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辛弃疾[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:598222
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 辛弃疾 | |
name-style | 幼安 | 《宋史·列传第一百六十》:辛弃疾,字幼安, |
born | 1140 | |
died | 1207 | |
authority-cbdb | 30359 | |
authority-viaf | 44566550 | |
authority-wikidata | Q1155987 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 辛弃疾 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Xin_Qiji | |
associated-dynasty | dynasty:宋 | 《四库全书总目提要》:旧本题宋辛弃疾撰。 |
Read more...: Life Works Poetry Calligraphy Commentaries
Life
During Xin's lifetime, northern China was occupied during the Jin–Song Wars by the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty, a semi-nomadic people who moved to what is now Northeastern China. Only southern China was ruled by the Han Chinese during the Southern Song dynasty. Xin was born in the modern city of Jinan in Shandong Province, then governed by the Jin Dynasty. Xin was raised by his grandfather because of Xin's father's early dearth. In his childhood, his grandfather told him about the time when the Han Chinese ruled the north and told him to be an honorable man and seek revenge against the barbarian for the nation. It was then when he developed his patriotic feelings. At the ages of 14 and 17, Xin attended the imperial examination twice, but failed both of them. However, on Xin's way to Jin's capital for examinations, he followed his grandfather's instruction to inspect the military and geographic situation in Jin dynasty. His grandfather named him after a legendary military commander from the Western Han, Huo Qubing. Both "Qubing" and "Qiji" mean to deliver oneself from diseases.
Xin started his military career at the age of twenty-two. He commanded an insurrection group of fifty men and fought the Jurchen alongside Geng Jing's much larger army that consisted of tens of thousands of men. Although they had some small-scale victories, in 1161, because the Jurchen were becoming more united internally, Xin persuaded Geng Jing to join forces with the Southern Song army in order to fight the Jurchen more effectively. Geng Jing agreed but just as Xin finished a meeting with the Southern Song Emperor, who endorsed Geng Jing's troops, Xin learned that Geng Jing had been assassinated by their former friend-turned-traitor, Zhang Anguo (张安国/张安国). With merely fifty men, Xin fought his way through the Jurchen camp and captured Zhang Anguo. Xin then led his men safely back across the border and had Zhang Anguo decapitated by the emperor.
Xin's victory gained him a place in the Southern Song court. However, because the emperor was surrounded by people who supported "an appeasement policy" rather than open warfare with the Jin, Xin was sidelined. From 1161 to 1181, he held a series of minor posts that never amounted to anything momentous. Although during the same period, he tried to offer the emperor his treatises on how to manage the invasions by the Jin as well as other state affairs, he was never taken seriously. Finally he resolved to do things on his own. He improved the irrigation systems in his district, relocated poverty-struck peasants and trained his own troops. His ambition soon aroused suspicion against him. In 1181, he was forced to resign. He left for Jiangxi where he then stayed and perfected his famous ci form of poetry for ten depressing years.
In 1192, Xin was recalled to the Song court to take up another minor post because the previous incumbent had died. This job did not last long because once he completed the requirements of his job, he started training men for military purposes again. He was soon discharged.
From 1192 to 1203, Xin lived in seclusion around Jiangxi Province. Xin gave himself an art name - "Jiaxuan" (稼轩), which meant "Life should be diligent and take farming as the prime importance".
In 1188, Xin met another patriotic poet, Chen Liang, in E hu Temple (around Piao Spring, Jiangxi Province). They conferred the strategy to fight against Jin dynasty and revive their home country.
During Xin's seclusion, Xin also traveled with Zhu Xi, the master of Neo Confucianism, in Wuyi Mountain. In 1200, upon Zhu xi's death, none of Zhu's old friends or students mourned him because of the political restriction. However, Xin attended the funeral and wrote lament for Zhu.
In 1203, as the Jin began pressing harder against the Southern Song border, Han Tuozhou, the consul of the Southern Song court, in need of militarists, took Xin under his wing. However, Han Tuozhou disregarded Xin's sincere advice for effective military moves, and he removed Xin from his team the next year, accusing Xin of being lubricious, avaricious, and many other non-existent faults. The crucial moment came in 1207 when the Jin defiantly asked for Han Tuozhou's head for a peace treaty. It was then that Han realized that he needed Xin again. Xin did not hesitate in responding to Han's call for help; unfortunately, he died of old age soon afterward.
In 1208, after Xin's death, Ni si impeached him for committing treason and requested the Southern Song government to deprive's Xin's official title. In 1257, Xie Fangde petitioned the Southern Song government for justifying Xin's innocence. The government then vindicated Xin and endowed him a posthumous title - "Zhong Min", which meant loyalty and encouragement.
Works
Some six hundred and twenty of Xin's poems survive today. All were written after he moved to the south.
Poetry
Scholars considered Xin's literary caliber to be equally talented in ci as his Song dynasty counterpart, Su Shi. Their difference, however, is that the content of Xin's poetry spans an even greater range of topics. Xin is also famous for employing many allusions in his poems.
Some of the most quoted lines from his poetry (with accompanying translations) are shown below.
In the last line, there is a sudden transition (leap) from Xin's personal understanding of melancholy to the season that he's experiencing. This leap probably presents itself as a formidable psychological and cultural obstacle for a non-Chinese speaker. The autumn carries many meanings in Chinese literature.
Deeper understanding of the last line is full of sadness :
The true sorrow can't be expressed by words;
or repeating the sorrow is another deep hurt;
or even you can find the words to show your bitterness, but no one understands it;
or even you can find people who understand your bitterness, but things have happened and nothing will be changed.
Same meaning was also expressed in others poems, for example, one by Fang Yue, "Life is full of disappointments, hardly any can we confide in others". 宋人方岳诗:"不如意事常八九,可与人言无二三。」(《别才子方令》
The merit of this poem is talking about melancholy in a mild and subtle way with using autumn. This is one reason people love this poem and quote it ever so often today.
Calligraphy
Little of Xin's calligraphy has survived. Quguo tie is the only preserved one which is now documented in Beijing Palace Museum. Quguo tie was created in Xin's 36 years old (around 1175 Oct), after Xin suppressed the bandit's rebellion in Jiangxi.
Commentaries
The 20th-century Chinese diplomat and philosopher Hu shih says: Xin Qiji ranks first among authors in creative lyrics. Xin shows great talent, keen intellect, intensive and sincere feeling in writing lyrics.
The Chinese ethnologist and historian Bai shouyi says: Xin Qiji aimed his life at recovering the lost territories and contributing to his country. Unfortunately, Xin was ill-fated and repressed, failed to realize his ambitions. However, Xin never shook his patriotic resolve, and put all his enthusiasm and worries about national destiny to the creation of poetry.
The Chinese historian Deng guangming says: Although an extremely passionate patriot inherently, Xin Qiji has to pretend himself to be a detached and calm man, who is indifferent about political affairs.
辛弃疾是中国南宋豪放派词人,人称词中之龙,与苏轼合称「苏辛」,与李易安并称「济南二安」,和爱国诗人陆游双峰并峙。辛弃疾词风「激昂豪迈,风流豪放」,代表著南宋豪放词的最高成就。
Read more...: 生平 早年生涯 杀贼归宋 南归综述 南归十年 南归二十年 隐居生涯 再度起用 身后 家世 祖上 作品 词 词风 豪放词之抗战词 豪放词之悲愤词 农村词 婉约词 艺术成就 意境 手法 想象 语言 诗 文章 书法 评价 正面评价 负面评价 争议 纪念 济南 大明湖辛稼轩纪念祠 四风闸辛弃疾纪念馆 长沙 营盘路 上饶 辛弃疾墓 电影 脚注
生平
早年生涯
1140年5月28日(金熙宗天眷三年,宋高宗绍兴十年五月十一日),辛弃疾出生于金朝山东东路济南府的历城县(今山东省济南市历城区临港街道四风闸村),其时距靖康之变已有十三年。因辛弃疾的父亲辛文郁因病早亡,而在祖父辛赞抚养下长大,其祖父辛赞,是金朝亳州谯县(今安徽亳县)的县令,却经常灌输他抗金复宋的教育,「纡君父所不共戴天之愤」 ,曾带他两次到燕京考察军情。辛弃疾早年受业于毫州刘瞻,刘瞻在金国担任史馆编修,门生诸多,其中,辛弃疾和党怀英是佼佼者,二人并称「辛党」,后来,党怀英在金国担任职务,但是辛弃疾却走上了抗金道路。辛弃疾十四岁、十七岁时两次参加金朝燕京科举考试,不中。但这两次赶赴科举考试也是辛弃疾受祖父「随计吏抵燕山,谛观形势」之命所进行的两次实地考察。
杀贼归宋
1161年(绍兴三十一年)夏秋季节,金国君主完颜亮入侵南宋,北方抗金部队烽烟四起,在山东有耿京、开赵等人聚众起义。二十二岁的辛弃疾在济南南部山区聚集人马2000人,加入耿京的起义军,辛弃疾担任掌书记。辛弃疾极力劝说耿京「决策南向」,和南宋的朝廷正规军配合,一同抗击金兵,耿京于是派遣辛弃疾等11人奉表归宋,宋高宗召见之后委任辛弃疾承郎务、天平节度使掌书记,耿京为天平节度使。1162年(绍兴三十二年闰二月),辛弃疾在北归途中听说耿京被叛徒张安国杀害的消息,率领50骑兵直驱山东,奔入5万人中,将正在饮酒作乐的张安国捉拿,并且号召耿京旧部反正。之后,辛弃疾长驱渡淮,押解张安国到建康城斩首。此时,辛弃疾年纪轻轻,名重一时,南宋君主大为惊异 ,委任其江阴签判,自此,辛弃疾一直居住在南宋,不再北归,南宋乾道六年被召为司农寺主簿。
南归综述
南归之后的辛弃疾在馀生40馀年间,没有受到南宋朝廷的重用,或者浮现闲居,或者沉沦下僚,不得尽用其才。「一腔忠愤,无处发泄」,「自诡放浪林泉,从老农学稼」,并且用「词」作为发泄工具,成了一代词宗。
在南宋期间,辛弃疾曾任建康通判,知滁州,提点江西刑狱,湖北转运副使,湖南安抚使,淳熙五年(1178年),担任江西安抚使等职,是年二月,奏劾知兴国军黄茂材「过数收纳苗米,致人户陈诉故也」。召为大理少卿。
历任地方官期间,重视发展生产,训练军队,为北伐积极做好准备。他一生被弹劾七次。在被罢职后,闲居在信州上饶(今江西省上饶市)前后近20年,中间虽短期出任福建安抚使等职,但很快就被罢免。1180年,再次任隆兴(南昌)知府兼江西安抚使时,在上饶建园林式的庄园。晚年一度被韩侂胄起用,但仍然得不到信任,最后含恨辞世。据说他临终时还大呼「杀贼!杀贼!」。
南归十年
辛弃疾归南宋的前十年,对恢复旧山河饱含信心和希望,他虽然官职卑微,但是不断上书献策,其中,《十论》和《九议》是其政论文代表作,体现了其经济救世的才华。但是,辛弃疾的策略没有被朝廷采纳,10年里,他只是担任江阴通判、建康府通判、司农主簿。乾道元年(1165年),辛弃疾写了《美芹十论》上呈宋孝宗,但是没有回应。1168年(乾道四年),主战派虞允文当宰相,辛弃疾又写了《九议》,仍没有受到朝廷的重视。
晚年时辛弃疾曾感叹说:其中「万字平戎策」当指此。
南归二十年
乾道八年(1172年),辛弃疾担任滁州(今安徽省滁县)知府,开始了南归的第二个十年仕途生涯。当时的滁州因常年兵乱而凋敝,辛弃疾到任后「宽征薄赋,招流散,教民兵」,改善了当地的社会、经济状况。
淳熙二年四月,以赖文政为首的茶商武装集团在常德府、岳州一带称乱,并先后于湖南、江西大败官军。辛弃疾为宰相叶衡所荐,前往江西任提刑以讨捕茶寇。辛弃疾「亲提死士与之角」,使茶寇「困屈请降」辛弃疾虽然于当年平定这场叛乱,但他对于镇压内乱心里充满矛盾,他既不认同南宋朝廷「偃武修文」的大政策,也不认同「攘外必先安内」的治国方略。他在淳熙六年写成的奏章《论盗贼札子》中提到「痴者国之根本,而贪浊之吏迫使为盗」指出农民在南宋官吏豪绅逼迫下成为盗贼,以至「今年剿除,明年扫荡」,希望朝廷下令各路州县「洗心革面,皆以惠养元元为意」。此间可以看出他对农民寄予了深切同情。
淳熙七年,辛弃疾任湖南安抚使。他以湖南「风俗顽悍」、「武备空虚」为由,上疏朝廷请求在湖南建立一支地方军队,命名为「湖南飞虎军」。经朝廷准许后,他于当年夏开始筹建军队,共招募二千步军、五百马军,并在马殷营垒的遗址上建造军营。《宋史》载飞虎军建成后「雄镇一方,为江上诸军之冠」。此后的八十馀年时间里,虽然飞虎军的性质、驻地有所变化,但它始终是朝廷镇压当地叛乱、抗击金兵的重要力量。辛弃疾希望南宋朝廷能够国富民强,再恢复旧山河,但他也渐渐意识到自己在官场中「不为众人所容」。
淳熙八年,辛弃疾任江西安抚使。是年江西一带发生严重的饥荒,朝廷命其处理赈灾事务。他到任后在要道旁张贴「闭籴者配,强籴者斩」,以控制粮食买卖;又拿出官府的钱,派能人从外地运粮。这些举措使得粮价稳定下来,民众得以购买粮食。他也因此受到了宋孝宗的嘉奖。同年冬,御史王蔺弹劾他贪污而残暴,辛弃疾被革职处分,退隐田园。
隐居生涯
淳熙九年之后,辛弃疾开始隐居,取意「人生在勤,当以力田为先」,自号「稼轩」,,除了1192年(绍熙三年)到1194年(绍熙五年),短暂出任福建提点刑狱和安抚使,这前后18年里,他一直隐居在江西上饶城外的带湖和铅山的瓢泉。因其所居的代湖失火,辛弃疾便迁往了他曾买下并整饬后的瓢泉。1195或1196或1198年,在瓢泉的停云堂内,快要接近六十岁的辛弃疾写下了思亲怀人、抒壮志难酬而人却老去的《贺新郎·甚矣吾衰矣》。
1188年(淳熙十五年),辛弃疾和爱国词人陈亮在瓢泉附近的鹅湖寺相会,两人在鹅湖寺居住10天,「长歌相答,极论世事」,共商恢复大计,这也是中国历史上继朱熹和陆九渊之后的第二次「鹅湖寺之会」,两人唱和,辛弃疾写了《贺新郎》词数阙,表达了:
辛弃疾曾与理学大师朱熹同游武夷山。1200年(庆元六年),朱熹去世。当时由于庆元党禁,其旧友、门生无一送葬。辛弃疾亲自前往,并写祭文哀悼。文中赞叹朱熹:
再度起用
1203年(嘉泰三年),64岁的辛弃疾起任绍兴府知府和浙东安抚使,辛弃疾欣然上任,「不以久闲为念,不以家事为怀,单车就道,风采凛然」,这个时期,蒙古族壮大,金国被挤压,势力范围往南扩张,河北、河南、山东人民奋起反抗。南宋朝廷宰相韩侂胄利用辛弃疾的名望,派遣他担任镇江知府,辛弃疾打造了1万套军服,招募1万名士兵,训练一支精锐军队准备抗金,但是被南宋官员弹劾而去职。1205年(开禧元年)秋季,辛弃疾从镇江调回绍兴府任知府,他上章辞免,回到铅山。1206年(开禧二年),南宋王朝北伐失败,南宋朝廷委任其兵部侍郎,他仍上章辞免。十二月,南宋向金国求和。开禧三年(1207年),金国要求南宋把韩侂胄的人头送到金国才答应议和,韩侂胄大怒再次用兵,召集辛弃疾出山,但是诏命到达铅山的日子,辛弃疾已经病重,九月十日,一代词宗和爱国者辛弃疾「抱恨入地,赍志以殁」,享寿六十七岁。
身后
1208年,摄给事中倪思弹劾辛弃疾「迎合开边」,奏请朝廷「追削爵秩,夺从官恤典」。1233年,朝廷追赠辛弃疾光禄大夫。咸淳年间,谢枋得路过辛墓,写下《祭辛稼轩先生墓记》,决心「披肝沥胆」以雪其冤。。德佑初,谢枋得向朝廷上疏,要为辛弃疾洗冤,朝廷后加赠辛弃疾少师,谥号「忠敏」。
家世
祖上
辛家自始祖起皆为单传。辛家始祖为辛唯叶,曾任大理评事,在北宋真宗景德年间(公元1004—1008年)迁济南。祖父辛赞,死后受赠陇西郡主。父辛文郁则早亡。
作品
词
辛弃疾是中国南宋的著名词人,现存词六百二十六首,是两宋现存词最多的作家。词中表现了他积极主张抗金和由南宋收复中原的爱国热忱。作品题材广阔,风格多样,以豪放为主,善于用典,也善于白描,开拓了词的疆域,提高了词的表现力,成为南宋词坛最杰出的代表作家之一。人称他的词作「色笑如花,肝肠如火」。元大德年间编有《稼轩长短句》十二卷存世,是辛词中较完备版本。词与北宋的苏轼有「苏辛」之称,被认为是豪放词派的代表人物。被誉为词中之龙。著名词作:《水调歌头(带湖吾甚爱)》、《摸鱼儿(更能消几番风雨)》、《满江红(家住江南)》、《沁园春(杯汝来前)》、《水龙吟·过南剑双溪楼》、《青玉案·元夕》、《破阵子》、《丑奴儿》、《永遇乐》、《菩萨蛮·书江西造口壁》、《西江月·夜行黄沙道中》。
辛弃疾词的不足之处是有的词议论化、散文化,但是缺乏具体形象,有的堆砌典故,有掉书袋的毛病。
词风
辛弃疾今存词629首,抗金和恢复旧河山是主要内容。辛词多爱国伤时及复国之作,充满济世爱国的热情,洋溢著建功立业、报效国家之思想。辛词内容广泛,也有写田园山水,农村生活及其他内容的词作,流露出对田园山水和农村生活的热爱。如埋怨闲置,「长安故人问我,道惆怅殢酒只依然。目断秋霄落雁,醒来时响空弦」,如谴责主和派,「举头西北浮云,倚天万里须长剑。人言此地,夜深长见,斗牛光焰。我觉山高,潭空水冷,月明星淡。待燃犀下看,凭栏却怕,风雷怒,鱼龙惨。」,如梦想奔赴沙场,收拾旧河山,「追往事,今不见,但见山川满目泪沾衣。落日胡尘位断,西风塞马空肥。」
豪放词之抗战词
辛弃疾的抗战词,主要抒发了「整顿乾坤,恢复山河」的壮志,常常以英雄自诩,也以英雄诩人,在饮宴酬答,祝寿感怀里,藉助追思往日在金国的战斗岁月抒发豪情,如:「壮岁旌旗拥万夫,锦襜突骑渡江初。燕兵夜娖银胡觮,汉箭朝飞金仆姑。」 ;如描写自己早年和金兵鏖战,「八百里分麾下炙,五十弦翻塞外声,沙场秋点兵。马作的卢飞快,弓如霹雳弦惊。了却君王天下事,赢得生前身后名」 ,这些词表达了理想空落的悲叹,但是并不消沉,而是悲壮,在给韩元吉祝寿时抒发了爱国之情,「夷甫诸人,神州沉陆,几曾回首!算平戎万里,功名本是,真儒事,公知否……待他年,整顿乾坤事了,为先生寿。」 ;晚年在镇江任职的时候借景抒情,以刘备、孙权、曹操等英雄豪杰表达自己至老不衰的抗金斗志:「何处望神州。满眼风光北固楼。千古兴亡多少事,悠悠。不尽长江衮衮流。年少万兜鍪。坐断东南战未休。天下英雄谁敌手。曹刘。生子当如孙仲谋。」
豪放词之悲愤词
辛弃疾的豪放词里,有诸多抒发壮志未酬的悲愤词,表达满腔报国热情被冷落和闲置的悲愤,如:「楼观才成人已去,旌旗未卷头先白。」 ;想要驰骋疆场,但是「短檠灯,长剑铗,欲生苔。雕弓挂壁无用,照影落清杯。」 ;28岁时的作品《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》「可惜流年,忧愁风雨,树犹如此!倩何人唤取,红巾翠袖,揾英雄泪!」抒发了壮志难酬、有家难归、岁月空度的悲愤 ;《菩萨蛮》「郁孤台下清江水,中间多少行人泪?西北望长安,可怜无数山。」则表达了恢复旧山河的强烈愿望 。
农村词
除了抗战词、闲适词,辛弃疾还有大部分的农村词(也称作田园词),辛弃疾在第二次致仕时归隐上饶,有二十多年的时间。农场田园的生活也便成为了辛弃疾农村词(田园词)的源泉,虽然也受到了苏轼的田园诗影响但辛弃疾又在这一领域实现了超越与突破,虽然辛弃疾的田园诗数量只有二十五首左右,但也被认为是田园诗歌的一个高峰,也有评论者指出辛弃疾与苏轼的田园词未能像陶渊明那样切近农村生活,与农民之间有隔膜。辛弃疾在农村词表现手法上多用白描,来描绘人物情态动作和农村生活图景。辛弃疾在继承苏轼白描手法上,形成了与苏轼词般的语言朴素自然,通俗、清新,同时又熟练地将农民生活用语融入词中,使得词有淳朴特点。
辛弃疾的农场词讲述农村的美好生活,朴实、安定、充满活力,如「鸡鸭成群晚不收」、「明月别枝惊鹊」;描写蚕、小牛的「陌上柔桑破嫩芽,东邻蚕种已生些。平冈细草鸣黄犊,斜日寒林点暮鸦」 ;描写农人勤劳,农家生活和睦融洽、快乐的「最喜小儿无赖,溪头卧剥莲蓬」 、「莫遣旁人惊去,老夫静处闲看。」
辛弃疾的农村词,也有讲述了自己孤苦寂寞和对国事忧虑的感情,如:「屋上松风吹急雨。破纸窗间自语。」 ,有解酒消愁,抒发牢骚的词,如「昨夜松边醉倒,问松『我醉何如』。只疑松动要来扶。以手推松曰『去』」也有讲述自己年老体衰、功业未成的痛苦,如「少日春怀似酒浓。插花走马醉千钟。老去逢春如病酒。」
婉约词
辛弃疾描写爱情、男女离别的婉约词约有70多首,「其秾纤绵密,亦不在小晏、秦郎之下」 ,「绝不做妮子态」 ,辛弃疾的婉约词通常是借儿女情长之情和风月花草的景来抒发自身身世之感,并从中折射政治现实。据《鹤林玉露》载当时宋孝宗在读罢辛弃疾的《摸鱼儿·更能消几番风雨》后颇为不高兴。
辛弃疾代表作有《祝英台令·晚春》「宝钗分,桃叶渡,烟柳暗南浦。怕上层楼,十日九风雨。断肠片片飞红,都无人管,更谁劝、啼莺声住?鬓边觑,试把花卜归期,才簪又重数。罗帐灯昏,哽咽梦中语:是他春带愁来,春归何处?却不解、带将愁去。」辛弃疾写婉约的爱情词,如「却把泪来做水,流也流到伊边」,如「如今只恨因缘浅,也不曾抵死恨伊。」「我自是,笑别人底,却无来,当局者迷」。
艺术成就
辛词多豪放之作,意境雄奇阔大,形象生动,充满浪漫主义色彩(王国维曰「稼轩之词豪」),感情悲沾慷慨,豪壮炽烈。辛词风格多样化,也有缠绵细致,自然闲淡,及其他风格的作品。辛弃疾的词,打破了词和诗,词和散文的界限,融合诗、词、散文、辞赋,丰富了词的内涵,扩大了词的表现力和境界。手法上,辛词形式解放,诗词散文合流,将词散文化,善于熔铸经史百家,驱遣散文诗歌入词。辛词中并多议论,杨慎曰:「稼轩为词论。」辛弃疾喜运用口语,善于提炼民间口语入词,带来新鲜活泼气息。辛词又善于用典,善用比兴寄托、比喻、拟人等手法。语言上,辛弃疾的词「趋势庄、骚、经、史,无一点斧凿痕,笔力甚峭」,并且「用事最多,然圆转流丽,不为事所使,称是妙手」。辛弃疾的词慷慨豪放,熔铸百家,有豪放有婉约,汪洋恣肆,尽情挥洒,气势磅礴,风格豪迈,沉郁雄浑,笔酣墨饱,「稼轩敛雄心,抗高调,变温婉,成悲凉」 。
意境
辛弃疾的词的意境雄奇阔大,「幼安之佳处,在有性情,有境界」,他以「英雄之才、忠义之心、刚大之气」写词,特定的时代环境、曲折的生活经历、强烈的个性气质、远大的政治抱负,决定了他的词富有「广阔的场景、战斗的英姿、坚强的性格」的形象,有雄奇的画面、悲壮的声响、飞动的景物、光怪陆离的神话传奇等,如《水龙吟》 :
手法
辛弃疾的词,「词之妙莫妙于以不言言之,非不言也,如寄深于浅,寄厚于轻,寄劲于婉,寄直于曲,寄实于虚,寄正于余皆是」 ,常常使用「比兴」手法,藉助黄叶、草、鸟、山、风、水、月等景物寄托自己的情怀,如《摸鱼儿》用写男女爱情来写君臣之事,用惜春怨春写自己对南宋王朝的爱恨,用蛾眉遭妒写自己被朝廷抛弃,用玉环飞燕写南宋投降派,用斜阳烟柳写风雨飘摇的南宋王朝;如《蝶恋花》用「风雨无凭准」写朝廷反覆无常。
想象
辛弃疾的词藉助浪漫的想象来塑造,他把大自然的山水、风雨、草木、山石赋予人的感情和性格,如《太常引》:辛弃疾向嫦娥倾诉衷肠,要乘风遨游太空,砍断月桂树来澄清宇宙,表达自己的报国之志;如《沁园春》「杯,汝来前」,跟酒杯对话,显得幽默诙谐;如《西江月》「以手推松曰『去』」,表达自己独立傲世、无求于人。
语言
辛弃疾的词打破了词以往的狭小天地,运用了诗句、古文、辞赋,丰富了词的语言范围,点化和化用前人的句子、诗歌,可以说是在词的历史上语汇最为丰富。「辛稼轩别开天地,横绝古今,论、孟、诗小序、左氏春秋、南华、离骚、史、汉、世说、选学、李杜诗,拉杂运用,弥见其笔力之峭」,「稼轩词龙腾虎掷,任古书中俚语瘦语,一经运用,便得风流」 ,代表作如《踏莎行》,全部化用了《易经》、《论语》、《诗经》与《礼记》,但是从容不迫、挥洒自如、毫无捏合之感:
辛弃疾的词运用了大量人民群众的口语,有著浓烈的生活气息,如「千峰云起,骤雨一霎儿价」 ;「轿儿挑了,担儿装了,杜鹃一声鹊起」;如「些底事,误认哪,不成真个不思家」 ;「却怪白鸥,觑著人欲下未下」。
诗
辛弃疾也写诗,题材多样,整理编辑的《全宋诗》中留有辛弃疾的140首诗,他的诗如《送别湖南部曲》,写自己的政治遭遇,诗风俊逸,和当时的诗坛「江西派」、「江湖派」不同,部分抗战诗,悲壮雄迈,不在其豪放词之下。辛弃疾的诗歌没有得到太大的关注,同时代的刘克庄认为是因为辛弃疾的词太富盛名,而掩盖了他的诗光辉,他也认为辛弃疾的诗(《送别湖南部曲》)「悲壮激烈」,清代的邹祗谟则分析认为辛弃疾工于词,使得诗「不强人意」。
文章
辛弃疾的文章,虎虎有生气,如「笔势浩荡,智略辐凑,有权书论衡之风」。
书法
辛弃疾留存于世的墨迹甚少,《去国帖》是其为数不多的行楷书作品之一。此帖书法中锋用笔,点画尽合法度,书写流畅自如,浑厚沉婉,虽无甚特色,亦不失方正挺拔之气。现存北京故宫博物院。
评价
正面评价
• 《宋史·卷四〇一》:「辛弃疾知大义而归宋。」
• 陈亮《辛稼轩画像赞》:「呼而来,麾而去,无所逃天地之间;挠弗浊,澄弗清,岂自为将相之种!」
• 范开《稼轩词序》:「公一世之豪,以气节自负,以功业自许。」
• 刘克庄《辛稼轩集序》:「辛公文墨议论尤英伟磊落……笔势浩荡,智略辐凑,有权书衡论之风……呜呼,以孝皇之神武,及公盛壮之时,行其说而尽其才,纵未封狼居胥,岂遂置中原于度外哉……公所作大声鞺鞳,小声铿鍧,横绝六合,扫空万古,自有苍生以来所无。其秾纤绵密者亦不在小晏秦郎之下。」
• 谢枋得《祭辛稼轩先生墓记》:「公有英雄之才,忠义之心,刚大之气,所学皆圣贤之事……公精忠大义,不在张忠献、岳武穆下。……使公生于艺祖、太宗时,必旬日取宰相。……公没,西北忠义始绝望。」
• 刘熙载《艺概·词概》:「稼轩词龙腾虎掷,任古书中理语瘦语,一经运用,便得风流,天资是何夐异。」又「辛稼轩风节建竖,卓绝一时,惜每有成功,辄为议者所沮。」
• 陈廷焯《白雨斋词话》:「辛稼轩,词中之龙也!」又「稼轩有吞吐八荒之概,而机会不来。正则可以为温、李,为岳、韩,变则即桓温之流亚。」
• 胡适《词选》:「(辛弃疾)是词中的第一大家。他的才气纵横,见解超脱,情感浓挚。」
负面评价
• 顾炎武《日知录·卷十三》:「幼安久宦南朝,未得大用,晚年多有沦落之感,亦廉颇思用赵人之意尔。观其与陈同甫酒后之言,不可知其心事哉。」
争议
• 香港大学罗忼烈教授在《漫谈辛稼轩的经济生活》一文中指出辛弃疾落职后生活豪奢,从而推断其为官时可能有贪污行为。在辛弃疾晚年短暂出任期间,就有多次因贪腐之罪名受弹劾而被罢官,在《宋会要》之中也有记载。邓广铭等学者则对这一观点加以了驳斥。
纪念
济南
大明湖辛稼轩纪念祠
位于大明湖南岸,建于清光绪三十年(公元1904年),原为纪念李鸿章的祠堂,1960年改建为辛稼轩纪念祠。建筑面积1400平方米,保存比较完好。
四风闸辛弃疾纪念馆
辛弃疾纪念馆位于辛弃疾出生地历城临港街道四风闸村南,修建于1996年,占地总面积31亩,建筑面积4000平方米。纪念馆正门为四柱三开间石牌坊。进入仿宋山门,馆前立有「稼轩故里」雕刻石碑,由书法名家欧阳中石题写。纪念馆由位于正北方的三座展厅组成,正中展厅展示了辛弃疾生平事迹,两侧展室则展现辛弃疾的一些有代表意义的历史画面。纪念馆后与四风闸隔著一片树林,树林中是是辛家坟的旧址。
长沙
营盘路
原为营盘街,为长沙城北的一条麻石街,长600馀米。辛弃疾任湖南安抚使时,在潭州建立「飞虎军」,在马殷营垒的遗址上建造军营。该街地处飞虎军营盘旧址,故而得名「营盘街」。1999年,该路被拆除拓宽,初名「展览馆路」,后应学者和市民呼吁,将其更名为营盘路。2003年初,长沙市政府在该路安置了辛弃疾铜像,人物高高约3.5米,马身长约4米。
上饶
辛弃疾墓
辛弃疾墓位于中国江西省上饶市铅山县永平镇鼓楼门村阳源山麓。辛弃疾晚年定居铅山瓢泉,死后葬于阳源山麓,原墓碑立于南宋绍定年间,清代乾隆年间辛弃疾后裔于墓前又立新碑。《铅山县志》载:「辛忠敏弃疾墓,在七都虎头门。宋绍定间赠光禄大夫,敕葬于此。旧有金字碑立驿道旁,曰稼轩先生神道。」郭沫若为之题写对联:「铁板铜琶继东坡高唱大江东去,美芹悲黍冀南宋莫随鸿雁南飞。」
电影
• 《辛弃疾铁血传奇》:峨眉电影制片厂于1993年出品的一部影片,虚构了辛弃疾少年时的一段故事。剧中辛弃疾由刘燕军饰演,其妻范如玉(姓名虚构)由蒋勤勤饰演。
• 《辛弃疾1162》:浙江美视众乐文化传播有限公司、共青团中央网络影视中心联合制作出品,张哲执导,谢苗、南笙、郑文森、颜世魁主演的历史英雄史诗电影,剧中辛弃疾由谢苗饰演。电影于2020年1月2日在爱奇艺上线。
脚注
Source | Relation |
---|---|
稼轩词 | creator |
窃愤续录 | creator |
窃愤录 | creator |
美芹十论 | creator |
蕊阁集 | creator |
阿计替传 | creator |
Text | Count |
---|---|
御选历代诗馀 | 2 |
浙江通志 | 2 |
续资治通鉴 | 4 |
福州府志乾隆本 | 3 |
万姓统谱 | 2 |
宋史纪事本末 | 5 |
四库全书总目提要 | 9 |
文献通考 | 1 |
尧山堂外纪 | 2 |
直斋书录解题 | 1 |
建炎以来系年要录 | 2 |
宋史 | 45 |
四库全书简明目录 | 1 |
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