Nalan Xingde (納蘭性德; January 19, 1655 – July 1, 1685), Manchu name
Nara Singde, courtesy name
Rongruo (容若|s=|t= |labels=no), was a
Qing dynasty Chinese poet, famous for his ci poetry. He was born
Nalan Chengde (納蘭成德), but had to change his name when the
Kangxi Emperor named
Yunreng his crown prince. The character
cheng (成) became taboo because it was phonetic part of Yunreng's birth name.
Born in Beijing in January 1655, Nalan Xingde came from a powerful Manchu family that not only belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners, but was also related to royalty. His father Mingju, who became Grand Secretary in 1677, was second cousin to the Shunzhi Emperor, and his mother was the fifth daughter of Ajige, Prince Ying of the First Rank, and thus first cousin to the Shunzhi Emperor. Xingde's genealogical origins could have been Mongolian, however, since his clan was originally a tribe of the Mongol Yehe who defeated the Manchu Nara tribe and adopted their name.
He was reportedly a bright child with a talent in writing poetry and essays. Like all Manchu boys, however, he was also taught riding and archery, and was said to be quite proficient in both.
By nineteen, he was already enjoying a literary reputation. However, success at the national civil service examination eluded him until 1676, when he obtained the Chin-shih Degree. In contrast to the more common practice of naming a chin-shih a bureaucrat/official, the Kangxi Emperor gave Xingde a military position as a junior grade officer in the Imperial Bodyguard (三等侍衛).
Xingde became a close associate of the emperor, perhaps due to their similar ages, and often accompanied the emperor on royal tours of inspection. Later, Xingde was promoted to a higher position (一等侍衛). He was sent on a tour of the northern border to assess the damage caused by the Russian border raids and skirmishes.
He died at the age of 30, due to an unspecified illness.
When he was 19, he married the daughter of Lu Xingzu (盧興祖), who was the Viceroy of Guangdong. Three years into the marriage, his wife died in childbirth. He later took a concubine whose family name was Yan (顏) and eventually married a woman whose family name was Guan (官). At thirty, he took another concubine, Shen Wan (沈宛), who was a poet of some standing herself. He had at least three sons and several daughters.
One of the daughters of Nalan Xingde was married to Han Bannerman Nian Gengyao.
Read more...: Character In fiction and popular culture
Character
Nalan was born with great talent in literature. Though his supernormal background has paved the way for his political career, it also controlled his freedom. So in Nalan's mind, he is tired of his position, freedom is the pursuit of his life. Coming from a rich family, Nalan does not value the material comforts, literature is his favorite. His dear wife's death made him painful and pessimistic, and intensified his eagerness to get close to nature.
In fiction and popular culture
• Portrayed by Stephen Wong Ka-lok in The Life and Times of a Sentinel (2011)
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.
納蘭性德(1655年1月19日 - 1685年,
清順治十一年十二月十二日-
康熙二十四年五月三十日),
那拉氏(又稱作
納蘭氏),原名
成德,避太子
保成諱改名為
性德,字
容若,號
飲水、
楞伽山人。生于北京。滿洲正黃旗人,
清朝政治人物、詞人、學者。
Read more...: 生平 家庭 後人 成就與作品 評價 納蘭性德墓
生平
納蘭性德生於臘月,始祖名叫星懇達爾漢(亦勝根打喇漢、打葉),曾祖父叫金台石,是葉赫部貝勒,其妹孟古為努爾哈赤的妃子(即皇太極生母,皇太極是納蘭性德的舅公)。母愛新覺羅氏,為阿濟格之女,父親納蘭明珠歷任內務府總管、吏部尚書、武英殿大學士。納蘭性德十七歲進太學,十八歲中舉,十九歲會試中試,因患寒疾,沒有參加殿試。二十二歲即康熙十五年(1676年)補殿試,中二甲第七名,賜進士出身。康熙帝愛其才,又因他是八旗子弟,上代又與皇室沾親,與康熙長子胤禔生母惠妃也有親戚關係,所以被康熙留在身邊,授予三等侍衛的官職,後晉升為一等侍衛,多次隨康熙出巡,並奉旨出使梭龍(其方位學界尚存分歧),考察沙俄侵邊情況。康熙二十四年五月三十日患急病去世,年僅三十歲(虛齡三十二),死後葬于京西皂甲屯納蘭祖墳(今北京海澱區上莊皂甲屯)。《清史稿》有傳。
家庭
納蘭性德20歲時(約1674年)娶兩廣總督盧興祖之女為妻,顏氏為妾,納蘭與盧氏十分恩愛。可惜好景不長,才過了三年多的時間,盧氏就于康熙十六年五月三十號,因產後受風寒,纏綿病榻而去世。納蘭性德為她寫下了許多感人至深的悼亡詞。又過了三年多,他續娶官氏為繼室。兩人感情也不錯。納蘭性德在扈駕至遼東、五台山、江南一帶巡視及赴梭龍偵察的行役途中所寫的一些思家的作品,顯然是為官氏所作的。納蘭性德的子女人數、名字,由于記載年代和史料來源有別,虛實難辯,甚至自相矛盾,很久以來無法弄清。據現有材料,研究者大致認同納蘭共有三子,長子富格,次子富爾敦,三子富森,女數人。長女嫁給高其倬作原配;其中一個女兒嫁給了年羹堯,其孫名瞻岱。
納蘭性德一生,一共兩位紅粉知己,一個是原配夫人盧氏,另一個是南方漢家才女沈宛。沈宛是當時江南小有名氣的歌妓才女,因當時民間有滿漢不能通婚的不成文風氣,娶沈宛後沈宛並未入住納蘭府,住在北京西郊德勝門的宅子內,他盡力給她一切,卻唯獨不能給她一個家。半年後,沈宛便離開京城,回到了江南。
相傳,納蘭容若還有一位青梅竹馬的小表妹,兩人兩情相悅。但按當時的規矩,凡到選秀女之年,三年一次,家有13-15歲的姑娘必須進宮參加選秀,入選進宮,落選可自由婚配。以表妹的家世,相貌,才華,想必是肯定被選中的。從此兩人天各一方,徒留無數遺憾。
納蘭容若去世于康熙二十四年,同年秋天,沈宛為他生下了他的遺腹之子富森。
後人
• 直系後裔:富爾敦(進士、七品京官)、富格(福哥)、富森(福森);瞻岱(亦占岱,參領、副都統,康雍乾三朝時期人);達洪阿(恩蔭,乾隆朝);那魁(那揆,乾、嘉朝)、那倫(頭等侍衛、乾隆五十五年世襲佐領,嘉慶十八年癸酉之變卒)、那成(那什,乾、嘉朝人);恩隆(恩騎尉、嘉慶十八年接替父那倫為世襲佐領,嘉、道朝人)、長年(先後為那倫、恩隆佐領下人,雲南陸涼州知州、湖北鄖陽府知府);巴哈布(道、咸朝);容山(參領、副都統,咸、同、光朝);麟祥(容山子,清末刑部、法部主事,光、宣朝)、麟瑞(容山子,清末、民國);葉連德(民人、車夫,民國時期人)。
《欽定八旗通志》載:第三參領第七佐領系第六佐領內余丁,明珠管理佐領時分編一佐領,以其長子興德(性德、星德)管理。興德故,以其弟左都御史揆敘(魁緒)管理。揆敘故,以其子兵部侍郎永壽(永綬)管理。永壽故,以其子寧秀(寧琇)管理。寧秀故,以其兄之子玉琳(玉麟)管理。玉琳故,以其子成安(承安)管理。成安革職,以其叔祖之孫那倫管理。清朝內務府檔案《會計司呈稿》又載,「承安(成安)之祖魁緒(揆敘)後嗣另門分居之那倫、那什等名下」的莊田。而正黃旗滿洲都統咨稱:「據那倫等呈稱,身系明珠之子興德三世之孫,並非魁緒後嗣,身祖瞻代名下原有雍正九年分給岫巖等處地九頃三十畝,交莊頭王明等承種,此外並無另有地畝。」由此檔案可以確定,那倫與那什是瞻岱的孫子,達洪阿的兒子,詞人納蘭性德的直系後裔。再由清代人物傳包《那倫列傳》和南京大學清代官員檔案資料庫確定那倫之子恩隆襲佐領。
• 直系女後裔:女數人,一女嫁給高其倬、一女嫁年羹堯。納蘭容若孫瞻岱之長女許配鑲藍旗滿洲人、雍正十一年( 1733年)癸丑科進士、翰林院編修鄂倫(重臣鄂爾泰侄,「鄂爾泰侄鄂昌,雍正舉人;鄂倫、鄂敏,皆為雍正進士」),瞻岱次女許鑲黃旗生員哈賞阿。
• 族內後裔:繁多,有那丹珠(亦納丹珠、世襲佐領,協副將,第一歷史檔案館. 乾隆二十五年那丹珠升涼州鎮永昌協副將迴避族兄調肅州鎮永固協副將.),永綬(亦侍郎永壽)、永福;寧秀(亦寧琇)、寧秀兄;玉琳(亦玉麟);成安(亦承安,揆敘孫,乾隆年間被革職,由皇貴妃兄金簡負責抄家)等。舒妃(存疑,缺乏史料証明舒妃之父永壽即為納蘭容若家族之永壽,或同名)。納蘭明珠同族親戚主要分布在正黃旗滿洲第三參領第六、七、八、九、十佐領及部分在第四參領第十一、十四佐領。《欽定八旗通志》載:正黃旗滿洲第三參領第九佐領,尼雅哈之三世孫副都統占岱(即納蘭性德孫瞻岱)管理,占岱(瞻岱)升任以其侄穆爾泰管理,穆爾泰升任以其叔岱清阿管理,岱清阿升任以其侄那丹珠(亦納丹珠)管理。乾隆二十五年,那丹珠上呈《納丹珠承襲世管佐領家譜》,因繕寫錯誤,乾隆閱後發怒責罰,令該佐領重新揀選人承襲。「正黃滿奏臣旗進呈署理陞任副將那丹珠佐領家譜內那魁(那揆)成安(承安)玉麟(玉琳)等名理應更正連寫臣允祿未能悉心仍然分寫進呈甚屬非是請將臣等交部嚴加查議。」該滿文族譜現藏于中國國家圖書館,《納丹珠承襲世管佐領家譜》是明珠大家族族譜,並非詳細記載納蘭性德支系後裔情況。
成就與作品
}
山一程
水一程
身向榆關那畔行
夜深千帳燈
風一更
雪一更
聒碎鄉心夢不成
故園無此聲
|-
!
人生若只如初見
何事秋風悲畫扇
等閒變卻故人心
卻道故人心易變
驪山語罷清宵半
淚雨零鈴終不怨
何如薄倖錦衣郎
比翼連枝當日願
|-
!
一生一代一雙人
爭教兩處銷魂
相思相望不相親
天為誰春
漿向藍橋易乞
藥成碧海難奔
若容相訪飲牛津
相對忘貧
|}
納蘭性德善騎射,好讀書,經史百家無所不窺,夏承燾《詞人納蘭容若手簡前言》稱:「他是滿族中一位最早篤好漢文學而卓有成績的文人。」納蘭能詩善賦,尤工詞,雖長于鐘鳴鼎食之家,且「密邇天子左右,人以為貴近臣無如容若者」(《通志堂集》卷19附錄),然其詞境淒清哀婉,多幽怨之情。他自己在《與梁藥亭書》中曾寫道:「僕少知操觚,即愛《花間》致語」。從他的某些作品中,可以看到《花間集》的風味。與朱彞尊、陳維崧並稱「清詞三大家」。
二十四歲時,納蘭性德把自己的詞作編選成集,名為《側帽詞》,康熙十七年(1678年)又委託顧貞觀在吳中刊成 《飲水詞》,取自宋朝岳珂《桯史·記龍眠海會圖》「至于有法無法,有相無相,如魚飲水,冷暖自知。」惜此兩本詞集今皆不見傳本。後有人將兩部詞集增遺補缺,共342首,編輯一處,名為《納蘭詞》(道光十二年汪元治結鐵綱齊本和光緒六年許增榆園本),今存詞一共348首。
納蘭性德去世後,他的師友徐乾學、顧貞觀、嚴繩孫、秦松齡等人為其編成《通志堂集》二十卷,包括賦一卷,詩、詞、文、《淥水亭雜識》各四卷,雜文一卷,附錄二卷。其中包含歷史、地理、天文、曆法、佛學、音樂、文學、考証等方面知識。此外,他還編刊過《大易集義粹言》、《詞韻正略》、《今詞初集》、《通志堂經解》等書。
《通志堂經解》一書,本為徐乾學所輯,同官納蘭成德慕之,央友與徐關說,言此書卷帙浩繁,鋟工頗費,願出貲鐫印,署其姓名。徐曰:「但願傳薪于後學,豈吝纖芥之浮名?」慨然允諾。閱者知為納蘭氏,不知出徐氏手也。
書法作品
納蘭性德手簡真跡,被中國納蘭性德研究界奉為「國寶」,今藏上海圖書館。手簡共三十六通。可以說,這是迄今為止發現的唯一被証實的納蘭性德手稿遺墨,價值極高。
有一幅對聯,署名納蘭成德,應是改名之前所書。被專家認定為真跡,可能是納蘭容若唯一傳世的大幅書法作品。
評價
• 顧貞觀:「容若天資超逸,悠然塵外,所為樂府小令,婉麗淒清,使讀者哀樂不知所主,如聽中宵梵唄,先悽惋而後喜悅。」「容若詞一種淒忱處,令人不能卒讀,人言愁,我始欲愁。」
• 陳維崧:「飲水詞哀感頑艷,得南唐二主之遺。」
• 周之琦:「納蘭容若,南唐李重光後身也。予謂重光天籟也,恐非人力所能及。容若長調多不協律,小令則格高韻遠,極纏綿婉約之致,能使殘唐墜緒,絕而複續,第其品格,殆叔原、方回之亞乎?」
• 況周頤:「容若承平少年,烏衣公子,天分絕高。適承元、明詞敝,甚欲推尊斯道,一洗雕蟲篆刻之譏。獨惜享年不永,力量未充,未能勝起衰之任。其所為詞,純任性靈,纖塵不染,甘受和,白受採,進于沉著渾至何難矣。」
• 王國維:「納蘭容若以自然之眼觀物,以自然之舌言情,此由初入中原,未染漢人風氣,故能真切如此,北宋以來,一人而已!」
• 陳廷焯:「容若飲水詞,在國初亦推作手,較東白堂詞〔佟世南撰,〕似更閒雅。然意境不深厚,措詞亦淺顯。余所賞者,惟臨江仙〔寒柳〕第一闋,及天仙子〔淥水亭秋夜、〕酒泉子〔謝卻荼蘼一篇〕三篇耳,余俱平衍。又菩薩蠻云:『楊柳乍如絲。故園春盡時。』亦淒忱,亦閒麗,頗似飛卿語,惜通篇不稱。又太常引云:「夢也不分明。又何必催教夢醒。」亦頗淒警,然意境已落第二乘。」 《白雨齋詞話》
• 陳夢渠:「納蘭詞最重名句效應,若之于全詞,未必人人都知之。如:『臨來無限傷心事。』又:『當時只道是尋常。』又:『人到情多情轉薄,而今真箇悔多情。』又:『誰道飄零不可憐。』又:『人生若只如初見。』于白話文情感中皆可朗朗上口。然全詞如何,讀者未必知。」
納蘭性德墓
納蘭家族墓位于北京海澱區上莊鄉上莊村北皂甲屯西一處台地上。尼迓韓(尼雅翰、尼雅哈)及夫人墨爾根氏;明珠及夫人覺羅氏;納蘭性德及夫人盧氏;揆敘及夫人耿氏;揆方及夫人覺羅氏;永壽等。民國多次被盜,後人葉連德奔走相告無果,直到文革完全破壞。現附近有納蘭性德紀念館。存有納蘭性德墓誌銘石碑上書:「皇清通議大夫一等侍衛佐領納蘭君墓誌銘」
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.