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朝鮮高宗[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:514300
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 朝鮮高宗 | default |
name | 高宗 | |
name | 고종 | |
ruled | dynasty:大朝鮮國 | |
from-date 朝鮮高宗元年正月癸卯 1864/2/8 | ||
to-date 開國年十一月壬子 1895/12/31 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q257425 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 朝鮮高宗 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Gojong_of_Korea |
Read more...: Biography Early reign External pressures and unequal treaties Imo Rebellion and Gapsin Coup Peasant revolts The assassination of Queen Min Anti-Japanese sentiments in Korea Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation Proclamation of empire Emperor of Korea After abdication Family Honours Ancestry In popular culture
Biography
Early reign
Gojong took the Joseon throne in early 1864 when he was still a child. As a minor, his father, the Heungseon Daewongun (or more commonly, the Daewongun), ruled as regent for him until Gojong reached adulthood.
During the mid-1860s, the Heungseon Daewongun was the main proponent of isolationism and was responsible for the persecution of native and foreign Catholics, a policy that led directly to the French invasion and the United States expedition to Korea in 1871. The early years of the Daewongun's rule also witnessed a concerted effort to restore the largely dilapidated Gyeongbok Palace, the seat of royal authority. During the Daewongun's reign, Joseon factional politics, the Seowons (private academies that often doubled as epicenters of factional power), and the power wielded by the Andong Kim clan all completely disappeared as political forces within Korean state life.
In 1873, Gojong announced his assumption of direct royal rule. In November 1874, with the retirement of the Heungseon Daewongun, Gojong's consort, Queen Min (posthumously known as Empress Myeongseong), gained complete control over the court, filling senior court positions with members of her family. This angered Heungseon Daewongun, who was exiled from the court. Some relatives of Heungseon Daewongun and members of the Southerner faction plotted a coup.
External pressures and unequal treaties
In the 19th century, tensions mounted between Qing China and Japan, culminating in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895. Much of this war was fought on the Korean peninsula. Japan, after the Meiji Restoration, acquired Western military technology and secured a victory against Joseon forces in Ganghwa Island, forcing Joseon to sign the Treaty of Ganghwa in 1876. Japan encroached upon Korean territory in search of fish, iron ore, and other natural resources. It also established a strong economic presence in the peninsula, heralding the beginning of Japanese Imperial expansion in East Asia.
The French campaign against Korea of 1866, the United States expedition to Korea in 1871, and the Ganghwa Island incident all put pressure on many of Joseon's officials, including King Gojong.
The Treaty of Ganghwa became the first unequal treaty signed between Korea and a foreign country; it gave extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens in Korea and forced the Korean government to open three ports, Busan, Incheon, and Wonsan, to Japanese and foreign trade. With the signing of its first unequal treaty, Korea became easy prey for many imperialistic powers, and later the treaty led to Korea being annexed by Japan.
Imo Rebellion and Gapsin Coup
King Gojong began to rely on a new paid army(byeolgigun) of rifle-equipped soldiers. Unlike the well-treated new army, the old army had not received a salary for 13 months. Then the old army received a month's salary, which was in poor condition and in short supply. As a result, the Old Army caused a riot and Heungseon Daewongun seized power. However Chinese troops, led by the Qing Chinese general Yuan Shikai, soon abducted the Daewongun and took him to China, thus foiling his return to power. Four years later the Daewongun returned to Korea.
During the Imo incident when Queen Min was taking refuge in her relative』s villa, Lady Seon-yeong of the Yeongwol Eom clan had shown extreme devotion towards King Gojong. Because of her loyalty, he promoted her to the Jimil Sanggung; 5th senior rank of Women of the Internal Court. When Queen Min came back, she had Lady Seon-yeong banished from the royal palace when she discovered the court lady wearing Gojong』s clothing at the age of 32 in 1885. The court lady』s position was changed to Seoin.
On 4 December 1884, five revolutionaries initiated the Gapsin Coup, an attempted coup d'état, by leading a small anti-old minister army, attempting to detain King Gojong and Queen Min. The coup failed after 3 days. Some of its leaders, including Kim Okgyun, fled to Japan, and others were executed.
Peasant revolts
Widespread poverty presented significant challenges to the 19th century Joseon Dynasty. One indication of this poverty was the poor conditions of life suffered by those of the lower classes, who often had little to eat and lived in little more than run-down shanties lined along roads of dirt and mud. Several factors, including famine, poverty, high taxes, and corruption among the ruling class, led to many notable peasant revolts in the 19th century. King Gojong's predecessors had suppressed an 1811–1812 revolt in the Pyeongan Province, led by Hong Gyeong-nae.
In 1894, another major revolt, the Donghak Peasant Revolution took hold as an anti-government, anti-yangban, and anti-foreign campaign. To suppress the rebellion, the Joseon government requested military aid from Japan, thus deepening Japanese claims to Korea as a protectorate. The revolution ultimately failed, but many of the peasants' grievances were later addressed with the Gabo Reform.
The assassination of Queen Min
In 1895, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by Japanese agents. The Japanese minister to Korea, Miura Gorō orchestrated the plot against her. A group of Japanese agents entered the Gyeongbokgung in Seoul, which was under guard by Korean troops sympathetic to the Japanese, and the Queen was killed in the palace. The Queen had attempted to counter Japanese interference in Korea and was considering turning to Russia or China for support.
Anti-Japanese sentiments in Korea
By 1895 Japan had won the First Sino-Japanese War, gaining much more influence over the Korean government. The Gabo reforms and the assassination of the Queen also stirred controversy in Korea, fomenting Korean anti-Japanese sentiments.
Some Confucian scholars, as well as farmers, formed over 60 successive righteous armies to fight for Korean freedom. These armies were preceded by the Donghak movement and succeeded by various Korean independence movements.
Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation
On 11 February 1896, King Gojong and his crown prince fled from the Gyeongbokgung to the Russian legation in Seoul, from which they governed for about one year, an event known as the Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation. After Queen Min died, Lady Seon-yeong re-entered the palace as Gwi-in Eom and lived with Gojong and the crown prince in the Russian legation where she gave birth to Crown Prince Euimin in 1897. Her status had changed to Sunbin and Sunbi, but was later given the title of Imperial Noble Consort Sunheon of the Yeongwol Eom clan.
Proclamation of empire
Portrait of Emperor Gojong (age 49)
In 1897, King Gojong, yielding to rising pressure from overseas and the demands of the Independence Association-led public opinion, returned to Gyeongungung (modern-day Deoksugung). There he proclaimed the founding of the Empire of Korea, officially redesignated the national title as such, and declared a new era name Gwangmu (Hangul: 광무, Hanja: 光武) (meaning, "shining and martial"). This effectively ended Korea's historic subordination to the Qing empire which Korea had acknowledged since the fall of the Ming Dynasty, King Gojong took the title of Gwangmu Emperor and became the first imperial head of state and hereditary sovereign of the Empire of Korea.
This marked the end of the traditional Chinese tributary system in the Far East. Adopting the status of Empire meant that Korea was declaring itself the co-equal of Qing China, that it was independent of it and, at least nominally, it implemented the "full and complete" independence of Korea as recognized in 1895.
When Heungseon Daewongun died in 1898, Emperor Gwangmu refused to attend the funeral of his father as the relationship between father and son was broken. But it also said that when the Emperor looked over the palace wall, his cries were heard.
Since the seat of the empress was vacant, Gojong wanted to make Imperial Noble Consort Sunheon his empress, but this was opposed by Lee Jun-yong and Korean refugees who created a movement to stop the action, in which they succeeded. Although not empress, she persuaded and recommended Yun Yong-seon』s adoptive granddaughter, Lady Jeongsun of the Haepyeong Yun clan, as wife for the crown prince since she remembered the grace and assistance she received from Yun during her banishment.
Emperor of Korea
Gojong proclaimed the Korean Empire in October 1897 to justify the country's ending of its traditional alliance with China. He tried to promote the Gwangmu Reform, which aimed at modernizing and industrializing the new empire.
On September 12th (July 25th in the lunar calendar) of 1898, the emperor was the target of a failed assassination attempt by interpreter Kim hong-ryuk (金鴻陸), who had lost his political power during the Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation, by poisoning the coffee of the emperor and the prince with opium.
In 1904-5, the Japanese military achieved a comprehensive victory in the Russo-Japanese War. Following the Protectorate Treaty of 1905 between Korea and Japan, which stripped Korea of its rights as an independent nation, Gojong sent representatives to the Hague Peace Convention of 1907 to try to re-assert his sovereignty over Korea. Although the Korean representatives were blocked by the Japanese delegates, they did not give up, and later held interviews with newspapers.
One representative warned forebodingly of Japanese ambitions in Asia:
As a result, Gojong was forced to abdicate by the Japanese, and Gojong's son Sunjong succeeded him to the throne.
During Sunjong's reign, the kingdom of Joseon ended with the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910.
After abdication
Gojong wearing a western-style uniform (Korean:태황제 예복, hanja:太皇帝 禮服). He wore it since the abdication of 1907.
After abdicating, Emperor Gojong was confined to the Deoksu Palace. On 22 August 1910, the Empire of Korea was annexed by Japan under the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty. In the treaty, Gojong lost his title as a former emperor; instead, he received a new title, "King Emeritus Yi of Deoksu" (徳寿宮李太王), and was recognized as a member of the imperial family of Japan.
Gojong died suddenly on 21 January 1919 at Deoksugung Palace at the age of 66. There is much speculation that he was killed by a poison administered by Japanese officials, an idea that gained wide circulation and acceptance at the time of his death. His death and subsequent funeral proved a catalyst for the March First Movement for Korean independence from Japanese rule. He is buried with his wife at the imperial tomb of Hongneung (홍릉, 洪陵) in the city of Namyangju.
Family
• Father
• Yi Ha-Eung, Grand Internal Prince Heungseon (21 December 1820 – 22 February 1898) (이하응 흥선대원군)
• Adoptive Father: Crown Prince Hyomyeong (18 September 1809 – 25 June 1830) (이영 효명세자)
• Paternal Grandfather: Yi Gu, Prince Namyeon (22 August 1788 – 19 March 1836) (이구 남연군)
• Paternal Grandmother: Princess Consort Min of the Yeoheung Min clan (26 June 1788 – 1831) (군부인 여흥민씨, 驪興府大夫人 閔氏)
• Mother
• Grand Internal Princess Consort Sunmok of the Yeoheung Min clan (3 February 1818 – 8 January 1898) (순목대원비 민씨)
• Adoptive Mother: Queen Shinjeong of the Pungyang Jo clan (21 January 1809 - 4 June 1890) (신정왕후 조씨)
• Maternal Grandfather: Min Chi-Gu (1795 – 14 December 1874) (민치구, 閔致久)
• Maternal Grandmother: Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (? – 17 November 1873) (정경부인 전주이씨, 貞敬夫人 全州李氏)
• Brothers
• Adoptive older brother: Heonjeong of Joseon (8 September 1827 – 25 July 1849) (조선 헌종)
• Older brother: Yi Jae-myeon, Prince Imperial Heungchin (22 August 1845 – 9 September 1912) (이재면 흥친왕)
• Younger half-brother: Yi Jae-seon, Prince Waneun (1 August 1842 – 27 October 1881) (이재선 완은군)
• Sisters
• Younger sister: Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (이씨, 李氏) (? - 1869); married Jo Kyeong-ho of the Imcheon Jo clan (조경호, 趙慶鎬) (1839 - 1914) (본관: 임천 조씨, 林川趙氏)
• Younger sister: Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (이씨, 李氏) (? - 1899); married Jo Jung-gu of the Pungyang Jo clan (조정구, 趙鼎九) (1860 - 1926) (본관: 풍양 조씨, 豐壤 趙氏)
• Nephew: Jo Nam-seung (조남승, 趙南升)
• Nephew: Jo Nam-ik (조남익, 趙南益)
• Niece: Jo Gye-jin (조계진, 趙啓珍)
• Younger half-sister: Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (이씨, 李氏) (? - 1869); married Lee Yun-yong of the Ubong Lee clan (1854 - 8 September 1939) (본관: 우봉 이씨, 牛峰李氏)
• Half-Nephew: Lee Myeong-gu (이명구, 李明九)
• Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):
• Empress Myeongseong of the Yeoheung Min clan (17 November 1851 – 8 October 1895) (명성황후 민씨)
• # Unnamed son (4 November 1871 - 8 November 1871)
• # Unnamed daughter (3 February 1873 - 28 September 1873)
• # Crown Prince Yi Cheok (25 March 1874 – 24 April 1926) (이척 황태자)
• # Unnamed son (5 April 1875 - 18 April 1875)
• # Unnamed son (18 February 1878 - 5 June 1878)
• Imperial Noble Consort Sunheon of the Yeongwol Eom clan (2 February 1854 – 20 July 1911) (순헌황귀비 엄씨)
• #Yi Eun, Crown Prince Uimin (20 October 1897 – 1 May 1970) (이은 의민태자)
• Imperial Consort Yeongbo Gwi-in of the Gyeongju Yi clan (1849 – 17 December 1928) (영보당귀인 이씨)
• # Yi Seon, Prince Wanhwa (16 April 1868 – 12 January 1880) (이선 완화군)
• # Unnamed daughter (1871 – 1872)
• Imperial Consort Gwi-in of the Deoksu Jang clan (귀인 장씨)
• #Yi Kang, Prince Uihwa (30 March 1877 – August 1955) (이강 의화군)
• Imperial Consort Gwanghwa Gwi-in of the Lee clan (1885 – 10 November 1965) (광화당 귀인 이씨)
• # Prince Yi Yuk (1914 – 1915) (이육)
• # Unnamed daughter
• Imperial Consort Bohyeon Gwi-in of the Haeju Jeong clan (23 February 1882 – 1943) (보현당 귀인 정씨)
• # Prince Yi U (20 August 1915 – 25 July 1916) (이우)
• Imperial Consort Boknyeong Gwi-in of the Cheongju Yang clan (27 September 1882 – 30 May 1929) (복녕당 귀인 양씨)
• #Princess Deokhye (25 May 1912 – 21 April 1989) (덕혜옹주)
• Imperial Consort Naean Gwi-in of the Lee clan (1847 – 13 February 1914) (내안당 귀인 이씨)
• # Unnamed daughter (1879 – 1880)
• Lady Kim of the Andong Kim clan of Samchuk Hall (1890 – 23 September 1970) (삼축당 김씨)
• Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan of Jeonghwa Hall (정화당 상궁 김씨)
• Court Lady Seo (상궁 서씨)
• Court Lady Kim (상궁 김씨)
• Court Lady Jang (궁인 장씨)
Honours
;Korean honours
• Founder and Sovereign of the Grand Order of the Golden Ruler – 17 April 1900
• Founder and Sovereign of the Grand Order of the Auspicious Stars – 17 April 1900
• Founder and Sovereign of the Grand Order of the Plum Blossoms – 17 April 1900
• Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the National Crest – 17 April 1900
• Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Purple Falcon – 16 April 1901
• Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Eight Trigrams – 16 April 1901
• Grand Cordon of the Grand Order of the Auspicious Phoenix – 1907
;Foreign honours
• : Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus – 23 July 1895
• : Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour – 23 July 1895
• : Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum – 23 March 1897
• : Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire – 17 December 1900
• : Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar – 1900
• : Grand Cordon of the Royal Order of Leopold – 23 March 1901
• : Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade I – 1 December 1903
• : Knight of the Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class – 1 December 1903
• : Knight of the Order of the Elephant – 31 August 1903
• : Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle – 20 March 1904
Ancestry
In popular culture
• Portrayed by Lee Jin-woo and Lee Joon in the 2001-2002 KBS2 TV series Empress Myeongseong.
• Portrayed by Kim Young-min in the 2009 film The Sword with No Name.
• Portrayed by Choi Jong-hwan in the 2010 SBS TV series Jejungwon.
• Portrayed by Park Hee-soon in the 2012 film Gabi.
• Portrayed by Lee Min-woo in the 2014 KBS2 TV series Gunman in Joseon.
• Portrayed by Park Min-sang in the 2016 film The Map Against The World.
• Portrayed by Baek Yoon-sik in the 2016 film The Last Princess.
• Portrayed by Lee Seung-joon in the 2018 tvN and Netflix TV series Mr. Sunshine.
1864年1月16日(農曆1863年12月8日),因朝鮮哲宗無子而逝,孝明世子(後尊為朝鮮翼宗,大韓帝國時又尊為朝鮮文祖)的趙大妃擇由李㷩入繼為孝明世子之嗣子,繼登大寶,封翼成君,12月13日即位。高宗在位期間先後由生父興宣大院君、妻子閔氏等執掌大權,自己並無實權。此時朝鮮正在受到列強的威脅,岌岌可危。國內則因政見不同,分為事大黨和開化黨兩派,互相爭權。
甲午戰爭日本勝利之後,高宗在日本人的控制下,於1897年宣佈朝鮮脫離清朝的朝貢體系,建立大韓帝國,改元光武,因此又別稱「光武帝」()。高宗試圖進行改革,且多次試圖擺脫日本人的控制,但都失敗了。最終在1907年因為海牙密使事件而被日本人逼迫禪讓帝位予其子李坧。高宗改稱太上皇,事實上是被日本人軟禁於慶運宮(改名德壽宮)內。
1910年,日韓合併,高宗被封為「德壽宮李太王」。1919年,高宗在德壽宮突然逝世。他的死是朝鮮三一運動的導火線。
Read more...: 生平 早年、即位 大院君攝政 江華島開國 脫離清朝 聯俄制日 日本統治 突然逝世 高宗統治下的朝鮮 評價 家庭 父母 兄弟姐妹 皇后 後宮 子 女 相關影視及飾演者 影視作品
生平
早年、即位
1852年壬子(哲宗三年;咸豐二年)7月25日生于漢城貞善坊私第(興宣大院君私第)。
1864年1月16日(農曆1863年12月8日)癸亥(同治二年),哲宗去世,無子。當時與哲宗血緣最近的宗室為其兄長永平君,可是他身為全溪大院君奉祀者又成了實際上的獨子,使他無法繼位,而永平君亦無子嗣;其他的朝鮮孝宗後裔也都數代單傳,不可能入繼大統;李載晃的三位伯父皆只有嗣子或獨子,而他本人有一個同母兄長和一名庶兄。故孝明世子(後追尊為翼宗,朝鮮純祖之子)之趙大妃擇李載晃入承翼宗大統,封翼成君,行冠禮。12月13日即位于昌德宮之仁政門。
當時朝鮮兩大外戚集團——安東金氏和豐壤趙氏圍繞王位問題發生嚴重對立。大院君拉攏趙成夏、趙寧夏兄弟,又買通宮女,與趙大妃聯絡,稱讓趙妃垂簾聽政,對抗安東金氏。趙大妃的決定遭到了把持朝政的領議政金左根、判府事金興根及哲宗之妃金氏(哲仁王后)的反對,理由是「我邦古來無生存之大院君,若立命福,其生父昰應健在,則將何以處其父?且昰應性質兇險,若恃太上之尊,攪亂朝政,必為國家大患!」
原本傾向安東金氏的朝鮮憲宗之妃洪氏(孝定王后)倒向趙大妃,院相鄭元容也支持趙大妃,就連安東金氏出身的金炳學也支持趙大妃,再加上趙大妃本身是宮廷最高長輩,所以具備優勢。安東金氏考慮到李昰應是一個街頭無賴,沒有多少能力,便沒有堅持反對下去。李載晃遂改名李㷩,過繼為翼宗養子即位為王,史稱朝鮮高宗。李昰應作為國王生父,被封為「大院君」。
大院君攝政
高宗即位之後,朝鮮王朝五百年來,首次出現了國王本生父興宣大院君在世,並且長期攝政的局面。
由於清朝太平天國運動的風氣傳至朝鮮半島,大院君執政後對國內的天主教徒採取嚴厲的措施迫害,全國有12萬天主教徒被捕,當中包括12名法國傳教士,其中9人被害。此舉導致法國在1868年派出軍艦出兵朝鮮西海岸尋求報複,史稱「丙寅洋擾」。
1871年,美國駐華公使要求朝鮮開國,遭到拒絕,美軍軍艦前往江華島示威,史稱「辛未洋擾」。兩次洋擾均以外國軍艦撤兵作罷告終,大院君認為這是鎖國政策的成功,于是日益保守,在漢城和各地樹立「斥和碑」,上書「洋夷侵犯,非戰則和,主和賣國,戒我萬年子孫」。
江華島開國
1873年,高宗年滿二十一歲而宣告親政。閔妃外戚集團的新政府主張廢除封閉鎖國的做法,在面臨洋夷入侵的情況下恢復同日本的國交。但是因為日本試圖令朝鮮解除與中國的宗藩關係而受到朝方的拖延。1868年3月,明治政府應對馬藩的要求,依舊例將對朝鮮的外交事務全權委託給對馬藩。日本政府委託對馬藩交給朝鮮「王政複古」的告知書,因書中有「皇帝」「朝臣」「奉敕」等只有中國皇帝才能使用的字眼,朝鮮拒絕接受。之後明治政府派外務權大錄佐田白茅出訪朝鮮,但朝鮮不接待對馬藩之外的日本使節。佐田在釜山滯留交涉期間探知了朝鮮的國情,回國後大力倡導「征韓論」。為了催促朝鮮加快建立日韓國交的速度,日本派出軍艦雲揚號、第二丁卯號前往朝鮮西海岸示威並測量海圖,與江華島炮台發生交火。史稱「江華島事件」(雲揚號事件)。之後日本以當年美國佩里艦隊的開國要求為藍本,勒令朝鮮迅速開國。次年日本與朝鮮在江華島講武堂簽定《大日本國大朝鮮國修好條約》,史稱江華條約。條約中規定朝鮮開放釜山、元山、仁川三港;日本派駐公使和領事;日本在朝鮮享有領事裁判權等等內容。此後又簽定了相關的通商章程。
此時朝鮮的一些有識之士已經看到了實行改革的必要性。1879年,禮曹參議金宏集(金弘集)率團訪問日本,商談仁川開港、米穀禁運、修改關稅等問題。他于1880年回國時,帶回一本清朝駐日公使館的官員黃遵憲所寫的小冊子,名為《朝鮮策略》。該書建議朝鮮為了求得經濟發展應接受歐洲的各種體制和技術,並同中國、日本和美國合作,加強自己的防衛能力,以阻遏俄國向南擴張。實際上該書體現了當時清朝外交的基本政策,即抵禦沙俄,牽制日本,拉攏美國。這一「策略」在朝鮮一披露,于1876年曾主張趕走日本勢力的儒學家便發動了一個強烈反對外國資本主義滲入的運動。這一運動很快便在慶尚道、江原道、京畿道、忠清道和全羅道的儒學者中擴展開來。朝鮮政府于1881年派一批年輕貴族,即所謂「紳士遊覽團」去日本考察行政、軍事、教育、工業和技術體制。與此同時,應清朝的要求,另一批由吏曹參議金允植率領的60名朝鮮青年訪問了清國。在那裡他們主要是研習製造和操作西方武器的技藝。這種改革嘗試發自政府本身,所以改革的浪潮不久便廣為蔓延,不僅席捲了兩班和中等階級,而且席捲了整個社會。1882年5月,朝鮮與美國簽訂《朝美修好條約》,朝鮮正式對西方打開了國門。條約簽訂後,美、英、法、德、俄、意、奧、比、荷、丹等國接踵而來,簽訂了類似條約。
脫離清朝
高宗童年一天參加經筵3次,分別是早上7時至9時,中午11時至1時,下午2時至4時。高宗讀《孟子》「湯七十里,文王百里」時,慨然顧曰:「七十里、百里,猶可以為政于天下,況我國三千里乎!何以則能秣馬燕雲,洗祖宗之恥也(指丙子胡亂)?」
閔妃集團執掌國政後,國際國內局勢動蕩。1881年發生了針對高宗的未遂政變,次年發生壬午兵變。清朝派兵進入朝鮮。日本則因公使館被兵變士兵焚毀提出賠償要求,最後與朝鮮簽訂了《濟物浦條約》。1884年,朝鮮的開化派發動甲申政變,宣布朝鮮脫離清朝而獨立,但是兵變被清朝駐軍將領袁世凱鎮壓。
高宗想擺脫袁世凱控制,1886年8月,在高宗默許下朝鮮政府聯絡沙俄,請求出動軍艦驅逐清軍。「引俄反清」、「斥華自主」,事情敗露,袁世凱聯絡大院君打算逼高宗退位,但被李鴻章否決。
1894年甲午(高宗三十一年,清光緒二十年,日本明治二十七年),朝鮮爆發甲午農民戰爭。兩湖招討使洪啟薰兵敗,上疏請借外國援兵。1894年6月3日,朝鮮政府照會清朝,請求出兵。為了爭奪對朝鮮的控制權,清朝與日本進行了中日甲午戰爭。日軍在6月21日夜間迅速攻占漢城,控制國王,強迫其歸政于大院君。6月23日,新組成的朝鮮政府宣布廢除與清朝簽訂的一切條約,朝鮮將依賴日軍從朝鮮領土上驅逐清朝軍隊。在中日戰爭中又強迫朝鮮簽訂與日本的同盟條約,共同反對清朝。
1894年7月30日,朝鮮政府公布從今以後在國內外公私文碟中,採用「開國紀年」以取代原來使用的「清國年號」,後來「與清國改正約條後,派送特命全權大使于列國事」,顯示今後不通過清朝幹預而直接派使世界各國,建立外交關係。
甲午戰爭後,在日本協助下,朝鮮新政府設立「軍國機務處」,開始了內政改革,包括廢除吏戶禮兵工刑六曹,設立內務、外交、度支、軍務、法務、農商務、學務、工務八部;廢除八道,設立二十三府;宮府分離,政府以總理大臣執掌,宮廷事務由宮內大臣執掌;廢除科舉考試;還有使用李朝開國紀年、對腐敗官員的紀律處置、放寬貿易活動限制、建立銀本位的新貨幣制、在財政部管轄下統一財政管理、度量衡標準化、一切賦稅用現金繳納、建立股份公司、依據法院改組法把司法權分離、統一警察力量等社會、財政、文化等等方面的改革措施共208條,史稱「甲午更張」。1895年1月7日(高宗三十一年十二月十六日),高宗率領世子、百官參拜宗廟,舉行誓告典禮,將國王稱號改為大君主,王妃為王后,王世子為王太子,並宣布《洪範十四條》,其中第一條即宣告「割斷依附清國慮念,確建獨立自主基礎」,正式宣告朝鮮半島與中國上千年的宗藩關係就此終結。
1895年10月15日。金允植記載:「今日閣議,以我國處東洋兩帝國之間,素稱自主獨立,而尊號尚遲,有礙時局,奏上皇帝號,建元。上謙讓數回,可之。」因為得到日本的支持,所以遭到俄、法、美三國公使的堅決反對,而終致流產。
1896年7月4日,多年旅居美國的徐載弼作為顧問組建了高官社交中心「獨立協會」,將「慕華館」改為「獨立館」。11月,作為慶祝「對清獨立」的象徵開始建立「獨立門」,以取代「迎恩門」,1897年正式竣工。為此事業,王太子特意下賜100元,獨立協會的發起人等政府高級官僚共獻納510元
1900年8月7日,李熙派宮內府參理官吳仁鐸帶白米一千石,麥粉三千包,葉捲菸二千匣乘坐船隻蒼龍號從仁川去天津犒勞八國聯軍。29日發電報祝賀八國聯軍攻克北京保全外交人員。
聯俄制日
甲午戰爭後,高宗和王妃閔氏集團對中國徹底失去了依附的信心和基礎,他們看到日本在俄國、法國、德國的幹涉下被迫將遼東半島交還給清朝,企圖利用俄羅斯帝國來牽制日本。1895年年中,朝鮮政府以策劃暗殺閔妃為由下令逮捕親日派大臣朴泳孝,朴泳孝被迫亡命日本。閔妃日益親俄,俄國在朝鮮的勢力和影響也越來越大。在這種情況下,1895年10月8日拂曉,日本公使三浦梧樓率領日本士兵、浪人,挾持大院君衝入景福宮,在乾清宮殺死了閔妃並點火焚尸,清除了宮中的親俄派勢力,組成了以金弘集為首的新政府,史稱乙未事變。金弘集內閣宣布實行公曆,改開國五百零四年十一月十七日為五百零五年一月一日(1896年1月1日),並建元號為「建陽」。同時還宣布了斷髮令,要求朝鮮人民剪髮易服。此舉引發了朝鮮全國範圍內的反日義兵鬥爭。俄國公使韋伯利用這一形勢,從停泊在仁川的兵艦上調兵100多人至漢城,經與親俄派協商後,1896年2月11日,高宗率領王世子走出王宮,前往俄國公使館請求避難(「俄館播遷」事件)。高宗在俄國公使館命令逮捕逆賊五大臣,總理大臣金弘集在俄館播遷當天即倒台,和農工商大臣鄭秉夏在押送入獄途中被巡檢和市民打死,逃亡外地的度支大臣魚允中也在回鄉途中被殺,內部大臣、法部大臣和前軍部大臣逃亡日本。朝鮮建立起以金柄植為總理大臣、李完用為外部大臣的親俄政權。
1896年5月朝鮮政府選派閔泳煥為特使參加俄皇加冕典禮。10月24日朝鮮《獨立新聞》的評論指出:「在朝鮮歷史上單獨派遣公使到一個歐洲朝廷是第一次,當世界諸多國家紛紛派其使臣共同參加俄皇加冕祝儀之際,吾國政府專派的朝鮮使臣確實讓歐美各國國民從內心感到朝鮮無疑已成為遠東地區的一個獨立王。」
大韓帝國皇帝 1898年
1897年2月11日,高宗一行離開俄國使館,返回慶運宮,當時大臣從國際法和「朝鮮是明朝正統傳人」兩個角度懇請高宗稱帝,10月高宗宣布改國號為「大韓帝國」,簡稱「韓國」,意為三韓之地。改建陽二年為光武元年,改大君主稱號為皇帝,王世子為皇太子,追封閔妃為明成皇后,並在漢城的圜丘和皇穹宇祭拜天地,是為光武改革。所有即位禮儀之程序、規格均效仿明朝,主要是依據《大明會典》卷四十五所錄《高皇帝登極儀》。10月13日,李熙在慶運宮太極殿接受群臣朝賀,並頒發了即位詔書。此後日本與俄國為了確立雙方在韓國的利益,先後簽署了《小村—韋伯協定》、《山縣—羅巴洛夫協定》、《西—羅先協定》,協調兩國在韓國的勢力範圍和各種利益。
清朝則與朝鮮王朝建立了平等的近代外交關係。1897年9月,李熙派外部大臣閔種默向駐朝鮮總領事唐紹儀試探清朝對「稱帝問題」有何種看法。問:「設使我國加尊皇帝字樣,中朝視之若何?」唐紹儀稱:「自甲午事後,我國本未認朝鮮為平行自主之國,況認國王為皇帝乎?」「此事枚關昔年體制,我政府定不願與聞。」他在報告中又提及「伏思樓使及韓廷小臣,屢勸王加尊皇帝字樣,恐王一時猶難息此奢念也」。但在列國紛紛承認韓國改正國號的背景下,清朝方面也不得不承認與其處平行地位。1899年1月,清朝派徐壽朋赴韓,國書開頭部分謂「大清國大皇帝敬問大韓國大皇帝好」。2月1日,徐壽朋覷見李熙,而韓國方面以西方通行的禮儀規格待之。韓皇西裝戎服,握手為禮,立受國書。
高宗稱帝後廢除了甲午更張時期的責任內閣制,恢復了議政府制度,恢復君主專制。重用沈舜澤、金炳始、尹容善、趙秉世等元老,卻只奉尊位,不予實權。倚靠趙秉式、閔種默為首的親俄派,李址鎔、俞箕煥為首的親日派,閔商鎬、閔泳煥為首的親美派,另外還有李容翊、李根澤等人所組成的君王近側派,君王近側派裡面也有區別,比如李容翊親俄,李根澤親日等,只是他們相對其他派別而言與高宗關係更親密而已。高宗利用這些派別相互牽制,強化皇權;對外與不同國家打交道,以平衡各國(尤其是日俄)在韓勢力,避免獨大一方。光武二年(1898年)9月,前俄語通譯金鴻陸指使廚師孔洪植等人在高宗的咖啡中下毒,但沒有成功。金鴻陸被處死。
當時獨立協會舉行「萬民共同會」這樣的大規模群眾集會,要求政治民主經濟富強,實現真正的獨立自主。1898年12月,高宗出動軍隊鎮壓獨立協會的集會,數十人死亡,同時宣布取締獨立協會,領導人李承晚等被捕下獄。光武三年(1899年)8月17日出台憲法「大韓國國制」,明確規定實行「專制政治」、「無限君權」。高宗的權力至此達到頂峰。實行「光武改革」,在經濟和軍事上大規模推進近代化,但維護君主專制制度,實行「舊本新參」路線(以舊制為根本,參酌新事物)。
1903年前後,日本和俄國的矛盾逐漸激化。日本主張「滿韓交換」,日俄分別占有韓國和滿洲。俄國則主張獨占滿洲,北緯39度以北的朝鮮半島為俄國勢力範圍,39線以南為日本勢力範圍,但是日本不可將其用于軍事目的。1904年2月10日,日本對俄國宣戰,日俄戰爭爆發,韓國被迫簽訂六條議定書,協助日本作戰。
日本統治
日俄戰爭結束後,日本公使林權助又強迫韓國簽署日韓新協約(第一次日韓協約),規定韓國雇用日本財政和外交顧問、與外國締結條約前要與日本協商等等。
1905年日本派遣數萬軍隊開入漢城,包圍王宮,強迫韓國外部大臣樸齊純簽訂了《日韓保護協約》(第二次日韓協約,又稱「乙巳保護條約」),共有 5條:
• 第一,「今後韓國對于外國的關係及事務」,「由(日本)外務省監理指揮」,在外國的韓國僑民及利益,由「日本國的外交及領事保護」。
• 第二,「由日本負責履行韓國與外國所簽訂的現存條約,今後不經過日本政府同意,不得簽訂任何國際性的條約及協定」。
• 第三,由日本政府設統監一名,專理外交一項,駐紮漢城,日本政府還往各地方派駐理事官,「在統監指揮之下,行使從前屬于駐韓日本領事的一切職務,並掌管本協約的完全實施」。
• 第四,「日本韓國之間的現存條約及協定,凡不牴觸本協約的條款,均繼續有效。」
• 第五,「日本政府保証維持韓國皇室的安寧及尊嚴」。
根據這個協約,韓國撤消外交機關,並不設外務大臣職務,這樣,韓國就失去外交及內政主權,變成日本的保護國,實際上已成為日本的殖民地。此後,在韓國全國形成了聲勢浩大的反抗運動和第二次反日義兵鬥爭。此時主掌韓國國政的學部大臣李完用、軍部大臣李根澤、內部大臣李址鎔、外部大臣朴齊純、農工商大臣權重顯被韓國人民稱為「乙巳五賊」。
《日韓保護協約》簽訂後,日本對韓國的控制由顧問統治轉為日本韓國統監府的統治。11月23日,日本政府公布了協約全文,並將此事通知與韓國有外交關係的各國政府,要它們撤走駐韓外交代表機構。在各國外交使團尚未撤離時,日本就關閉了駐漢城的使館,成立了統治韓國的新機關——統監府,派樞密院院長伊藤博文為第一任統監,各道的日本領事館也撤銷,成立了統監府的地方機關-理事廳。
《日韓保護協約》簽訂不久,高宗就秘密寫信給美、俄、德、法4國首腦,宣布《日韓保護協約》無效。1907年,海牙召開第二屆萬國和平會議。高宗秘遣秘使帶著高宗致俄國沙皇的書信和參加會議的委任狀前往海牙,控訴日本異見對韓國的侵略,呼籲各國聲援韓國,宣布日韓保護條約無效。由于與會各國均承認日本對韓國的保護權,于是向高宗確認代表身份,此時韓國電信權落入日本手中,詢問電被日方扣留,伊藤博文聞訊大怒,通知和會委任狀係偽造。日本指責韓國違反了保護條約。伊藤威脅高宗說:「陛下用如此陰險手段蹂躪日本的保護權,不如對日宣戰」,「陛下若想抵抗日本,不必秘密進行,大可以公開幹」。伊藤還授意韓國親日組織「一進會」開展要求高宗退位的活動。在伊藤的指使和恫嚇之下,李完用內閣在7月6日至18日舉行3次御前會議。會上農商工部大臣、一進會會長宋秉畯對高宗威脅說:「今為陛下著想,只有兩計:一則陛下親赴日本,向天皇謝罪,二則陛下……迎長谷川(好道)司令官,向其謝罪」,不然開戰敗後將如何受辱,難以設想。」17日,李完用等7大臣逼迫高宗退位。同日日本外相林董抵達漢城,和總理大臣李完用一起逼高宗退位,雙方殭持不下。高宗宣布「軍國大事由皇太子代理」,日本人卻稱韓國皇帝已經退位。1907年7月19日,日軍在漢城南山倭城台正對著慶運宮駕設6門大炮,並派日軍包圍慶運宮。在日軍士兵嚴密看護下,在慶運宮中和殿舉行禪位儀式。皇太子李坧即位,是為純宗。李垠被強行送往日本。1910年日韓合併,韓國皇帝、太上皇和皇太子被授予日本皇族的身份,高宗的封號降為「德壽宮李太王」。
寺內正毅主張從日本皇族中挑選女性皇族與李垠結婚,並說服了天皇和山縣有朋公爵。1917年山縣有朋挑選梨本宮守正王的女兒方子為李垠妻子。梨本宮由于天皇的敕命而被迫答應。高宗向日本提出希望婚禮在朝鮮舉行,遭拒。日本計劃1919年1月25日舉行婚禮。
突然逝世
1919年1月22日凌晨三時,高宗突然在德壽宮去世,終年六十八歲。李垠回國奔喪,原定于1月25日的婚禮推後一年。關于其死因,日本朝鮮總督公布為「腦溢血發作」,但是沒有病理報告,自然不太可信。據說由於高宗計劃向巴黎和會派遣密使,代表韓國民眾訴說在日本總督統治下韓國的苦難,要求韓國獨立,但是這一計劃被洩露了,所以日本朝鮮總督府命令高宗身邊的侍從在高宗的御膳裡暗中下了毒。高宗去世當晚用了解毒的醋,不久便毒性發作,痛苦地說「我吃的是什麼東西,這麼難過」,不久便死去,死後兩眼發赤,全身有紅斑,且很快腐爛。
3月1日,在為去世的高宗舉行國葬的時候,韓國國民借悼念這位一生經歷坎坷的國王的機會,在各地聚集遊行,要求韓國獨立。是為「三一運動」,也是韓國近代獨立鬥爭的一個重要轉折點。高宗離世後,與皇后合葬於南楊州市的洪陵。起初,日本以德壽宮李太王為日本王公族,使用「高宗」廟號、「皇帝」等稱號不妥,不過李王家以這是「家禮」為由而被默許。同樣地,原本皇族的墓葬應稱為「墓」,而「陵」為天皇專屬,而洪陵的管理人仍然自行立碑,上書「大韓高宗太皇帝洪陵」;不過因為這個時候朝鮮獨立運動正高漲,為避免引發朝鮮貴族的不滿,朝鮮總督府、宮內省也對這種「僭越」達成妥協。
高宗統治下的朝鮮
英國旅行家伊莎貝拉·博得女士在其著作《朝鮮和她的鄰居》中寫道,1894年時,雖然漢城、開城等大城市和仁川、釜山等通商港口已經可以使用日元紙幣,但朝鮮內地仍用銅錢當貨幣,1美元能兌換3200枚銅錢。10英鎊換成的銅錢需要用六個男人來抬,這給外國旅行家帶來了極大的不便。1893-1894年,淮軍將領聶士成考察了朝鮮北部。在朝鮮咸鏡道的富寧府,聶士成曾與當地府尹筆談,府尹感慨說「自從就任該職,已經四年,如今虧空公款四千餘貫,上國大人見到國王時,望代為籲懇」。 聶士成寫下「城池荒陋至極,民苦可知……民情太惰,種地只求敷食,不思積蓄。遇事尤泥古法,不敢變通,讀書幾成廢物」。當時朝鮮雖然已經開闢了仁川、元山等貿易口岸,但是「各海口出產稀少,不通商賈大道,無甚起色」。1895年2月,日本駐朝公使井上馨向外務大臣陸奧宗光提交關于朝鮮經濟的報告。1894年朝鮮的歲入為749萬日元(按照日元與銀兩的兌換比例1:0.644換算,約合紋銀482.4萬兩)。其中地稅為500萬元,平安道地租50萬元,紅參稅18萬元,漁業稅和鹽業稅1.2萬元,屯田稅30萬元,戶賦錢100萬元,海關關稅50萬元。當時朝鮮積欠的外債(包括向日本第一銀行、橫濱正金銀行、清朝招商局、同順泰票號的借款等)為7.12億日元(4.585億兩),內債9.46億日元(6.09億兩)。朝鮮政府償還能力每年96萬日元左右,即使不計算利息,要償清外債也需要花1727年的時間。為償還債務,一方面要把朝鮮每年預算支出壓縮到650萬日元以下,另一方面要設法增加朝鮮的政府收入。日本明治維新後出現大量工業人口,工廠主選用廉價的朝鮮米作為工人主食。米和大豆成為當時朝鮮最主要的對日出口物資。由于大量出口,導致朝鮮國內米價上漲,從1886年的每石2600文左右迅速漲到了1903年的每石8589文。另一方面,由于從日本大量進口白棉布、食鹽、燒酒、洋釘、洋傘等商品,朝鮮傳統的農村手工業受到了嚴重打擊。民眾生活困苦,作為特權階級存在的兩班(士大夫階層,兩班指的是上朝時的東班和西班,即文武官員)和政府官僚卻極盡掠奪、榨取之能事。按照祖制,朝鮮官員俸祿微薄(按《續經國大典》,正一品官員的月俸只有米三石八斗、豆二石),因此受賄和貪污腐敗成為非常普遍的社會現象。朝鮮王朝的官員沒有保護私有財產的概念,中央和地方政府都對商業階層進行無休止的誅求。地方商人要繳納的稅收包括「官分」(交給地方官府)、「營分」(交給兵營)、「洞分」(交給洞、里等底層行政單位)、「貿易分」(營業稅),以及交給國王、王妃、世子、義和宮、龍洞宮、竹峴宮(均為王室宗親)的孝敬費用等等。兩班和官吏常以「借錢」的名義向商人索取錢物,如果不及時孝敬,就要被抓到官府拷打。甲午戰爭日軍占領朝鮮後幾個月時間裡,朝鮮的「軍國機務處」推出了208項重要的內政改革措施,新政府把分散在王室、戶曹和宣惠廳手裡的財政及賦稅大權統一收歸度支部,廢除實物納稅,實行銀本位制,發行白銀、白銅、赤銅、黃銅四種新式貨幣(銀幣一兩等于舊銅錢一百枚)。
1894年前後,英國旅行家伊莎貝拉·拜爾德和日本駐漢城領事館書記生鹽川一太郎在書中均描述連首都漢城街道都充滿泥濘和惡臭,路旁堆滿垃圾,人們在街上傾倒大小便,運貨的牛也隨地便溺。鹽川認為朝鮮農業水平非常落後,農具、施肥方法與日本17世紀江戶時代水平差不多。河川堤防普遍失修,一旦暴雨就會暴發洪災。百姓砍伐樹木當燃料,山丘全都光禿禿的,降雨稀少,經常旱災。田地里大多沒有引水灌溉工程,農民手足無措。日本作家原田敬一在《日清·日露戰爭》一書中寫道,日本陸軍士兵甲午戰爭爆發前夕乘船在元山登陸,他們被道路上的糞便、豬群驚呆了,不少日本士兵被臭氣熏得當場嘔吐。
評價
• 梁啓超:「朝鮮所謂太皇帝者,在位垂五十年。上則見撓于所生,內則見制于晳婦,下則見脅于貴戚豪右,見熒于左右近習,政出多門,舉棋不定,而國家之元氣,遂斫喪以盡。韓之亡,實韓皇亡之也。」
• 黃玹:「于君人之德無一允蹈。」
• 韓國通史:不以厚我民力為自強之圖,徒以慶運宮在各國使館之側為太平之基,竭吾國財謟事外人,朝秦暮楚,擇強而交,實依賴以苟安,其能久乎?
• KBS:高宗常常被評價為無能之君。高宗在位期間,朝鮮王朝一直處于歷史的波瀾之中,他治理國家的能力成為人們議論的話題。現在的史學界也在為高宗平反並指出,恨鐵不成鋼的高宗並不是人們曾經評論的那種昏君,而一直夢想韓國成為富強的現代國家。
家庭
父母
• 生父:興宣大院君(1821年-1898年)
• 生母:驪興府大夫人閔氏(1818年-1898年)
兄弟姐妹
• 同母兄:完興君李載冕(1845年-1912年)
• 庶兄:贈完恩君李載先(1842年-1881年)
• 同母姐妹:
• 李氏(1838年-1869年),與()成婚
• 李氏(1861年-1899年),與()成婚
• 庶妹:李氏(1855年-1869年),的元配夫人。李允用為李完用的庶兄、李鎬俊的庶子
皇后
明成太皇后(1851年10月19日-1895年10月8日),本貫驪興,1866年被立為王妃,1894年升為王后,1895年被日本公使三浦梧樓等人殺害,1897年被追封為皇后,謚號「明成」,舉行國葬。
後宮
子
女
相關影視及飾演者
影視作品
• -2001年《明成皇后 (電視劇)》KBS 2
• 白潤植-2016年《德惠翁主》(電影)
• 李承俊-2018年《陽光先生》(電視劇) tvN
• -2020年《風雲碑》TV朝鮮
Source | Relation | from-date | to-date |
---|---|---|---|
開國 | ruler | 1894/7/30開國年六月癸酉 | 1895/12/31開國年十一月壬子 |
建陽 | ruler |
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