Mujangga (; 穆彰阿 Mùzhāng'ā|w=Muchang'a|j=Muk6jeong1aa3; 1782–1856) was a Manchu statesman of the late
Qing dynasty, belonging to the Gogiya (郭佳) clan. He belonged under the Bordered Blue Banner in the Eight Banners. He was awarded the, jinshi, the highest degree in the imperial examination in 1805 and quickly rose in the ranks of the Qing government. Mujangga was the teacher of a young Chinese statesman, Confucian scholar, future general of the Xiang Army during the Taiping Rebellion,
Zeng Guofan (whom later became a mentor to
Li Hongzhang, a future diplomat of the Qing Dynasty and trade minister of the Beiyang Navy). He became a member of the Grand Council in 1828 and gradually grew to exercise a decisive influence on the
Daoguang Emperor's policies. Following the demise of
Cao Zhenyong, Mujangga became the chief Grand Councillor in 1837. As tensions in Sino-British relations rose in 1839, he became one of the chief advocates of a conciliatory policy towards the British and following the outbreak of the First Opium War, he moved to dismiss
Lin Zexu from his position as imperial commissioner in September 1840. Around 1845 he was President of the Hanlin Academy. Mujangga's conciliatory policies created tensions with the allegedly more xenophobic heir apparent, and following his accession to the throne as the
Xianfeng Emperor, Mujangga was dismissed from all his positions in 1851.
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穆彰阿（ᠮᡠᠵᠠᠩᡤᠠ|v=mujangga|a=mujangga|p=muzhangga；1782年 - 1856年），字
子樸，號
鶴舫，別號
雲漿山人，
郭佳氏，滿洲鑲藍旗人。
Read more...: 生平 注釋
生平
出身於官僚家庭，父親是廣泰。嘉慶十年（1805年）中進士，選庶吉士，散館授檢討。曾任軍機大臣、翰林院掌院學士、兵部尚書、戶部尚書、協辦大學士、太子太保等職。
道光八年（1828年）入軍機處，任軍機大臣達二十餘年。善於揣摩道光皇帝的心理，「終道光朝，恩眷不衰」，人稱「在位二十年，亦愛才，亦不大貪，惟性巧佞，以欺罔蒙蔽為務」，後擔任漕運總督。門生遍滿朝野，號稱「穆黨」。道光二十三年（1843年）穆相亦提拔曾國藩，二人有師生之誼，曾國藩的迅速發跡，實離不開穆彰阿的提攜。
鴉片戰爭爆發，支持琦善，將林則徐、鄧廷楨等革職。軍機大臣王鼎甚憤穆彰阿誤國，閉戶自縊，冀以尸諫。鴉片戰爭後，穆黨獨攬朝政，官場瀰漫著因循守舊的氛圍。官員賄賂公行，弟子輒以及炭敬、冰敬、瓜敬之類投報，連曾國藩亦不例外。
咸豐帝即位，依杜受田之議，起用林則徐、姚瑩等人，指責穆彰阿「保位貪榮，妨賢病國」，將其革職，永不敘用。咸豐三年（1853年），穆彰阿捐納銀錢，贊助朝廷軍餉，賜五品頂戴。咸豐六年（1856年）病卒，年七十五。
注釋
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original article.
