，乞田宅。御史龔翔麟彈劾他驕縱，康熙赦免了他，賚白金二千，令回歸寧夏府（銀川）。

晚年

1697年（康熙三十六年），尚書馬齊從寧夏回朝，奏稱趙良棟病重。康熙帝下詔慰問，又賜人葠、鹿尾。不久，趙良棟病逝，終年七十七歲。當時康熙帝正征討準噶爾，命皇長子允禔參加葬禮，謚襄忠。

紀念

1730年（雍正八年），雍正帝興建賢良祠，趙良棟的靈位被安放在祠中。乾隆四十七年，進一等伯，世襲罔替。

家庭

子：

• 趙弘燦，曾任兩廣總督、兵部尚書。

• 趙弘燮，曾任光祿大夫、直隸總督。

孫

• 趙之壁，文學家。任兩淮鹽運使，著有《平山堂圖志》

• 趙之垣，曾任直隸巡撫。

評價

康熙譽為「偉男子」。康熙帝：①良棟偉男子，著有功績。②趙良棟操守頗好，恢復雲南，秋毫無犯，在武臣中可謂良將矣。③憶昔鷹揚能百勝，每思方略冠三軍。（康熙御賜對聯，刻在銀川清和門外趙良棟祠堂。祠堂現已被毀。）

乾隆帝：朕恭閱《皇祖實錄》，內載恢復四川，進剿雲南，趙良棟立功為最。

鄭觀應：國初海寇內犯，而姚啟聖、施琅、藍理、李之芳之將才出；三藩同叛，而岳樂，穆占、趙良棟、梁化鳳、王進寶之將才出；准噶內闖，而超勇親王策凌之將才出；四部犂庭，而兆惠、明瑞之將才出；金種搗穴，而阿薩、海蘭察之將才出；川楚征剿，而額勒登保、德楞泰、楊遇春、楊芳之將才出；發，捻等逆縱橫擾亂，而向、張、江、塔、羅、李諸帥之將才出。

陳康祺：平滇之役，趙襄壯公良棟實為首功，而操守尤不可及。城破時，諸將爭取子女玉帛，公獨戒所部營城外，秋毫無所犯。又訪得吳逆司管庫之人，以藩宮簿籍進呈，于是諸將所乾沒盡發覺。而三桂寵姬二人，一歸將軍穆占，一歸總督蔡毓榮者，事亦上聞。公獨以廉潔蒙聖祖褒獎，蓋公雖武夫，居然有曹武惠下江南氣象矣。

蕭一山：張勇、趙良棟、王進寶、孫思克奮于陝；蔡毓榮、徐治都、萬正色奮于楚；楊捷、施琅、姚啟聖、吳興祚奮于閩；李之芳奮于浙；傅宏烈奮于粵；群策群力，敵愾同讎。

小說形象

金庸小說《鹿鼎記》中，趙良棟原是天津副將，有將才，因不善拍馬，被韋小寶賞識，提拔為總兵，後與韋小寶、張勇、王進寶、孫思克結為兄弟，但與王進寶脾氣不和，總是爭鋒相對，以致平三藩之時仍爭吵不休。

家族墓地被毀事件

2013年3月24日16時20分，寧夏銀川市掌政中學擴建項目一期工程現場，施工時發現土方中有4塊石板（墓志銘）。根據碑文，銀川市文物管理處工作人員初步斷定此處是清朝名將趙良棟家族墓地；3月25日展開搶救性考古發掘工作，到達現場時，墓地已經面目全非。當地有關機構認為，由于歷史原因及現場施工，使該墓葬遭到嚴重破壞，已不具備文物保護價值，將交由現場施工單位處理。沒有設立任何保護、標示措施。

參考資料

• 趙良棟 (維基百科)