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-> 隋

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ctext:630334

RelationTargetTextual basis
typedynasty
namedefault
authority-wikidataQ7405
link-wikipedia_zh隋朝
link-wikipedia_enSui_dynasty
The Sui dynasty ( ) was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618. The re-unification of China proper under the Sui brought the Northern and Southern dynasties era to a close, ending a prolonged period of political division since the War of the Eight Princes. The Sui endeavoured to rebuild the country, re-establishing and reforming many imperial institutions; in so doing, the Sui laid much of the foundation for the subsequent Tang dynasty, who after toppling the Sui would ultimately preside over a new golden age in Chinese history. Often compared to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), the Sui likewise unified China after a prolonged period of division, undertook wide-ranging reforms and construction projects to consolidate state power, and collapsed after a brief period.

The dynasty was founded by Yang Jian (Emperor Wen), who had been a member of the military aristocracy that had developed in the northwest during the prolonged period of division. The Sui capital was initially based in Daxing (Chang'an, modern Xi'an), but later moved to Luoyang in 605, which had been re-founded as a planned city. Wen and his successor Emperor Yang undertook various centralising reforms, most notably among them the equal-field system that aimed to reduce economic inequality and improve agricultural productivity, the system, which preceded the Three Departments and Six Ministries system, and the standardisation and re-unification of the coinage. The Sui also encouraged the spread of Buddhism throughout the empire. By the dynasty's mid-point, the state experienced considerable prosperity, enjoying a vast agricultural surplus that supported rapid population growth.

The Sui engaged in many construction mega-projects, including the Grand Canal, the extension of the Great Wall, and the reconstruction of Luoyang. The canal linked Luoyang in the east with Chang'an in the west, with the eastern economic and agricultural centres towards Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and Yuhang (now Hangzhou), and with the northern frontiers (near modern Beijing). While the initial motivations of the canal were improving grain shipments to the capital and military logistics—including the transportation of troops—the new, reliable inland route would ultimately facilitate domestic trade, the flow of people, and cultural exchange for centuries. These mega-projects were led by an efficient centralised bureaucracy, but forcibly conscripted millions of workers at a heavy human cost.

After a series of military campaigns against Goguryeo on the Korean peninsula, ended in defeat by 614, the dynasty disintegrated amid popular revolts that culminated in the assassination of Emperor Yang by a minister named Yuwen Huaji in 618. The dynasty, which lasted only 37 years, was undermined by ambitious wars and construction projects, which overstretched its resources. Particularly, under Emperor Yang, heavy taxation and compulsory labour duties would eventually induce widespread revolts and brief civil war following the fall of the dynasty.

Read more...: History   Foundation and Emperor Wen   Emperor Yang and re-conquest of Vietnam   War with Goguryeo   Collapse   Culture   Taoism   Buddhism   Confucianism   Poetry   Family tree  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.
隋朝(581年3月4日-619年5月23日)是中國歷史之中,上承南北朝、下啟唐朝的一個重要的朝代,史學家常把它和唐朝合稱隋唐。581年隋文帝楊堅受禪建立隋朝,至619年王世充廢隋恭帝楊侗為止,國祚僅38年。楊堅屬於北周的關隴集團,於北周宣帝繼位後,權勢漸增,甚至威脅皇權。幼年的北周靜帝即位後,由身為皇帝外祖父的楊堅擔任攝政大臣,讓外戚勢力逐漸控制北周朝廷。楊家掌權後,先後平定尉遲迥司馬消難等反楊叛軍。581年,楊堅命靜帝禪位,北周滅亡。楊堅即位後,定國號為「隋」。依據五行相生的順序,北周的「木」德之後為「火」德,因此隋朝以火為德運並選取與火德對應的紅色為正色。隋文帝於587年廢除後梁,於589年隋滅陳之戰攻滅陳朝,俘虜陳後主。隔年9月,控制嶺南地區的冼夫人歸附隋朝。至此,天下一統,隋朝結束了中國自魏晉南北朝以來的分裂局面,重新建立大一統的國家。

隋文帝總結歷朝興亡的原因,維護與農民的關係,調和統治集團內部的關係。這些措施使社會矛盾趨於緩和,經濟、文化得以迅速成長並呈現繁華景象,開創出開皇之治。然而隋文帝晚年剛愎自用,提倡嚴苛重刑,因猜忌而大殺功臣,國力開始衰退。隋文帝的次子楊廣爭奪長子楊勇的太子位獲勝。604年隋文帝去世,楊廣繼位,即隋煬帝。隋煬帝為了鞏固隋朝發展,興建許多大型建設,又東征西討,隋朝發展到極盛。然而隋煬帝好大喜功,忽視民眾感受,嚴重耗費隋朝國力,其中又以三次東征高句麗為最甚,最後引發隋末民變。616年隋煬帝離開東都,前往江都(即今江蘇揚州)。617年,軍閥李淵殺入都城長安,立留守長安的煬帝嫡孫代王楊侑為帝,遙尊隋煬帝為太上皇,隋煬帝對此並不知情,仍以皇帝自居。618年宇文化及等人發動兵變,殺死隋煬帝,立煬帝侄秦王楊浩為帝;隋恭帝楊侑禪讓李淵,李淵正式稱帝,建立唐朝;守衛洛陽的大將王世充立留守洛陽的煬帝庶孫越王楊侗為帝;宇文化及廢殺楊浩,自建許國。隔年,王世充迫使楊侗禪位,建立鄭國,隋朝亡。620年,東突厥處羅可汗迎接煬帝另一孫楊政道北逃東突厥,封為隋國王。隋末群雄割據的局面,最終也為唐朝所終結。630年唐朝滅東突厥,楊政道返回中原,東突厥的隋國也就此廢除。

在政治制度方面,隋朝確立了影響後世深遠的三省六部制,以鞏固中央集權制度;制定出完整的科舉制度,以選拔優秀人才,弱化世族壟斷仕官的能力。另外還建立政事堂議事制度、監察制度、考績制度,這些都強化了政府機制,深刻影響到唐朝與後世的政治制度。在軍事上,繼續推行和改革府兵制;經濟上,一方面實行均田制和租庸調制減輕農民生產壓力,另一方面採取大索貌閱和輸籍制等清差戶口措施,以增加財政收入。這些政策成就了隋初的開皇之治。

為了鞏固隋朝發展,隋文帝與隋煬帝還興建了隋唐大運河、隋長城、馳道以及大興城與東都洛陽。這些都提升了位於關中的隋廷對北方地區、關東地區與江南地區的掌控力,使隋朝各地的經濟、文化與人民能順利交流,還誕生出經濟重鎮江都(今揚州)。外交方面,隋朝的盛世也使得當時周邊國家和境內的少數民族如高昌、倭國、高句麗新羅百濟與內屬的東突厥等國都受隋朝文化與典章制度的影響,外交交流以日本的遣隋使最為著名。

隋朝結束自魏晉南北朝以來的分裂局面,奠定日後大唐盛世的基礎,對中國歷史的意義重大。隋朝對於外族文化的接受度高,並與漢文化融合,與唐朝合為在中國歷史上比較開放的朝代。

Read more...: 國號   歷史   崛起與大一統   開皇之治   盈滿之國   隋末民變   疆域及行政區劃   政治制度   外交   軍事制度   人口   經濟   農業   手工業   商業   建設   大運河   大興城   東京城   隋長城   文化   學術思想   文學、史學與音韻學   宗教   藝術   科技   君主年表   隋末地方割據勢力   相關條目   注釋  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.

SourceRelationfrom-dateto-date
蕭吉associated-dynasty
顏之推associated-dynasty
隋文帝ruled581/3/4開皇元年二月甲子604/8/13仁壽四年七月丁未
隋煬帝ruled604/8/14仁壽四年七月戊申617/12/17大業十三年十一月辛酉
隋恭帝ruled617/12/18義寧元年十一月壬戌618/6/12義寧二年五月戊午
北史work-subject
隋書work-subject

TextCount
四庫未收書提要1
舊唐書1
四庫全書總目提要2
南史1
通典1
四庫全書簡明目錄1
海國圖志7
URI: https://data.ctext.org/entity/630334 [RDF]

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