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高麗恭愍王[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:81525
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 高麗恭愍王 | default |
name | 恭愍王 | |
name | 공민왕 | |
ruled | dynasty:高麗 | |
from-date 高麗恭愍王元年正月丙午 1352/1/18 | ||
to-date 高麗恭愍王二十三年十二月庚申 1375/1/31 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q494074 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 高麗恭愍王 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Gongmin_of_Goryeo |
Read more...: Biography Early life Reign Death As an artist Family Popular depictions
Biography
Early life
Goryeo had been a semi-autonomous vassal state under the overlordship of the Mongol Yuan dynasty since the Mongol invasions of Korea in the 13th century. Starting with King Chungnyeol, prospective rulers of Korea married Mongolian princesses and were customarily sent to the Yuan Court, in effect, as hostages. As per this custom, King Gongmin spent many years in the Yuan court, being sent there in 1341, before ascending the Korean throne. He married a Mongolian princess who became Queen Noguk. The Yuan dynasty began to crumble during the mid-14th century, and was eventually conquered and replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368.
Reign
With the disintegration of Yuan, which had influenced the Korean peninsula since the Mongol invasion of Korea of 1238, King Gongmin began efforts to reform Goryeo government. His first act was to remove all pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officers from their positions. These deposed people formed a dissident faction which plotted an unsuccessful coup against the king. High official Jo Il-shin even tried to take over the government, but this rebellion was put down by general Choi Young.
During the Mongol invasions of Korea, between the 1250s and the 1270s, the Mongols had annexed the northern provinces of Korea and incorporated them into their empire as Ssangseong (쌍성총관부, 雙城總管府) and Dongnyeong Prefectures (동녕부, 東寧府). In 1356, the Goryeo army retook these provinces partly thanks to the defection of Yi Ja-chun, a minor Korean official in the service of the Mongols in Ssangseong, and his son, Yi Seong-gye. In addition, Generals Yi Seong-gye and Ji Yongsu led a campaign into Liaoyang.
Another issue was the question of land holdings. The land-grant system had broken down, and Mongol-favoured officials, along with a handful of landed gentry, owned the vast majority of agricultural land, which was worked by tenant farmers and bondsmen. However, King Gongmin's attempt at land reform was met with opposition and subterfuge from those officials who were supposed to implement his reforms, as they were landowners themselves.
The Wokou were also a problem encountered during King Gongmin's reign. The Wokou had been troubling the peninsula for some time and had become well-organized military marauders raiding deep into the country, rather than the "hit-and-run" bandits they started as. Generals Choi Young and Yi Seong-gye were called upon by King Gongmin to combat them.
Additionally, King Gongmin grappled with the Red Turban troops, who invaded Goryeo twice during his reign (first in 1359 and again in 1361). In 1361, the Red Turban troops occupied Kaesong for a short period of time. After Kaesong was recaptured by Generals Choe Yeong, Yi Seong-gye, Jeong Seun, and Yi Bang-sil, few Red Turban troops managed to escape with their lives.
During the reign of King Gongmin, a Goryeo diplomat, Mun Ik-jeom, stationed in China managed to smuggle cotton seeds into Goryeo, introducing them to the Korean peninsula for the first time.
Although the relationship between Queen Noguk and the king was very close, they failed to conceive an heir for many years. Despite suggestions of taking a second wife, King Gongmin ignored these requests. The king was also known to have entered into pederastic relationships with several court catamites, or chajewi, and the names of five of these are recorded as: Hong Yun, Han An, Kwon Chin, Hong Kwan, and No Son. Queen Noguk became pregnant but died from complications with childbirth in 1365. Her death led to King Gongmin's depression and mental instability. King Gongmin became indifferent to politics and entrusted the great tasks of state to Pyeonjo, a Buddhist monk who was born as the son of a princess and a slave. Judging him as clever, King Gongmin renamed Pyeonjo as Shin Don. Having the full confidence of King Gongmin, Shin Don tried to reform the society of Goryeo. In 1365, King Gongmin gave Pyeonjo the nickname "Cheonghan Geosa" and the noble title of Jinpyeonghu (Chinpyŏng Marquess). After six years, Shin Don lost his position, and King Gongmin had him executed in 1371. During his visits, the king had grown close to one of Shin Don's servants, Banya, whom he had a son named Monino with in 1365. After Shin Don's death, the boy was proclaimed heir apparent and it was claimed that his mother was a deceased palace maid.
Goryeo's entrenched bureaucracy never forgave King Gongmin for his reform efforts. They interpreted his policy of cutting all ties with the Yuan and establishing relations with Ming China as a direct threat to their status and feared that further attempts at reform might yet be made. Kaesong's deposed pro-Mongol faction battled to protect its position and hoped to renew ties with the Mongols who had helped them gain and hold their wealth in the first place.
Death
Some time before his death, King Gongmin found out that one of his concubines had an affair with a young man named Hong Ryun (홍륜), which led to King Gongmin's anger. Before King Gongmin could kill him, Hong Ryun and Choe Man-saeng (최만생) killed the King in his sleep in 1374.
After his death, a high official Yi In-im assumed the helm of the government and enthroned eleven-year-old, King U.
As an artist
King Gongmin was well known for his artistic skills, and he is referred to as one of the best artists of the Goryeo period. He was also well known for his calligraphy works.
Example of his works are:
• "Painting of A Hunt in the Mountains of Heaven" 《天山大獵圖 (천산대렵도 Cheonsan Daeryeop Do)》
• "Painting of Two Sheep" 《二羊圖 (이양도 I Yang Do)》
• "Portrait of Princess Noguk" 《魯國大長公主真 (노국대장공주진 Noguk Daejang Gongju Jin)》
• "Portrait of Yeom Je-shin 《廉悌臣象 (염제신상 Yeom Je-shin Sang)》, 1370's
• "Portrait of Sohn Hong-ryang" 《孫洪亮象 (손홍량상 Sohn Hong-ryang Sang)》
• "Portrait of Śākyamuni's Leaving Mountain" 《釋迦出山像 (석가출산상 Seokga Chulsan Sang)》
• "Landscape of Epang Palace" 《阿房宮圖 (아방궁도 Ahbanggung Do)》
• "Landscape of Hyeonreung" 《玄陵山水圖 (현릉산수도 Hyeonreung Sansu Do)》
• "Portrait of Bodhidharma Crossing a River with a Broken Branch" 《達磨折蘆渡江圖 (달마절로도강도 Dalma Jeollo Dogang Do)》
• Dongjabohyeon Yugabaeksang Do《童子普賢六牙白象圖 (동자보현육아백상도)》
File:Cheonsandaeryeopdo.jpg|Cheonsan Daeryeop Do, "Portrait of A Hunt in the Mountains of Heaven".
File:고려 공민왕작 염제신 상.jpg|Yeon Je-shin's Portrait, painted by King Gongmin around the 1370s.
File:서울 마포 고려 공민왕 내외 영정.jpg|King Gongmin and Queen Noguk
Family
• Father: King Chungsuk of Goryeo (30 July 1294 – 3 May 1339) (고려 충숙왕)
• Grandfather: King Chungseon of Goryeo (20 October 1275 – 23 June 1325) (고려 충선왕)
• Grandmother: Yasokjin, Consort Ui (? – 18 July 1316) (의비 야속진)
• Mother: Queen Gongwon of the Namyang Hong clan (18 July 1298 – January 1380) (공원왕후 홍씨)
• Grandfather: Hong Gyu (1242 – 23 June 1316) (홍규)
• Grandmother: Lady Kim of the Gwangju Kim clan (광주 김씨)
• Consorts:
• Queen Indeok of the Borjigin clan (? – 8 March 1365) (인덕왕후)
• Queen Sunjeong of the Goksan Han clan (? – 1376) (순정왕후 한씨)
• Royal Consort Hye-Bi of the Gyeongju Lee clan (? – 3 February 1408) (혜비 이씨)
• Royal Consort Ik-Bi of the Kaesong Wang clan (익비 왕씨)
• Royal Consort Shin-Bi of the Paju Yeom clan (신비 염씨)
• Royal Consort Jeong-Bi of the Jukju Ahn clan (? – 1428) (정비 안씨)
• Ban-Ya (시비 반야)
• #King U of Goryeo (25 July 1365 – 31 December 1389) (고려 우왕)
Popular depictions
• Portrayed by Im Hyuk in the 1983 KBS TV series Foundation of the Kingdom.
• Portrayed by Jeong Bo-seok in the 2005–2006 MBC TV series Shin Don.
• Portrayed by Joo Jin-mo in the 2008 film A Frozen Flower.
• Portrayed by Ryu Deok-hwan in the 2012 SBS TV series Faith.
• Portrayed by Ryu Tae-joon in the 2012–2013 SBS TV series The Great Seer.
• Portrayed by Kim Myeong-su in the 2014 KBS TV series Jeong Do-jeon
Read more...: 生平 性愛好 家庭 妻妾 子 繪畫 評價 影視 注釋
生平
高麗忠肅王十七年(1330年)五月生,封江陵大君。高麗忠惠王後二年(1341年),元順帝召入京師宿衛,稱「大元子」,在大都作為人質生活了10年。高麗忠穆王即位,封為江陵府院大君。忠穆薨,國人欲立他,元朝讓忠定王襲位,仍留他宿衛。高麗忠定王元年(1349年),尹澤、李承老獻書元朝中書省請立他為王。同年迎娶元朝魯國大長公主寶塔失里。高麗忠定王三年(1351年)十月,被元順帝封為高麗國王,高麗忠定王被迫退位。他回國。上台不久,各地就被倭寇侵擾。
高麗恭愍王元年(1352年),判三司事趙日新作亂,被誅。同年大量倭寇進犯高麗,王京大震,境內騷然。此後各地倭寇不絕。恭愍王下令禁止高麗人作蒙古族打扮。
1354年八月脫脫奉詔討張士誠,徵兵高麗,恭愍王為緩和與元朝的矛盾,派柳濯、廉悌臣、權謙、元顥、羅英傑、印璫、金鏞、李權、康允忠、鄭世雲、黃裳、崔瑩、李芳實、安祐等率兩萬三千人助戰。
高麗恭愍王五年(1356年),大司徒奇轍謀反,被誅。奇轍為元順帝奇皇后之兄,挾威震主,被恭愍王夷族。同年以評理印璫,同知密直司事姜仲卿為西北面兵馬使,司尹辛王旬、俞洪,前大護軍崔瑩、前副正崔夫介為副使,率軍攻鴨綠江以西八站。六月癸丑,引兵渡鴨綠江攻婆娑府等三站破之。一度停用至正年號,又遣樞密院副使柳仁雨攻取元朝雙城總管府,並收降元朝斡東千戶所千戶李子春(蒙古名吾魯思不花)。吾魯思不花之子李成桂,後來成為高麗名將,建立朝鮮王朝。高麗攻佔「和、登、定、長、預、高、文、宜及宣德、寧仁、輝德、靜邊等鎮。」至此,1258年後歸屬元朝的部分土地被高麗收回。高麗又繼續北進,攻占曷懶甸之戰時設立的咸州,即元之合蘭府(今咸鏡南道咸興)至三散(今咸鏡南道北青)的土地,勢力達至伊板嶺(即朝鮮摩天嶺)。
高麗恭愍王八年(1359年),元朝紅巾軍侵略高麗,攻陷西京平壤,遣平章事李承慶為都元帥,拒之。次年,紅巾軍被擊敗,退回鴨綠江。高麗恭愍王十年(1361年),紅巾軍再次入侵,遣樞密院副使李芳實為西北面都指揮使,拒之。紅巾軍逼近京畿,高麗恭愍王南逃福州,開城陷落。次年,以參政鄭世雲為總兵官,督諸軍進攻盤踞開京(今朝鮮民主主義人民共和國開城)的紅巾軍。紅巾軍大敗,逃出高麗。同年,元朝遼陽行省丞相納哈出意圖收複三散、忽面等地,被東北面上萬戶李成桂擊敗。高麗恭愍王十二年(1363年),還都開城。六月平澤縣暴亂。年底元順帝下詔廢恭愍王的王位,立忠宣王三子德興君王譓塔思帖木兒為高麗國王,奇三寶奴為太子,命令發遼陽行省兵渡鴨綠江,與當年崔榮戰勝殘留在濟州島、平壤等地的元朝軍隊送塔思帖木兒去高麗即位。
高麗恭愍王十三年(1364年)正月,崔濡、塔思帖木兒率一萬軍隊圍義州,恭愍王以贊成事崔瑩為西北面都巡慰使,敗之。十月,元順帝朝遣翰林學士承旨奇田龍詔恭愍王複位。送崔濡于高麗,崔濡十一月被殺。次年,魯國大長公主寶塔失里難產死。
高麗恭愍王十五年(1366年),遣使至元朝,表請改名王顓,開始信用僧人辛旽。大興土木,祭奠魯國大長公主。
高麗恭愍王十七年(1368年),吳王朱元璋在應天府即皇帝位,定國號「大明」,建元「洪武」,遣征虜大將軍徐達、副將軍常遇春攻破大都,元順帝北逃上都。次年,明太祖賜書恭愍王,恭愍王停用元朝年號,遣禮部尚書洪尚載、監門衛上護軍李夏生奉表進賀;並遣奉翊大夫、密直副使李成桂為東北面元帥,進攻北元東寧府,以示忠誠。
高麗恭愍王十九年(1370年),明太祖遣尚寶司丞偰斯封恭愍王為高麗國王:「咨爾高麗國王王顓:世守朝鮮,紹前王之令緒;恪遵華夏,為東土之名藩。當四方之既平,嘗專使而往報;即陳表貢,備悉忠誠。良由素習于文風,斯克謹修于臣職,允宜嘉尚,是用褒崇。今遣使齎印,仍封爾為高麗王,凡儀制服用許從本俗。于戲!保民社而襲封,式遵典禮,傳子孫于永世,作鎮邊陲,其服訓辭,益綏福履!」並另賜書告誡恭愍王不要太過崇佛,「國之大事,在祀與戎」,「今胡運既終,沙塞之民非一時可統,而朕兵未至遼瀋,其間或有狂暴者出,不為中國患恐為高麗之擾。況倭奴出入海盜十有餘年,王之虛實豈不周知?皆不可不慮也。」恭愍王遣三司左使姜師贊上表謝恩,繳還元朝頒賜的高麗國王之印,並要求收回耽羅,以當地蒙古人為高麗百姓。同年,再遣李成桂出擊東寧府。
高麗恭愍王二十年(1371年),流放辛旽,殺之。明太祖將陳友諒之子歸德侯陳理、明玉珍之子歸義侯明升遷居高麗。元朝遼陽行省平章劉益及王右丞以金、複、海、蓋等州降于高麗。十月,高麗兵陷五老山寨,樞密副使哈利不花被俘。次年二月,北元派伯都帖木兒、玉山不花到高麗,以璽書賜高麗王:「頃因兵亂,遷于北。今以擴廓帖木兒為相,幾于中興。王亦世祖之孫也,宜助朕複正天下。」恭愍王欲殺北元使者,群臣阻攔。于是恭愍王在夜裡會見伯都帖木兒,說自己有眼病,實際是防止明朝知道,恭愍王向北元獻苧布。
高麗恭愍王二十三年(1374年),明太祖遣禮部主事林密攜中書省文諮至高麗取馬:「欽奉聖旨:『我想高麗國已先,元朝曾有馬二三萬留在耽羅牧養,孳生盡多,中書省差人將文書去與高麗國王說得知道,教他將好馬揀選二千匹送來。』恭愍王遣門下評理韓邦彥前往耽羅取馬,僑居當地牧馬的蒙古人只同意送三百匹。林密等對恭愍王說:「濟州馬不滿二千數,則帝必戮吾輩,請今日受罪于王。」恭愍王無以對,于是以門下贊成事崔瑩為楊廣、全羅、慶尚道都統使,將兵討之,得勝而還。同年,恭愍王被宦官和內侍崔萬生等弒殺。一說恭愍王無後,立辛旽之子辛禑為繼承人,怕洩露消息,要殺男寵封鎖消息,反被男寵殺害。禑王二年(1376年)九月,謚為「仁文義武勇智明烈敬孝大王」;十一年(1385年)九月,明朝賜謚「恭愍」。
性愛好
恭愍王有同性戀傾向。恭愍王最終被男寵所殺。
家庭
妻妾
子
• 江寧大君王禑:恭愍王和奴婢般若所生之子,但被懷疑其父是辛旽,因此也有人稱其辛禑。
繪畫
恭愍王真跡 天山大獵圖
恭愍王酷愛繪畫,著有《天山大獵圖》、《魯國公主真》,《釋迦出山像》、《廉悌臣像》、《阿房宮圖》、《玄陵山水圖》、《童子普賢六牙白象圖》。
評價
KBS:在高麗王朝,除了開國君主太祖王建以外,最有名的君主恐怕就是恭愍王了。然而,他在相當長的一段時間裡,被人們誤認為是荒淫無道的君主。恭愍王即位之後所打出的旗幟是「反元改革政策」。他利用元朝衰落的時機,要恢復高麗長期以來被賤踏的自尊心。恭愍王執政的第一年(1352年),他下令禁止了「留辮子」、「穿胡服」等在高麗國內已經流傳很廣的風俗。他在逐漸排斥親元勢力的同時,又撤除了元朝為了幹涉高麗內政而設立的「征東行中書省理問所」,並攻下了「雙城總管府」,1370年,命大將李成桂跨過鴨綠江討伐遼寧。他又任用了開化的僧侶辛旽,將土豪利用權勢所佔據的土地還給了原農民,解放了奴隸,並實施了一系列其它的改革政策。然而,恭愍王的改革受到保守派的權貴們的強烈反對與元朝施加的強大壓力無法得到應有的進展。紅巾軍的入侵使政局陷入長期的混亂,改革也不得不被終止。支持自己改革的妻子魯國大長公主於1365年被自己所信任的權臣李仁任毒死而逝世了,恭愍王悲傷欲絕,一心轉向佛事。僧侶辛旽被賦予了更高的權力,使得高麗上層社會的權力鬥爭愈演愈烈。1371年,辛旽被權臣李仁任誣告以叛逆罪處死,1374年,恭愍王也被權臣李仁任所指使的宦官及內侍弒殺,一心想要改革的君主就這樣逝世了。恭愍王可以說是高麗王朝最後的一絲希望,而他的死直接促成了高麗的滅亡。他所主張的改革與對魯國公主的悼念也都從人們的記憶中褪去,留下的只有那改革失敗的君主名號。
影視
• 韓國MBC電視劇《辛旽》
• 韓國電影《霜花店》(2009年)中的王是以恭愍王為藍本的。
• 韓國SBS電視劇《信義》
• 韓國SBS電視劇《大風水》
• 韓國KBS電視劇《鄭道傳》
• 韓國MBC電視劇《奇皇后》
注釋
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