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元順帝[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:485702
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 元順帝 | default |
name | 順帝 | |
died-date | 至正三十年四月丙戌 1370/5/23 | 《元史·卷四十七》:後一年,帝駐於應昌府,又一年,四月丙戌,帝因痢疾殂於應昌,壽五十一,在位三十六年。 |
ruled | dynasty:元 | |
from-date 至順三年十一月癸巳 1332/12/15 | ||
to-date 至正三十年四月丙戌 1370/5/23 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q8666 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 元順帝 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Toghon_Temür |
During the last years of his reign, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Red Turban Rebellion, which established the Ming dynasty, although Yuan remnants remained in control of northern China and the Mongolian Plateau. As such, he was the final monarch of the Yuan dynasty and the first ruler of the Northern Yuan dynasty.
Emperor Huizong was a Buddhist student of the Karmapas (heads of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism) and is considered a previous incarnation of the Tai Situpas. He also notably invited the Jonang savant Dölpopa Shérab Gyeltsen to teach him, but was rebuffed.
Read more...: Before succession Reign Early reign Middle reign Late reign Relations with other nations Avignon papacy Japan Retreat to the north Legacy
Before succession
Toghon Temür was born to Kuśala, known as Khutughtu Khan or Emperor Mingzong, when he was in exile in Central Asia. Toghon Temür's mother was Mailaiti, descendant of Arslan Khan, the chief of the Karluks. According to a folk legend, the former Chinese Southern Song Emperor Gong of Song, Zhao Xian, had an affair with Yuan Empress Mailaiti. Zhao Xian allegedly fathered Yuan Toghon Temür with Mailaiti as a bastard child. The Mongols circulated a similar story about the Yongle Emperor.
Following the civil war known as the War of the Two Capitals that broke out after the death of Yesün Temür (Emperor Taiding) in 1328, Toghon Temür attended his father and entered Shangdu from Mongolia. However, after Kuśala died and his younger brother was restored to the throne as Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (Emperor Wenzong), he was kept from the court and was banished to Goryeo (modern Korea) and later to Guangxi in South China. While he was in exile, his stepmother Babusha was executed.
When Emperor Wenzong died in 1332, his widow, Empress Dowager Budashiri respected his will to make the son of Kuśala's succeed to the throne instead of Wenzong's own son, El Tegüs. However, it was not Toghon Temür but his younger half-brother Rinchinbal, who was enthroned as Rinchinbal Khan (Emperor Ningzong). However, he died only two months into his reign. The de facto ruler, El Temür, attempted to install El Tegüs as emperor but was stopped by Empress Budashiri. As a result, Toghon Temür was summoned back from Guangxi. El Temür feared that Toghon Temür, who was too mature to be a puppet, would take arms against him since he was suspected of the assassination of Toghon Temür's father, Emperor Mingzong. The enthronement was postponed for six months until El Temür died in 1333.
In 1333, Toghon Temür first met Lady Ki, a Korean concubine, with whom he fell deeply in love. Lady Ki had been sent to China sometime in the late 1320s as "human tribute" as the kings of Goryeo were required to send a certain number of beautiful teenage girls to Yuan to serve as concubines after the Mongol invasions.
Reign
Early reign
The new emperor appointed his cousin El Tegüs crown prince as he was ward of El Tegüs' mother Empress Dowager Budashiri, but he was controlled by warlords even after El Temür's death. Among them, Bayan became as powerful as El Temür had been. He served as minister of the Secretariat and crushed a rebellion by El Temür's son Tang Ki-se. During his despotic rule, he made several purges and also suspended the imperial examination system. When Toghon Temür tried to promote Lady Ki to secondary wife, which was contrary to the standard practice of only taking secondary wives from Mongol clans, it created such opposition at court to this unheard of promotion for a Korean woman that he was forced to back down. In 1339, when Lady Ki gave birth to a son, whom Toghon Temür decided would be his successor, he was finally able to have Lady Ki named his secondary wife in 1340.
As Toghon Temür matured, he came to disfavor Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan in a coup. He also removed El Tegüs and Empress Budashiri from court. With the help of Toqto'a, he also managed to purge officials that had dominated the administration.
Middle reign
With the dismissal of Bayan, Toqto'a seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. The young leader was quick to distinguish his regime as something wholly different from Bayan's. A new Chinese era name, Zhizheng (至正), was decreed to show this. Bayan's purges were called off. Many of the great Chinese literati came back to the capital from voluntary retirement or from administrative exile and the imperial examination system was restored.
Toqto'a also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345.
Toqto'a resigned his office with the approval of Toghon Temür in June 1344, which marked the end of his first administration. The several short-lived administrations that followed from 1344 and 1349 would develop an agenda very different from Toqto'a's. In 1347, the emperor forced Toqto'a into Gansu with assistance from former officers of Kuśala and Yesün Temür.
In 1349, Toghon Temür recalled Toqto'a, which began Toqto'a's second and very different administration.
Late reign
Since the late 1340s, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters, droughts, floods, and ensuing famines. The lack of effective government policy led to a loss of support from the people. Illicit salt dealers who were disaffected by the government's salt monopoly raised a rebellion in 1348, triggering many revolts around the empire. Among them was the Red Turban Rebellion, which started in 1351 and grew into a nationwide turmoil.
In 1354, when Toqto'a led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghon Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in the restoration of Toghon Temür's power but also a rapid weakening of the central government. Thus he had no choice but to rely on the forces of local warlords.
Toghon Temür gradually lost interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. His son Biligtü Khan, who became Crown Prince in 1353, attempted to seize power and came into conflict with Toghon Temür's aides, who dominated politics instead of the khan. During this time power was increasingly exercised by Lady Ki. Chief Empress Lady Ki and his minister persuaded Biligtü Khan to overthrow the latter. Toghon Temür was unable to conciliate the dispute but executed the minister. In 1364 the Shanxi-based warlord Bolad Temür occupied Khanbaliq and expelled the Crown Prince from the winter base. In alliance with the Henan-based warlord Köke Temür, Biligtü Khan defeated Bolad Temür in the next year. This internal struggle resulted in further weakening of the political and military power of the central government. In 1365, Toghon Temür finally promoted his much beloved Lady Ki to First Empress and announced that his son by her would be the first in the line of succession.
During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants, who was one of the Duke Yansheng Kong Huan's 孔浣 sons, named Kong Shao 孔紹, moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there called the Gong clan of Qufu after marrying a Korean woman (Jo Jin-gyeong's 曹晉慶 daughter) during Toghon Temür's rule. (Also see 曲阜孔氏 (朝鲜半岛) and 곡부 공씨)
Relations with other nations
Avignon papacy
Pope John XXII and Pope Benedict XII successfully extended a network of Catholic churches throughout the Mongol Empire from Crimea to China between 1317 and 1343. The archbishop of Khanbaligh, John of Montecorvino, died in 1328. With the backing of the Toghon Temür, the Alans wrote to Pope Benedict XII in 1336 asking for a new metropolitan. In 1338, the pope sent back the embassy headed by Giovanni de' Marignolli, who stayed at Beijing three or four years. They brought gifts for Toghon Temür that included fine European horses.
Japan
When the Koreans captured a Japanese fishing ship they thought was spying, the Goryeo court sent it to their overlord, the Yuan emperor Toghon Temür, who then sent the fishermen back to Japan. In reply, the Ashikaga shogunate sent an embassy led by a monk to express its gratitude.
Retreat to the north
After absorbing the Chen Han dynasty, conquering Southern China, and establishing the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang – crowned as the Hongwu Emperor – conducted military expeditions to North China and defeated the Yuan army in 1368. When Köke Temür lost battles against the Ming general Xu Da and Ming troops approached Hebei, Toghon Temür gave up Khanbaliq and fled to his summer base, Shangdu.
In 1369 when Shangdu also fell under the Ming's occupation, Toghon Temür fled northward to Yingchang, which was located in present-day Inner Mongolia. He died there in 1370; his son succeeded him as Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara and retreated to Karakorum in the same year. The Yuan remnants ruled northern China and the Mongolian Plateau while they continued to claim the title of Emperor of China, from which point they are referred to as the Northern Yuan dynasty. He was the longest-lived emperor of Yuan China after Kublai Khan.
At the time of his death, the Northern Yuan maintained its influence, stretching the domination from the Sea of Japan to the Altai Mountains. There were also pro-Yuan, anti-Ming forces in Yunnan and Guizhou. Even though its control over China proper had not been stable yet, the Ming considered that the Yuan lost the Mandate of Heaven when it abandoned Khanbaliq, and that the Yuan was overthrown in 1368. The Ming did not treat Toghon Temür after 1368 and his successor Ayushiridar as legitimate emperors.
The Ming gave Toghon Temür the posthumous name Emperor Shun (順皇帝), which implied that he followed the Mandate of Heaven ceding his empire to the Ming. But the Northern Yuan dynasty gave him their own posthumous name Emperor Xuanren Puxiao (宣仁普孝皇帝) and temple name Huizong (惠宗).
Even after Toghon Temür, there was still Yuan resistance to the Ming in the south. In southwestern China, Basalawarmi, the self-styled "Prince of Liang", established a Yuan resistance movement in Yunnan and Guizhou that was not put down until 1381.
Legacy
Mongolian chronicles such as the Erdeniin Tobchi include a poem known as the Lament of Toghon Temür. It deals with his grieving after the loss of Khanbaliq (Beijing).
Read more...: 家世背景 生平 幼年 流放 弟元寧宗逝世 繼位 任內大事紀 任內民變 北遷 駕崩 至元廢科與至正複科 憲台通紀與至正條格 至正新政 順帝親政改革措施 怠于政事 元亡明興 外交 聖座 德里蘇丹國 日本 軼聞 倭寇之禍 家庭 妻 妾 兒子 相關影視作品 電視劇 動漫 相關史料 評價 註釋
家世背景
• 曾祖父:答剌麻八剌,忽必烈太子真金之次子,曾祖母答己王妃
• 祖父:元武宗海山,祖母亦乞烈妃子。
• 生父是元明宗,生母是葛邏祿人邁來迪。
• 延祐七年四月十七日(1320年5月25日),生于北方草原,元順帝是元明宗的長子、元武宗的長孫。
生平
幼年
延祐七年四月十七日(1320年5月25日),生于北方草原,生父是元明宗,生母是邁來迪。
流放
至順元年(1330年)四月,元明宗皇后八不沙被殺,妥懽帖睦爾被驅逐,首先被驅逐到高麗大青島,後來到湖廣等處行中書省靜江(今桂林)。
弟元寧宗逝世
至順三年十一月二十六日(1332年12月14日),元寧宗逝世,太后弘吉剌·卜答失里堅持棄子立侄,下令立妥懽帖睦爾為皇帝,受到左丞相欽察人燕帖木兒反對,在燕帖阻攔下,一直未能回大都即位。
繼位
• 至順四年(1333年)五月左丞相燕帖木兒病死。
• 至順四年農曆六月初八(1333年7月19日)妥懽帖睦爾最終得以繼位。
任內大事紀
• 1333年六月,順帝登基後不久,任命伯顏為太師、中書右丞相。
• 元統三年(1335年)六月,欽察人燕帖木兒的兒子唐其勢陰謀推翻元順帝,另立文宗義子答剌海。右丞相伯顏粉碎唐其勢叛亂。粉碎唐其勢叛亂後,伯顏的勢力大增,把持著朝政,史稱伯顏專權。
• 1335年七月,順帝被迫下詔罷除左丞相,專命伯顏為中書右丞相,伯顏開始專權,他甚至一度不把元順帝放在眼裏。伯顏採取排擠漢人的政策,如禁止漢人參政、取消科舉、不許漢人學蒙古語等,這些做法加深了漢蒙兩族之間的不和,也使得元順帝更加不滿。
• 至元六年(1340年)二月,在伯顏之侄脫脫的幫助下,元順帝罷免並流放伯顏。
• 至元六年(1340年)六月,廢黜文宗子燕帖古思的太子地位並將之流放。
• 至元六年(1340年)七月,燕帖古思在放逐途中被殺,從而消除了奪權隱患,控制了政局。伯顏的一系列排擠漢人的政策也全部被廢除。
• 至正十一年(1351年)四月初四日,詔命賈魯為工部尚書、充總治河防使。徵發民工15萬,軍士2萬,興役治黃河。賈魯回朝,向順帝上《河平圖》。
• 至正十三年(1353年)五月,身為中書左丞的賈魯,突然病卒,享年57歲。
任內民變
• 至正十一年(1351年),徐壽輝起兵,建天完朝,陳友諒投效其將領倪文俊麾下。
• 至正十五年(1355年)2月,劉福通迎韓山童之子韓林兒為皇帝,稱小明王,國號宋,定都亳州,建元龍鳳。他為樞密院平章,旋改任丞相。
• 至正十七年(1357年)二月,龍鳳將領毛貴浮海破膠州;三月,陷萊州,據益都。龍鳳將領李武、崔德繞過潼關,奪七盤,進據藍田,直趨奉元。六月,劉福通自帥一軍攻汴梁,余軍分三路北伐:關鐸、潘誠、沙劉二等攻懷慶,深入晉冀,白不信、大刀敖等西取關中;毛貴自山東北上。
• 至正十七年九月,陳友諒襲殺反徐壽輝的倪文俊,自稱勤王,自稱宣慰使,起兵攻下江西諸路,連克江西、安徽、福建等地。
• 至正十八年(1358年)二月,毛貴攻占濟南。三月,毛貴北攻薊州、漷州,進逼棗林,距大都一百二十里,戰失利,退回濟南。五月,劉福通攻破汴梁,自安豐(今安徽壽縣)迎韓林兒,定為國都。龍鳳政權中央分設六部、御史等諸官屬;在山東、江南等地分設行省。
• 至正十九年(1359年)正月,關鐸、潘誠、沙劉二東攻全寧,焚魯王府宮闕。再破元上都,焚之。進破遼陽,入高麗境。八月,汴梁被察罕帖木兒攻破,劉福通與韓林兒退據安豐(今安徽壽縣)。
• 至正十九年,陳友諒殺天完將領趙普勝,挾徐壽輝,遷都江州(今江西九江),自立為漢王。
• 至正二十年(1360年),陳友諒攻陷太平路,命死士刺殺徐壽輝於至太平路採石(今安徽省馬鞍山市)五通廟,隨即登基稱帝,國號漢,改元大義,以鄒普勝為太師,張必先為丞相。隨即與張士誠合攻朱元璋。朱元璋金陵應天府被圍,只好遣胡大海進攻信州,迫陳友諒回師救援,朱元璋一面離間張士誠,張按兵不動。陳朱雙方在金陵城西北的龍灣展開惡戰,不巧江水退潮,百艘巨艦擱淺,陳友諒大敗,敗走江州(今九江)。
• 至正二十三年(1363年)二月,張士誠遣呂珍圍攻安豐,殺劉福通。朱元璋前往救援,打敗呂珍,迎韓林兒到滁州。
• 至正二十三年,陳友諒率六十萬水軍進攻朱元璋,朱以水軍二十萬親征,是為「鄱陽湖之戰」。陳友諒自恃巨艦出戰,採用炮攻,差點捕獲朱元璋。隨後,朱元璋採納郭興的建議,利用東北風而改用火攻,致使陳友諒部隊大量受損。之後朱元璋利用鄱陽湖水位降低便於小舟活動,改為分兵水路圍攻陳友諒。陳友諒突圍時起霧,陳從船艙中探頭出看,竟中流箭而死,漢軍潰敗。隨後朱元璋圍攻武昌,並盡佔湖北各地。陳友諒死後,張定邊等人在武昌立陳友諒次子陳理登基為帝,改元德壽。
• 至正二十四年(1364年),朱元璋西吳軍廖永忠部兵臨武昌城下,陳理出降。
• 至正二十八年(1368年9月14日),明朝軍隊從元大都齊化門外攻城而入,蒙古退出中原,元朝對長城以南的區域統治結束。
北遷
至正二十八年閏七月二十八日(1368年9月10日),徐達率領的軍隊逼近大都,元順帝夜半開大都的健德門北奔,率太子愛猷識理答臘、后妃、臣僚等離開大都。八月初二日(1368年9月14日),明朝軍隊從大都的齊化門攻城而入,元朝正式退出中原,回到北方草原,史稱北元。八月初四日(1368年9月16日),元順帝到達上都。
至正二十九年六月十三日(1369年7月16日),明軍逼近上都,元順帝離開上都,當天到達應昌。六月十七日(1369年7月20日),明軍將領常遇春攻克上都。
元順帝在上都和應昌曾兩次組織兵力試圖收複大都,但都被明朝軍隊擊敗。
駕崩
庚戌狗年元順帝至正三十年、明太祖洪武三年四月二十八日(1370年5月23日),順帝因痢疾崩於應昌,享年50歲。死後得諡號順帝,蒙古語稱「烏哈噶圖汗」。明太祖認為他「順天應人」,上諡號順帝。
皇太子愛猷識理答臘在應昌繼承了皇位,史稱元昭宗,並于1371年改元宣光。至正三十年五月十六日(1370年6月10日),明軍將領李文忠攻克應昌,元昭宗逃往和林延續北元,繼續和明朝對抗。
至元廢科與至正複科
至元元年(1335年)十一月,專權的右丞相伯顏使得順帝下詔停止科舉取士,因為伯顏專權到至元六年(1340年)二月,原本定于至元二年(1336年)和至元五年(1339年)在大都舉行的兩次科舉取士都被迫停止,史稱「至元廢科」。
1340年二月,伯顏去職,脫脫被順帝任命為知樞密院事;1340年十月,順帝任命脫脫為右丞相。
至元六年(1340年)十二月,順帝下詔恢復科舉取士。至正元年(1341年)八月,全國範圍內恢復鄉試,至正二年(1342年),會試和殿試相繼在大都舉行,史稱「至正複科」。
此後科舉取士三年一次,至正二十六年(1366年),最後一次在大都舉行會試和殿試。1368年八月元朝退回草原後,不再有科舉取士。
憲台通紀與至正條格
至元二年(1336年),在增訂元仁宗年間的監察法規《風憲宏綱》的基礎上,將有關御史台的典章制度匯編為《憲台通紀》。
至元四年(1338年)三月,命中書平章政事阿吉剌根據《大元通制》編定條格,至元六年(1340年)七月,命翰林學士承旨腆哈、奎章閣學士要要等刪修《大元通制》,至正五年(1345年)十一月書成,右丞相阿魯圖等入奏,請元順帝賜名《至正條格》。
這部法典共有2909條,其中包括制詔150條、條格1700條、斷例1059條。
至正六年四月五日(1346年4月26日),將《至正條格》中的條格、斷例兩部分(2759條)頒行天下。1368年9月14日元朝退回草原後,《至正條格》逐漸失傳。
2002年在韓國慶州發現元刊殘本《至正條格》,包括條格12卷、斷例近13卷,以及斷例全部30卷的目錄。其中,條格存374條,斷例存426條,總數共計為800條。
至正新政
1340年-1344年,脫脫第一次為相期間,以及1344年-1349年,元順帝親政期間,採取了一系列改革措施,以革新政治,緩和社會矛盾,史稱「至正新政」。
順帝親政改革措施
1344年五月,脫脫因病辭職,1344年-1349年,由元順帝親政,至正六年(1346年),頒行法典《至正條格》,以完善法制;頒布舉薦守令法,以加強廉政;下令舉薦逸隱之士,以選拔人才。
脫脫第一次為相期間和元順帝親政前期,政治比較清明,社會矛盾有所緩和,但未能從根本上解決積弊已久的社會問題。
怠于政事
後期怠于政事,荒於游宴,學「行房中運氣之術」,有匠材,能製金人玉女自動報時器。又造宮漏,「其精巧絕出,人謂前代所罕有」,史稱「魯班天子」。
至正十年(1350年)國內發生通貨膨脹,加上為了治水(當時因黃河水災頻繁,元順帝下令右丞相脫脫遏黃河回故道以整治水患)加重了徭役,導致至正十一年(1351年)紅巾軍起事,紅巾軍一度在1359年1月8日攻入上都,焚毀宮闕,留七日後方才離去。雖然在元朝名將察罕帖木兒的努力下,1362年元軍獲得很大戰果,但由于叛軍的勢力已經很大,朝廷內部又發生皇帝和皇太子愛猷識理答臘(即後來即位的元昭宗)兩派之間的明爭暗鬥,因此元順帝無法有效地控制政局,而在外的各行省將領各行其是,不聽中央統一指揮。這一切給朱元璋提供了鞏固其地位的機會。
元亡明興
至正二十八年正月初四日(1368年1月23日)朱元璋在應天府建立明朝,統一中國南方,責令北伐,徐達率領的軍隊逼近大都,閏七月二十八日(1368年9月10日),元順帝夜半開大都的健德門北奔,率太子愛猷識理答臘、后妃、臣僚等逃離大都,八月初二日(1368年9月14日),明朝軍隊從大都的齊化門攻城而入,元朝正式退出中原,回到蒙古草原。
八月初四日(1368年9月16日),元順帝到達上都。至正二十九年六月十三日(1369年7月16日),明軍逼近上都,元順帝離開上都,當天到達應昌。六月十七日(1369年7月20日),明軍將領常遇春攻克上都。
元順帝在上都和應昌曾兩次組織兵力試圖收複大都,但都被明朝軍隊擊敗。至正三十年(洪武三年)四月二十八日(1370年5月23日)元順帝因痢疾在應昌去世,享年五十一歲。
皇太子愛猷識理答臘在應昌繼承了皇位,是為元昭宗,並于1371年改元宣光。至正三十年五月十六日(1370年6月10日),明軍將領李文忠攻克應昌,元昭宗逃往和林,繼續延續元朝,和明朝對抗。
外交
聖座
教宗若望二十二世和教宗本篤十二世成功地在整個大蒙古國推廣天主教會,從1317年到1343年,從克里米亞半島到中國。 汗八里總教區總主教孟高維諾於1328年逝世,隨後阿蘇特人1336年寫信給本篤十二世要求派遣新的總主教。1336年,元順帝派遣留住在中國的拂郎國人安德烈等十五人回訪歐洲,並致書聖座。教宗應約1338年派以馬黎諾里為首的數十人的使團來到中國,將近3年後,于1342年七月抵達元上都,七月十八日(農曆)元順帝在上都慈仁殿會見了來使。馬黎諾里向順帝進呈教宗信件和一匹佛郎國馬,這匹被稱作天馬的法國馬,「長一史一尺三寸,高六尺四寸」,引起朝中的驚嘆。後順帝敕畫家作畫,來記述這一朝貢盛事。周朗曾奉旨作過《佛郎國獻馬圖》。
德里蘇丹國
1338年,德里蘇丹國蘇丹穆罕默德·賓·圖格魯克派摩洛哥旅行者伊本·白圖泰作使者訪問元朝拜訪元順帝。禮物包括200名印度教徒奴隸,在遭到了印度教信徒的襲擊,帝國4000騎兵全部遇難,失蹤78人。他們被分割、捕捉、有的被殺害。伊本·白圖泰幸運抵達中國。然而他說,他到中國時,可汗死了,故他選擇繼續向北行走,和他的夥伴阿爾布什利(Al-Bushri)經過京杭大運河到北京,拜訪元順帝。
日本
高麗抓獲一日本漁船,認為該漁船是間諜船,並將該船送往宗主元朝,順帝命令釋放回國,足利幕府派遣由一名和尚帶領的使團訪問表示感謝。
軼聞
後世盛傳元順帝妥懽帖睦爾為宋恭帝之子。元文宗曾佈告中外,「言明宗在朔漠之時,素謂(妥懽帖睦爾)非其己子。」遂徙於高麗,後遷靜江。元末明初人權衡撰《庚申外史》,謂瀛國公駐錫甘州山寺(元時稱十字寺,即張掖大佛寺)時,封地位於汪古部舊地及居延一帶的趙王曾以一葛邏祿女子與之(即順帝生母邁來迪)。延祐七年四月,回回女生一男子。時值武宗長子周王和世琜(即位後為元明宗)流亡西北,過甘州山寺,見瀛國公幼子,「大喜,因求為子,並其母載以歸」。明代以後,此說遂成確論。至清代,四庫提要認為此說乃宋遺民僞造,明人「附會而盛傳之」,「覈以事實,渺無可據,實為荒誕之尤,非信史也」。」近時學者有謂瀛國公在移駐甘州之前,可能居于謙州吉利吉思地界(今葉尼塞河上游)。當時周王和世琜自陝西至嶺北過金山(阿爾泰山),流亡於察合臺後王封地,地理上與謙州接近,因此有相見贈子(趙㬎贈子)的可能。
雖然宋恭帝和元明宗有相見贈子的可能,但是根據眾多史料分析,元順帝妥懽帖睦爾不可能是宋恭帝的兒子,只能是元明宗的兒子。
元文宗雖然曾下詔天下,「言明宗在朔漠之時,素謂非其己子」,並將妥懽帖睦爾流放到廣西靜江,但是在1332年12月14日元寧宗懿璘質班(元明宗嫡長子)去世後,元文宗卜答失里皇后不顧右丞相燕帖木兒的堅決反對,不立元文宗的兒子燕帖古思,而是一定要立妥懽帖睦爾(元明宗庶長子),並在燕帖木兒死後最終立妥懽帖睦爾為帝。
由此可以推斷,元順帝妥懽帖睦爾只能是元明宗的兒子,不可能是宋恭帝或者其他人的兒子。元文宗在位時下詔天下說他不是元明宗的兒子,並將他流放到廣西,只是為了避免他對元文宗本人的皇位產生威脅,同時也為了剝奪他將來即位的合法性,但元文宗後來在去世前因為毒死哥哥元明宗一事而幡然悔悟,于是立下遺詔,不立自己的兒子,只准立元明宗的兒子,于是卜答失里皇后先後立了元寧宗和元順帝為帝。
元世祖忽必烈的後裔眾多,如果元順帝不是元明宗的兒子,那他自然就不是元世祖後裔,元文宗卜答失里皇后不可能立他為帝,其他的元朝皇族也一定會堅決反對,眾位大臣們也不會同意。從元文宗皇后堅持一定要立他為帝這一點就足以以推斷出元順帝妥懽帖睦爾一定是元明宗的兒子,一定不是宋恭帝的兒子,說他是宋恭帝之子不過是野史傳聞,不可採信。
三國時期曹魏李康《運命論》:「夫黃河清而聖人生。」元順帝統治年間,出現過三次「河清」,一次是至正二十年(1360年),「十一月甲寅朔,黃河清,凡三日。」,另一次是至正二十二年(1362年),「黃河自河東清者千餘里,河魚歷歷,大小可數。庚申帝聞之,慘然不樂者數日。群臣奏曰:「河清,王者之瑞,胡為不樂耶?」上曰:「傳雲,黃河清,聖人生。當有代朕者。」群臣複曰:「皇太子生子,是陛下聖孫,即其應也。」上笑而釋。 」還有一次是至正二十四年(1364年),「五月甲子朔,黃河清。」
倭寇之禍
倭寇在這一時期頻繁騷擾中國沿海,據泉州地方志記載,至元二年(1336年)和至正七年(1347年)惠安縣衙兩次被倭寇燒毀;至正年間(1341—1368年),一股倭寇在金門登陸,于馬坪附近各鄉村大肆焚掠,因颱風沉船,被當地群眾全部殲滅。至正十八年以來,倭人連寇瀕海郡縣,至正二十三年八月丁酉朔,倭寇蓬州,被守將劉暹擊敗。
家庭
妻
• 答納失里皇后,欽察氏,元順帝第一任皇后,1333年被冊立為皇后,1335年被趕出皇宮,在開平民舍被丞相伯顏用毒酒毒死。
• 伯顏忽都皇后,弘吉剌氏,元順帝第二任皇后,1337年三月被冊立為皇后,1365年八月去世
• 奇皇后,蒙古名字完者忽都,高麗人,元順帝第三任皇后,1337年伯顏忽都被冊立為皇后,1340年奇氏被冊立為第三任皇后,1365年被冊立為皇后,1368年隨元順帝一起逃離大都,回到北方草原,1369年去世。
• 木納失里皇后,弘吉剌氏,元順帝第四任皇后,1372年去世
妾
• 淑妃龍瑞嬌
• 淑妃程一寧
• 淑妃戈小娥
• 麗嬪張阿元
• 麗嬪支祁氏
• 才人凝香兒
• 才人英英
兒子
• 元昭宗愛猷識理達臘,1353年被立為皇太子,1370年即位稱帝,北元皇帝,生母是奇皇后
• 元天元帝脫古思帖木兒,1378年即位稱帝,北元皇帝
• 真金,生母是伯顏忽都皇后,二歲夭折
• 雪山,生母是伯顏忽都皇后,1364年,孛羅帖木兒率兵入京,趕走皇太子愛猷識理達臘,試圖擁立雪山為皇太子,1365年,孛羅帖木兒被刺身亡,愛猷識理達臘與擴廓帖木兒(王保保)率兵入京,伯顏忽都皇后以憂死,幼子雪山,其母家取歸直北海都田地。
• 失禿兒太子,又寫作實逗太子,1351年奉命前往高麗,並娶高麗女為妃。
• 巒巒太子,1353年奉命前往高麗,並娶高麗女為妃。
相關影視作品
電視劇
動漫
• 《天子傳奇6洪武大帝》:
相關史料
• 《至正條格》,1346年元順帝頒布的元朝第三部法律,現存殘本收錄1260年—1344年元朝官方頒布的關于法律方面的聖旨條畫、律令格例以及司法部門所判案例的匯編,史實多為《元史》所不載。
• 《南村輟耕錄》,元末明初陶宗儀撰寫,1366年寫成。書中稱「至正今二十六年」,由此可推斷成書時間為至正二十六年(1366年),書中稱元順帝為「今上皇帝」。
• 《庚申外史》,元末明初權衡撰寫。本書完成于1368年明軍攻克元大都之後。
• 《北巡私記》,元朝官員劉佶根據親身經歷,撰寫的元順帝至正二十八年閏七月一直到至正三十年正月,一共十九個月之事,是關于元順帝逃離大都後北元朝廷的運轉情況的唯一漢文史料記載,具有極高的史料價值。
• 《元史·順帝本紀》 ,明朝官修正史
• 《新元史·順帝本紀》 ,民國官修正史
• 《元史類編》,清朝史學家邵遠平撰寫。
• 《元史新編》,清朝史學家魏源撰寫。
• 《元書》,清朝史學家曾廉撰寫。
• 《蒙兀兒史記》,清末民初史學家屠寄撰寫。
• 黃仁宇,赫遜河畔談中國曆史-元順帝
• 卜答失里後立侄取禍
評價
• 元順帝即位前,朝廷太史的看法:「不可立,立則天下亂。」
• 清朝史學家邵遠平《元史類編》的評價是:「冊曰:絕人巧智,惟事荒恣;綱紀懈弛,用殄厥世;稗史所稱,非明宗嗣;附會詔書,事近曖昧。」
• 清朝史學家曾廉《元書》的評價是:「論曰:世有畏其子之悍戾而柔之以秘密佛法者乎?昔隋煬父子相忌,至死而俱不悟,可哀也。寵妾驕子,目羸豕蹢躅之戒而忘為潛龍,至于屠戮將相,擅興兵戎,脫脫、太平因是隕身喪家,而激孛羅、擴廓之闢,如人之有肢體,而構之傷殘,雀彀未成而社稷墟矣。然以禿魯帖木兒之言,殺合麻、雪雪,而曾不察廢立之謀之出自宮闈也。則帝亦諺所謂莫知苗碩者也。猶複徘徊塞下,考終沙漠,非不幸矣。」
• 清末民初史學家屠寄《蒙兀兒史記》的評價是:「先是,汗居應昌,常鬱鬱不樂,作歌曰:『失我大都兮,冬無寧處;失我上都兮,夏無以逭暑。惟予狂惑兮,招此大侮;墮壞先業兮,獲罪二祖。死而加我惡謚兮,予妥懽帖睦爾奚辭以拒?』歌聲甚哀。繼之以泣。至今蒙兀人尚能按之。汗性好技巧,嘗于內苑造龍船,自製模型,委供奉少監塔思不花監匠仿作。船成,首尾長百二十尺,廣二十尺。前瓦簾穿廊、兩暖閣,後吾殿樓子,龍身及殿宇皆五彩金塗,行時龍首口、眼、兩爪及尾胥動。水手二十四人,黃襪額、服紫衫,束金荔枝帶。于船之兩舷各手一篙,自後宮至前宮山下海子內,往來遊戲。又自製宮漏,約高六七尺,廣半之,造木為匱,藏諸壼其中,運水上下,匱上設西方三聖殿,匱腰立玉女,奉時刻籌,時至輒浮水而上,左右列二金甲神,一縣鐘,一縣鉦。夜則神人自能按更而擊,無分豪差,當鐘鉦之鳴,獅鳳在側者皆翔舞。匱之東西有日月宮,飛仙六人立宮前,遇子午時,飛仙自能耦進,度仙橋達三聖殿,已複退立如前。精巧絕倫,前代未有。汗衝齡踐阼,頗能尊師重道,自誅伯顏,躬裁大政,一時有中主之目。久之暱比群小,信奉淫僧,肆意荒嬉,萬幾怠廢,宮庭褻狎,穢德章間。遂令悍妻幹外政之柄,驕子生內禪之心,奸相肆蠹國之謀,強藩成跋扈之勢。九重孤立,威福下移,是非不明,賞罰不公,水旱頻仍,盜賊滋起。人心既去,天命隨之矣。」
• 民國官修正史《新元史》柯劭忞的評價是:「順帝自以新意制宮漏,奇妙為前所未有,又曉天文災異。至元二十二年,自氣起虛後,掃太微垣,台官奏山東應大水。帝曰:『不然,山東必隕一良將。』未幾,察罕帖木兒果為田豐所殺。其精于推驗如此。乃享國三十餘年。帝淫湎于上,奸人植黨于下,戕害忠良,隳其成功。迨盜賊四起,又專務姑息之政,縻以官爵,豢以土地,猶為虎傅翼,恣其摶噬。孟子有言:安其危,而利其災,樂其所以亡者。嗚呼,其帝之渭歟!然北走應昌,獲保餘年;視宋之徽、欽,遼之天祚,猶為厚幸焉。」
• 庚申外史認為:他不嗜酒,善畫,又善觀天象。性格頑劣。當時有人認為他昏愚、優柔不斷。可是庚申外史認為,他並非如此,而是一個陰毒的人,幼年「頭髮常生蟣虱,使民嫗捕之,告嫗曰:「是雖血食于我,我不忍殺之,不如以紙裹之,懸于屋簷下,冷殺可也。」」其問甲則曰:「乙與汝甚不許也。」問乙則曰:「甲與汝甚不許也。」及甲之力足以去乙,則謂甲曰:「乙嘗欲圖汝,汝何不去之也?」乙之力足以去甲,則亦如是焉。故其大臣死,則曰:「此權臣殺我也。」小民死,則曰:「此割據弄兵殺我也。」人雖至于死,未嘗有歸怨之者。看似善良,實際上善于挑撥他人矛盾,借刀殺人。
註釋
Source | Relation | from-date | to-date |
---|---|---|---|
至順 | ruler | 1332/12/15至順三年十一月癸巳 | 1333/11/14至順四年十月丁卯 |
元統 | ruler | 1333/11/15元統元年十月戊辰 | 1335/12/7元統三年十一月庚子 |
至元 | ruler | 1335/1/25至元元年正月甲申 | 1341/1/17至元六年十二月戊申 |
至正 | ruler | 1341/1/18至正元年正月己酉 | 1370/5/23至正三十年四月丙戌 |
Text | Count |
---|---|
日本訪書志 | 1 |
續資治通鑑 | 2 |
歸田瑣記 | 1 |
明史 | 1 |
大越史記全書 | 2 |
四庫全書總目提要 | 32 |
元史 | 19 |
明史紀事本末 | 2 |
廿二史劄記 | 38 |
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