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-> 山海關 Shanhaiguan

山海關 Shanhaiguan[View] [Edit] [History]
ctext:836266

RelationTargetTextual basis
typeplace
name山海關
    pinyin Shānhǎiguān
authority-wikidataQ1048381
link-wikipedia_zh山海关
link-wikipedia_enShanhai_Pass
location119.754144,40.009364
The Shanhai Pass (山海關 Shānhǎi Guān, literally Mountain Sea Pass) is a major fortified gateway at the eastern end of the Great Wall of China and one of its most crucial fortifications, as the pass commands the narrowest choke point in the strategic Liaoxi Corridor, an elongated coastal plain between the Yan Mountains foothills and the Bohai Sea, which is the only easily traversable landway between North and Northeast China. It is located in present-day Shanhaiguan District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei province, on the east bank of the Shi River, with defensive walls stretching from the Yan Mountains all the way to the shores of the Liaodong Bay.

Throughout Chinese history, garrisons around the pass served as frontline defensive outposts against raids and incursions into the North China Plain by various non-Sinitic ethnic groups from the Northeast (also known as Manchuria since the 19th century), including the Dongyi, Donghu (Xianbei and Wuhuan), Khitan and Jurchen (Manchus). The current Shanhai Pass was built during the early Ming dynasty as the easternmost fortification of the Ming Great Wall, and was extensively reinforced after Yongle Emperor moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing following the Jingnan campaign, making it the most important defensive barrier in all of China, as it shielded the heartland region around the imperial capital. The pass' strategic location dictated that without mounting a costly direct siege, the only way an invading army can get past the pass' defense was to circumvent it around the north through a few treacherously narrow mountain passes deep within the Yan Mountains, which would make it very difficult to maintain supply lines and thus any sizeable invasions. This defensive significance therefore earned the pass the famous nickname "First Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一关).

The pass is a popular tourist destination nowadays, especially the location where the end of the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea, nicknamed "Old Dragon's Head" (老龙头). In 1961, the pass was selected as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level by the State Council of China, and it was listed as a World Heritage Site as part of the Great Wall by UNESCO in 1987. The pass' gatehouse heritage site lies nearly east of Beijing and is linked via the Jingshen Expressway that runs northeastward to Shenyang. The Shanhaiguan railway station, a major stop on the Beijing–Harbin railway, is located directly south of the old site of the barbican wall of the pass' main gate.

Read more...: History   Later history   Battle of Shanhai Pass   Climate   Structure   Transport   References  

山海關位于中華人民共和國河北省秦皇島市山海關區與遼寧省葫蘆島市綏中縣的邊界附近,又名渝關榆關。山海關位于燕山和渤海之間,是明長城最東端的關隘,故而被稱為「天下第一關」。此處早在戰國時期就曾修築有長城,洪武十四年(1381年)修築現有關隘,自此山海關成為地理分界,該關口以東區域被稱為「關外」。至崇禎年間修建有羅城、衛城和海防城等附屬建築。清朝乾隆年間成為永平府所轄的臨榆縣城。清末時為加強海防而修建多處炮台。中華民國時期,山海關先後為奉系、國民政府、日軍、冀熱遼軍區等方控制,1948年11月27日為東北野戰軍接管。中華人民共和國成立後一度歸屬于遼西省管轄,後劃歸河北省。山海關共分為關城、東羅城、西羅城、北翼城、南翼城、威遠城、寧海城等多個部分,其中部分建築曾被改建或重建。關城東城門鎮東樓西側屋簷下有著名的「天下第一關」牌匾,南側伸入渤海的部分被稱為「老龍頭」。1961年,山海關被列為全國重點文物保護單位,1987年作為長城的一部分入列世界文化遺產。現今京哈鐵路和均從此關口經過,為交通要道。

Read more...: 歷史   明朝及以前時期   清朝時期   中華民國時期   中華人民共和國時期   結構   山海關關城   衛城   海防城   開發   參考資料  


TextCount
清史稿13
清史紀事本末2
明史1
世宗憲皇帝上諭內閣4
清稗類鈔2
URI: https://data.ctext.org/entity/836266 [RDF]

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