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後燕趙王[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:870268
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 後燕趙王 | default |
name | 燕趙王 | |
name | 慕容麟 | |
name | 趙王 | |
ruled | dynasty:後燕 | |
from-date 延平元年七月丁酉 397/8/10 | ||
to-date 延平元年十二月乙亥 398/1/15 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q3275346 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 慕容麟 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Murong_Lin |
Read more...: Before Later Yans founding During Murong Chuis reign During Murong Baos reign
Before Later Yans founding
The first reference to Murong Lin in history was in 369, when Murong Chui, then a Former Yan prince, fled to Former Qin after he came after suspicion of the emperor Murong Wei's mother Empress Dowager Kezuhun and the regent Murong Ping. Previously, Murong Chui's plan was to flee to the old capital Longcheng (龍城, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning) and occupy it, and then seek reconciliation with Empress Dowager Kezuhun, but on the way, Murong Lin, who was then unfavored by Murong Chui, fled back to the capital Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei) and revealed his father's plans, forcing his father to readjust his plan and flee to Former Qin instead.
For his treachery, however, Murong Lin appeared to be not appreciated by Empress Kezuhun, and he appeared to have been exiled to Longcheng as a soldier under the command of his cousin Murong Liang (慕容亮) the Prince of Bohai—or possibly to the even more remote Shacheng (沙城), described to be 300 kilometers northeast of Longcheng. In 370, after Murong Ling had been tricked by the Former Qin prime minister Wang Meng into defecting back to Former Yan, Murong Ling was exiled to Shacheng, and he started a rebellion with fellow exiles, planning to seize Longcheng, but Murong Lin revealed his plan to Murong Liang, who then prepared for the attack. Murong Ling's subordinate She Gui (渉圭) then rose against him and killed him.
As a result of Murong Lin's treachery, after Former Qin conquered Former Yan later in 370, and Murong Chui accompanied the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān in entering Yecheng, Murong Chui put Murong Lin's mother to death, but did not have the heart to execute Murong Lin as well, but only expelled him from the household and ordered him to live elsewhere. However, in late 383 and 384, as Murong Chui rose against Former Qin following Fu Jiān's defeat at the Battle of Fei River at the hand of Jin troops, Murong Lin offered many useful strategies to his father, and his father changed his view of Murong Lin, favoring him as much as other sons.
During Murong Chuis reign
After Murong Chui officially declared independence and established Later Yan later in 384, Murong Lin served as one of his generals in campaigns against Former Qin remnants, semi-independent warlords, and other states. He appeared to be effective in these campaigns. In 386, Murong Chui created him the Prince of Zhao. In 386-387 and 390-391, he commanded armies to, in conjunction with the Later Yan vassal Northern Wei's prince Tuoba Gui, fight the Xiongnu chieftain Liu Xian (劉顯) and later other rebels that threatened Tuoba Gui's safety. It was in 391 when he saw Tuoba Gui's abilities, and he recommended to Murong Chui to force Tuoba Gui to take up residence at the Later Yan capital Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding, Hebei) and entrust Northern Wei to a brother. Murong Chui refused.
After Tuoba Gui renounced his allegiance to Later Yan (following Later Yan's seizure of his brother Tuoba Gu (拓拔觚) over a dispute of whether Northern Wei should offer horses as tributes) in 391, he began to harass Later Yan borders, and in 395, Murong Chui sent his crown prince Murong Bao to lead an expedition, with Murong Lin and Murong Nong the Prince of Liaoxi as his assistant commanders. However, during the campaign, as Later Yan and Northern Wei armies stalemated across the Yellow River near the Northern Wei capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), Tuoba Gui spread false rumors that Murong Chui was dead, and Murong Lin's subordinates Muyu Song (慕輿嵩) tried to start a coup to overthrow Murong Bao and make Murong Lin emperor, but was discovered and killed. This led to friction between the brothers, and the Later Yan forces withdrew. Murong Bao left Murong Lin to be rear guard against a Northern Wei attack, but Murong Lin did not take Tuoba Gui seriously and therefore did not look for Northern Wei troops, and Tuoba Gui intercepted Murong Bao's main forces at Canhe Slope and annihilated most of the troops, leading to further ambition by Tuoba Gui to eventually conquer Later Yan. In 396, Murong Chui personally led a campaign against Northern Wei that had initial successes, but as the army passed through Canhe Slope, they mourned in such a great manner that Murong Chui, in shame and anger, grew ill, and the army was forced to retreat. He died soon thereafter and was succeeded by Murong Bao.
During Murong Baos reign
Despite the suspicions that they might have had of each other prior to the defeat at Canhe Slope, Murong Bao and Murong Lin reconciled, and Murong Lin was initially one of Murong Bao's most trusted generals. After Tuoba Gui defeated Murong Nong and seized Bing Province (并州, modern central and northern Shanxi), he headed for Zhongshan, and Murong Bao put Murong Lin in charge of Zhongshan's defenses. Murong Lin advocated defending the city and not engaging Northern Wei forces, much to Murong Nong and Murong Long's frustration.
In spring 397, however, as Zhongshan remained under siege by Northern Wei forces, Murong Lin tried to start a coup inside the city to overthrow Murong Bao. After his attempt failed, he fled out of Zhongshan and took up post in the Taihang Mountains. Apprehensive that Murong Lin might seize relief forces commanded by Murong Hui the Prince of Qinghe, Murong Bao abandoned Zhongshan. The people of Zhongshan initially supported Murong Xiang (慕容詳) the Duke of Kaifeng as their leader to continue resisting Northern Wei. In summer 397, Murong Xiang claimed imperial title, but drew the anger of the people because he, apprehensive of Northern Wei forces (which had by then lifted siege on Zhongshan but had remained in the vicinity), refused to let the citizens, under a severe famine, to forage food outside the city, and was cruel in his rule. Murong Lin made a surprise attack on Zhongshan, whose gates were opened for him, and he arrested and killed Murong Xiang. Murong Lin then himself claimed imperial title and permitted the people to forage food—but then, failed to take the opportunity after enough food was gathered to engage Northern Wei forces, and eventually, as wild food dwindled, Northern Wei forces defeated him and captured Zhongshan. He fled to Yecheng to the protection of his uncle Murong De the Prince of Fanyang (and no longer mentioned his imperial claims).
Murong Lin advised Murong De that Yecheng was too large of a city to defend, and that he should consider abandoning it and taking up position at Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan) south of the Yellow River. Murong De agreed and abandoned Yecheng, taking up residence at Huatai. Then, Murong Lin offered imperial title to Murong De, who did not take such title but assumed imperial powers under the title Prince of Yan, thus establishing Southern Yan. He made Murong Lin a key general, but Murong Lin then planned another rebellion, and Murong De executed him.
Read more...: 生平 背叛父兄 助父復國 討平諸叛 參合之敗 乘亂稱帝 謀亂遭戮 年號 家庭
生平
背叛父兄
父親慕容垂本為前燕吳王,建熙十年(369年)時因遭到主政的慕容評及可足渾太后逼害而以出獵為名率眾打算逃奔燕故都龍城(今遼寧省朝陽市),但慕容麟因一向不被父親喜愛,在一行人走到邯鄲(今河北省邯鄲市)時走回首都鄴城(今河北臨漳縣西)通風報信。慕容垂部眾聞知圖謀敗露大多叛離,而燕帝慕容暐也派了西平公慕容強領精銳騎兵追擊,只因慕容垂長子慕容令親自斷後逼退了慕容強追兵。然而慕容麟此舉令慕容垂被逼改變行程,潛行至洛陽(今南省洛陽市)後西投前秦《資治通鑑·卷一百零二》:十一月,辛亥朔,垂請畋於大陸,因微服出鄴,將趨龍城。至邯鄲,少子麟,素不為垂所愛,逃還告狀,垂左右多亡叛。太傅評白燕主暐,遣西平公強帥精騎追之,及於范陽。世子令斷後,強不敢逼。會日暮,令謂垂曰:「本欲保東都以自全,今事已洩,謀不及設。秦主方招延英傑,不如往歸之。」垂曰:「今日之計,捨此安之!」乃散騎滅跡,傍南山復還鄴,隱於趙之顯原陵。……至河陽,為津吏所禁,斬之而濟。遂自洛陽與段夫人、世子令、令弟寶、農、隆、兄子楷、舅蘭建、郎中令高弼俱奔秦,留妃可足渾氏於鄴。。慕容垂入秦後得前秦天王苻堅賞識,獲封侯賜官,惟秦丞相王猛認定慕容垂將來必成禍患,力主殺掉他,故雖然苻堅拒絕加害,但王猛還是藉翌年(370年)出兵進攻前燕的機會將慕容令選為自己參軍,並藉通信不便的情形派人以餞行時慕容垂送給自己的配刀詐稱是慕容垂約定與慕容令叛秦的信物。慕容令墮進圈套東歸,而根本無叛還行為的慕容垂就因而被王猛指控謀反,只是苻堅再度維護慕容垂,待之如初。相反逃還前燕的慕容令遭燕人猜忌是前秦奸細,被流放到龍城東北五百里處的沙城處《資治通鑑·卷一百二》:王猛之發長安也,請慕容令參其軍事,以為鄉導。將行,造慕容垂飲酒,從容謂垂曰:「今當遠別,卿何以贈我,使我睹物思人?」垂脫佩刀贈之。猛至洛陽,賂垂所親金熙,使詐為垂使者,謂令曰:「吾父子來此,以逃死也。今王猛疾人如仇,讒毀日深;秦王雖外相厚善,其心難知。丈夫逃死而卒不免,將為天下笑。吾聞東朝比來始更悔悟,主、後相尤。吾今還東,故遣告汝;吾已行矣,便可速發。」令疑之,躊躇終日,又不可審覆。乃將舊騎,詐為出獵,遂奔樂安王臧於石門。猛表令叛狀,垂懼而出走,及藍田,為追騎所獲。秦王堅引見東堂,勞之曰:「卿家國失和,委身投朕。賢子心不忘本,猶懷首丘,亦各其志,不足深咎。然燕之將亡,非令所能存,惜其徒入虎口耳。且父子兄弟,罪不相及,卿何為過懼而狼狽如是乎!」待之如舊。燕人以令叛而復還,其父為秦所厚,疑令為反間,徙之沙城,在龍都東北六百裡。。慕容令擔心自己還是避不過太后和慕容評的逼害,當年五月便和在沙城結交的流放士兵們起兵攻下威德城,並得附近諸戍響應。時慕容令打算乘勢襲取龍城,慕容麟此時卻將兄長的圖謀向龍城守將勃海王慕容亮告發,慕容令遂敗於閉門拒守的慕容亮,並遭涉圭殺害《資治通鑑·卷一百零二》:慕容令自度終不得免,密謀起兵,沙城中謫戍士數千人,令皆厚撫之。五月,庚午,令殺牙門孟媯。城大涉圭懼,請自效。令信之,引置左右。遂帥謫戍士東襲威德城,殺城郎慕容倉,據城部署,遣人招東西諸戍,翕然皆應之。鎮東將軍勃海王亮鎮龍城,令將襲之;其弟麟以告亮,亮閉城拒守。癸酉,涉圭因侍直擊令,令單馬走,其黨皆潰。涉圭追令至薛黎澤,擒而殺之,詣龍城白亮。亮為之誅涉圭,收令屍而葬之。。同年十一月,前燕為前秦所滅,慕容垂跟隨苻堅進入鄴城,他痛恨慕容麟兩度背叛父兄,遂將慕容麟生母殺死,但卻不捨得殺慕容麟,只是和他保持拒離,很少和他見面。
助父復國
前秦建元十九年(383年),苻堅於淝水之戰戰敗後慕容垂成功求得讓其撫慰北方,其實就想趁機復國,期間就遇上苻堅命其討伐翟斌的機會。駐鎮鄴城的長樂公苻丕即對其有所懷疑,故意給他二千弱兵及一些差劣的兵器,更以苻飛龍領一千兵作副手監視他。慕容垂遂在河內募兵,並藉機殺掉苻飛龍,期間慕容麟多番獻計,令慕容垂對其改觀,待遇回復和其他兒子一樣了《資治通鑑·卷一百五》:初,垂從堅入鄴,以其子麟屢嘗告變於燕,立殺其母,然猶不忍殺麟,置之外捨,希得侍見。乃殺苻飛龍,麟屢進策畫,啟發垂意,垂更奇之,寵待與諸子均矣。。次年(384)慕容垂承制稱燕王,以慕容麟為撫軍大將軍,其後在四月受派往信都(今河北衡水市冀州區)支援正在攻城的樂浪王慕容溫。五月,信都降燕,慕容麟轉攻常山(治今河北正定縣);六月,常山守將苻亮及苻謨出降,慕容麟進攻中山(今河北定州市),並在七月攻下中山,俘獲苻鑒,聲威大振《資治通鑑·卷一百零五》:秦冀州刺史阜城侯定守信都,高城男紹在其國,高邑侯亮、重合侯謨守常山,固安侯鑒守中山。燕王垂遣前將軍、樂浪王溫督諸軍攻信都,不克;夏,四月,丙辰,遣撫軍大將軍麟益兵助之。……(五月)秦苻定、苻紹皆降於燕,燕慕容麟引兵西攻常山。……(六月)燕慕容麟拔常山,秦苻亮、苻謨皆降。麟進圍中山,秋,七月,克之,執苻鑒。麟威聲大振,留屯中山。。
前秦幽州刺史王永及平州刺史苻沖率眾進攻燕軍,慕容垂派寧朔將軍平規擊敗他們,並進佔薊(今北京巿)南,王永遂向劉庫仁求援,劉庫人派了公孫希領三千騎增援,在薊南擊敗平規,並在唐城(今河北唐縣)和慕容麟相持不下。同時劉庫仁打算乘勢發兵為一直死守鄴城的苻丕解圍,但慕輿文以士兵不欲遠征,發起叛亂殺掉劉庫仁,公孫希聞訊就自潰《資治通鑑·卷一百五》:秦幽州刺史王永、平州刺史苻沖帥二州之眾以擊燕。燕王垂遣寧朔將軍平規擊永,永遣昌黎太守宋敞逆戰於范陽,敞兵敗,規進據薊南。……秦幽州刺史王永求救於振威將軍劉庫仁,庫仁遣其妻兄公孫希帥騎三千救之,大破平規於薊南,乘勝長驅,進據唐城,與慕容麟相持。……劉庫仁聞公孫希已破平規,欲大舉兵以救長樂公丕,發雁門、上谷、代郡兵,屯繁畤。燕太子太保輿句之子文、零陵公慕輿虔之子常時在庫仁所,知三郡兵不樂遠所,因作亂,夜,攻庫仁,殺之,竊其駿馬奔燕。公孫希之眾聞亂自潰,希奔翟真。。慕容麟在威脅解除後就轉向支援討伐丁零人的慕容農, 時慕容農的進攻逼得翟遼退守無極縣(今河北無極縣),慕容麟與慕容農聯兵進攻,大破翟遼,翟遼敗歸翟真《資治通鑑·卷一百五》:燕慕容農自信都西擊丁零翟遼於魯口,破之。遼退屯無極,農屯蒿城以逼之。遼,真之從兄也。……燕慕容麟、慕容農合兵襲翟遼,大破之,遼單騎奔翟真。。次年,慕容麟與慕容農聚於中山,進攻在中山附近盤據的丁零人,遂在承營大破翟真。
討平諸叛
因著攻鄴的戰事膠著,慕容麟一度駐鎮信都。不久苻丕棄守鄴城,慕容麟就自信都領兵清掃勃海郡、清河郡一帶的前秦殘餘力量,例如擊破勃海太守封懿《資治通鑑·卷一百六》:慕容麟、慕容隆自信都徇勃海、清河。麟擊勃海太守封懿,執之,因屯歷口。懿,放之子也。和在博陵(今河北省蠡縣蠡吾鎮南)俘殺王兗及苻鑒《資治通鑑·卷一百六》:慕容麟攻王兗於博陵,城中糧竭矢盡,功曹張猗逾城出,聚眾以應麟。兗臨城數之曰:「卿是秦民,吾是卿君,卿起兵應賊,自號『義兵』,何名實之相違也?古人求忠臣必於孝子之門,卿母在城,棄而不顧,吾何有焉!今人取卿一切之功則可矣,寧能忘卿不忠不孝之事乎!不意中州禮義之邦,乃有如卿者也!」十二月,麟拔博陵,執兗及苻鑒,殺之。。
建興元年(386年),燕王慕容垂正式稱帝,以慕容麟為衞大將軍《晉書·卷一二三》:撫軍慕容麟為衛大將軍,其餘拜授有差。,不久又封其為趙王。同年八月,慕容垂留太子慕容寶守國都中山,又以慕容麟為尚書右僕射、錄留臺。自率大軍向南略地,當時丁零殘部鮮于乞趁機出來抄掠,慕容麟就親自率軍討伐。時有將領認為此時皇帝正領兵遠出,若負重責的慕容麟出討不順利的話會重挫士氣,建議先派將領討伐。但慕容麟認為鮮于乞是看準皇帝遠征而出,肯定不會提防還會有兵力討伐,認為一戰就可解決他。慕容麟於是聲稱出兵魯口,但到夜晚就迴軍進攻鮮于乞,到清晨時剛好能直襲敵營,俘獲鮮于乞《資治通鑑·卷一百六》:八月,燕主垂留太子寶守中山,以趙王麟為尚書右僕射,錄留台。庚午,自帥范陽王德等南略地,使高陽王隆東徇平原。丁零鮮于乞保曲陽西山,聞垂南伐,出營望都,剽掠居民。趙王麟自出討之,諸將皆曰:「殿下虛鎮遠征,萬一無功而返,虧損威重,不如遣諸將討之。」麟曰:「乞聞大駕在外,無所畏忌,必不設備,一舉可取,不足憂也。」乃聲言至魯口,夜,回趣乞,比明,至其營;掩擊,擒之。
同年,北魏發生內亂,拓跋窟咄和魏王拓跋珪爭位,窟咄獲得劉顯的支持,連拓跋珪身邊的代人都有密謀響應,拓跋珪只得北依賀蘭部並向後燕求援。慕容麟就受命領兵救拓跋珪,但慕容麟大軍還未及趕到拓跋窟咄就與賀染幹等進攻拓跋珪,慕容麟得知後只好讓作為使者的安同趕快回去,讓拓跋珪守軍得知燕援軍快來的消息,稍為安定人心。
建興二年(387年),上谷人王敏殺太守封戢,代郡人許謙亦驅逐太守賈閏,皆據郡依附劉顯,慕容麟領兵討伐,殺王敏。及後劉顯掠奪劉衞辰向後燕進貢的馬匹,大怒的慕容垂派了太原王慕容楷及慕容麟進攻劉顯,劉顯兵敗逃到馬邑。此時拓跋珪又嚮慕容垂請兵討伐劉顯,慕容垂再派慕容麟領兵出援,在拓跋珪軍的引領下聯軍大破劉顯,劉顯逃至西燕,慕容麟就盡收其部眾及大量牲畜。建興三年(388年),慕容麟攻下代郡,許謙逃奔西燕。
建興五年(390年),慕容麟領軍和北魏王拓跋珪在意辛山會合,合力進攻賀蘭部、紇突隣及紇奚三部,大破三部,紇突隣及紇奚兩部都降魏。建興六年(391年),賀納弟賀染幹謀殺賀納奪取賀蘭部,賀訥遂起兵攻打賀染幹,拓跋珪將此事報告慕容垂,並且自請為嚮導請兵平定賀蘭部內亂。慕容麟於是獲派往進攻賀訥,賀染幹則由蘭汗負責。六月甲辰日(7月20日),慕容麟在赤城擊敗並生擒賀納,更受降賀蘭部數萬落。慕容垂下令慕容麟將投降的部落交還賀蘭部,而帶賀染幹至中山作人質。慕容麟回中山後嚮慕容垂說:「以臣觀察拓跋珪的行為,他終會成為國家的禍患,不如將他抓到朝內,命令他弟弟監國。」但慕容垂沒有聽從。
參合之敗
同年七月,北魏因後燕強留出使的秦王拓跋觚以求名馬而與北魏絕交,轉而與同為慕容鮮卑建立的西燕交好,更屢次侵擾後燕。建興十年(395年),慕容垂在上一年滅西燕後便派太子慕容寶、遼西王慕容農及慕容麟等率軍八萬攻魏,並以范陽王慕容德、陳留王慕容紹等率一萬八千騎兵為後援。魏軍截獲消息後,於七月先將主力部隊後撤,另一方面燕軍前進至五原(今內蒙古包頭市),收割當地農作物,再進軍到黃河岸邊造船準備渡河。九月,兩軍在五原一帶的黃河隔岸對峙。出兵時慕容垂就已患病,而拓跋珪更派人在燕軍後截斷中山與前線間的使者通訊,更強逼被截使者嚮慕容寶謊稱慕容垂已死,成功動搖人心。不久,慕容麟將慕輿嵩等人相信慕容垂真的已死,就想發動兵變奉慕容麟為主,雖然他們旋即因圖謀敗露而被誅殺,但慕容寶和慕容麟之間己有嫌隙。十月,慕容寶燒掉原本用作渡河擊魏的船,退兵回中山。不過十一月時黃河河面就因暴風而提早結冰,拓跋珪遂派兩萬多精銳騎兵追擊。慕容寶以為未到冬天魏軍就不可能渡河追擊,根本沒有派斥候提防追兵,但走到參合陂時到有大風吹來,隨軍的僧人支曇猛就認為這些大風是魏軍將至的徵兆,建議慕容寶派兵防備後方,但慕容寶自信預計沒錯,笑而不應;支曇猛一直堅持,慕容麟還故意討好慕容寶說:「以殿下神武,兵力的強盛,足夠在沙漠橫行的了,索虜怎敢追來!支曇猛胡說八道擾動眾人,應該處斬他!」但支曇猛一直哭求,更舉出前秦在淝水輕敵致敗的覆轍。慕容寶終在慕容德勸說下被說服,派慕容麟領三萬人殿後。但慕容麟根本無心防備,只顧著遊獵。晝夜兼程的魏軍趕至參合坡,與燕軍分處參合坡的西及東邊,但燕軍仍未察覺。翌日一早,魏軍登頂望燕軍,下方燕軍得悉魏軍來襲大驚,魏軍甫進攻就向河中潰退,上萬人因踐踏或遇溺而死,至被魏軍抄截退路後更束手就擒,大軍中除少數官員獲選入魏外皆遭拓跋珪下令坑殺。慕容寶、慕容德及慕容麟等則單騎逃返中山。
乘亂稱帝
建興十一年(396年),慕容垂在對北魏復仇戰爭中去世,慕容寶以太子繼位,慕容麟獲任命為尚書左僕射。同年八月,北魏大舉攻燕,并州牧遼西王慕容農抵禦失敗逃奔中山,井州失守後朝臣討論後續應對方略,中山尹苻謨及尚書封懿都認為應該阻關據險防禦在平原地帶佔優的北魏騎兵,封懿更直指眭邃主張讓人民聚糧結堡,堅壁清野的策略不足以禦敵,只是將物資聚起來讓北魏攻破取用,更是示弱,動搖眾心。但慕容麟就主張避北魏鋒芒,營修城垣作守城戰,以逸待勞作反擊。慕容寶聽信慕容麟,甚至讓他主掌軍事。北魏在攻下常山郡後,後燕在中原地帶的郡縣大部分都望風歸降,僅餘信都、中山和鄴三城仍歸後燕所控,拓跋珪遂派兵分別圍攻三城,自領軍隊南走接收其餘後燕領土。
永康二年(397年)正月,拓跋珪回軍親徵信都,信都守將慕容鳳被逼棄城出逃,信都遂告失守。而慕容寶此時趁魏主攻信都出屯深澤,並派慕容麟攻楊城(今河北省順平縣境),殺了三百守兵。那時因為魏有內亂,拓跋珪打算先和後燕停戰以解決事件,但慕容寶認為是反敗為勝的機會,拒絕之餘更糾集大軍對北魏作出反擊,卻於二月在柏肆(今河北省曲陽縣)中慘敗給北魏,錄得大量物資及士兵的損失,慕容寶亦只能撤回首都中山死守。沒多久,尚書郎慕輿皓就意圖發動兵變殺掉慕容寶、改立慕容麟,只因被妻兄告發而被逼帶著數十人逃奔北魏,慕容麟事後並不心安。慕容寶退回中山後城中將士其實仍很有戰意,欲與圍城魏軍決戰,慕容隆以此勸說慕容寶派將士出戰拒敵。原本慕容寶也同意,但慕容麟每每都說服慕容寶收回成命,慕容隆先後四度讓士兵列陣預備出戰都無法成行。三月,慕容寶原本答應送還拓跋觚及割地作為停戰條件,更得拓跋珪答允,但不久慕容寶又反悔,遂令拓跋珪回軍又命諸將圍攻中山。慕容隆此時再度請得慕容寶讓他率領城中將士出城決戰,披甲上馬帶著部眾在城門待命,可是慕容麟此時再度勸止慕容寶,弄得將士憤恨不已《資治通鑑·卷一百九》:魏圍中山既久,城中將士皆思出戰。征北大將軍隆言於寶曰:「涉珪雖屢獲小利,然頓兵經年,凶勢沮屈,士馬死傷太半,人心思歸,諸部離散,正是可破之時也。加之舉城思奮,若因我之銳,乘彼之衰,往無不克。如其持重不決,將卒氣喪,日益困逼,事久變生,後雖欲用之,不可得也,!」寶然之。而衛大將軍麟每沮其議,隆成列而罷者,前後數四。寶使人請於魏王珪,欲還其弟觚,割常山以西皆與魏以求和。珪許之;既而寶悔之。己酉,珪如盧奴,辛亥,復圍中山。燕將士數千人俱自請於寶曰:「今坐守窮城,終於困弊,臣等願得一出樂戰,而陛下每抑之,此為坐自摧敗也。且受圍歷時,無他奇變,徒望積久寇賊自退。今內外之勢,強弱懸絕,彼必不自退明矣,宜從眾一決。」寶許之。隆退而勒兵,召諸參佐謂之曰:「皇威不振,寇賊內侮,臣子同恥,義不顧生。今幸而破賊,吉還固善;若其不幸,亦使吾志節獲展。卿等有北見吾母者,為吾道此情也!」乃被甲上馬,詣門俟命。麟復固止寶,眾大忿恨,隆涕泣而還。。但當晚,慕容麟就以武力脅逼統領禁軍的北地王慕容精,想讓他以禁軍謀殺慕容寶,但遭慕容精拒絕,慕容麟於是殺慕容精,逃出中山,依附丁零遺眾《晉書·卷124》:魏軍進攻中山,屯於芳林園。其夜尚書慕容皓謀殺寶,立慕容麟。皓妻兄蘇泥告之,寶使慕容隆收皓,皓與同謀數十人斬關奔魏。麟懼不自安,以兵劫左衛將軍、北地王精,謀率禁旅弒寶。精以義距之,麟怒,殺精,出奔丁零。。不久,慕容寶等因怕慕容麟奪取了故都龍城, 乘夜率領部下撤出中山,出奔龍城《資治通鑑·卷一百九》:是夜,麟以兵劫左衛將軍北地王精,使帥禁兵弒寶。精以義拒之,麟怒,殺精,出奔西山,依丁零餘眾。於是城中人情震駭。寶不知麟所之,以清河王會軍在近,恐麟奪會軍,先據龍城,乃召隆及驃騎大將軍農,謀去中山,走保龍城。。中山城於是大亂,但外圍的北魏軍卻沒有立即進城,城內人們就立了開封公慕容詳為主,閉門繼續抵抗魏軍,魏軍連日強攻皆不果。而慕容寶出奔時部眾和逃亡的慕容麟部遇上,慕容麟恐懼之下帶著部眾逃到蒲陰(今河北省順平縣),及後再移屯望都(今河北省望都縣), 獲當地人補給支援。慕容詳其時派兵進攻望都,俘其妻兒,逼令慕容麟逃到山中《資治通鑑·卷一百九》:燕主寶出中山,與趙王麟遇於阱城,麟不意寶至,驚駭,帥其眾奔蒲陰,復出屯望都,土人頗供給之。慕容詳遣兵掩擊麟,獲其妻子,麟脫走入山。。五月,拓跋珪見中山無法立即攻下,命令軍隊撤圍南走以待時機。慕容詳自以擊退魏軍,遂即皇帝位,改元建始。但由於慕容詳嗜酒好殺,不恤士民,中山城民遂打算迎慕容麟為主。七月,慕容麟看準慕容詳派張穰到常山取食的機會潛入張穰部隊並成功入城,在城內發動兵變殺掉慕容詳,亦稱帝,改元延平。慕容麟即位後廢除慕容詳禁止民眾採收野稻作食物的命令,遂令人民得以取食飽餐。接著民眾就請求進攻魏軍,但慕容麟不許, 於是鄰近野稻收盡後民眾又開始飢餓了。此時拓跋珪派長孫肥領兵攻中山,慕容麟領軍至泒水被擊敗,退守中山。九月,中山爆發嚴重飢荒,慕容麟帶著二萬人出據新市(今河北省正定縣新城鋪鎮),拓跋珪遂親率軍隊攻中山。十月,慕容麟退守泒水,不久在義台遭拓跋珪擊敗,死了九千多人,慕容麟自去年號,帶著數十騎救走妻兒後往鄴城投靠范陽王慕容德《資治通鑑·卷一百九》:秋,七月,慕容詳殺可足渾潭。詳嗜酒奢浮,不恤士民,刑殺無度,所誅王公以下五百餘人,群下離心。城中饑窘,詳不聽民出採穭,死者相枕,舉城皆謀迎趙王麟。詳遣輔國將軍張驤帥五千餘人督租於常山,麟自丁零入驤軍,潛襲中山,城門不閉,執詳,斬之。麟遂稱尊號,聽人四出採穭。人既飽,求與魏戰。麟不從,稍復窮餒。魏王珪軍魯口,遣長孫肥帥騎七千襲中山,入其郛;麟進至泒水,為魏所敗而還。……中山饑甚,慕容麟帥二萬餘人出據新市。甲子晦,魏王珪進軍攻之。太史令晁崇曰:「不吉。昔紂以甲子亡,謂之疾日,兵家忌之。」珪曰:「紂以甲子亡,周武不以甲子興乎?」崇無以對。冬,十月,丙寅,麟退阻泒水。甲戌,珪與麟戰於義台,大破之,斬首九千餘級。麟與數十騎馳取妻子入西山,遂奔鄴。《魏書·太祖記》:秋七月,普隣遣烏丸張驤率五千餘人出城求食,寇常山之靈壽,殺害吏民。賀麟自丁零中入於驤軍,因其眾,復入中山,殺普隣而自立。帝還幸魯口,遣將軍長孫肥一千騎襲中山,入其郛而還。。
謀亂遭戮
慕容麟到鄴後不復稱帝,恢復自己本身趙王爵位,並建議慕容德棄守鄴城而轉據滑台(今河南省滑縣)。由於守滑臺的魯陽王慕容和先前都勸慕容德前來,慕容德於是在永興三年(398年)領著四萬戶離開鄴城,驚險逃過魏兵追擊成功渡過黃海後到了滑台。慕容麟建議慕容德稱帝,但慕容德就仿傚兄長慕容垂先稱燕王,建立南燕。慕容德以慕容麟為司空、領尚書令,但慕容麟此時卻又想作亂,事情被慕容德發現,遂被賜死《晉書·卷127》:德兄子麟自義台奔鄴,因說德曰:「中山既沒,魏必乘勝攻鄴,雖糧儲素積,而城大難固,且人情沮動,不可以戰。及魏軍未至,擁眾南渡,就魯陽王和,據滑台而聚兵積穀,伺隙而動,計之上也。魏雖拔中山,勢不久留,不過驅掠而返。人不樂徙,理自生變,然後振威以援之,魏則內外受敵,使戀舊之士有所依憑,廣開恩信,招集遺黎,可一舉而取之。」先是,慕容和亦勸德南徙,於是許之。隆安二年,乃率戶四萬、車二萬七千乘,自鄴將徙於滑台。遇風,船沒,魏軍垂至,眾懼,議欲退保黎陽。其夕流澌凍合,是夜濟師,旦,魏師至而冰泮,若有神焉。遂改黎陽津為天橋津。及至滑台,景星見於尾箕。漳水得白玉,狀若璽。於是德依燕元故事,稱元年,大赦境內殊死已下,置百官。以慕容麟為司空、領尚書令,慕容法為中軍將軍,慕輿拔為尚書左僕射,丁通為尚書右僕射,自余封授各有差。初,河間有麟見,慕容麟以為已瑞。及此,潛謀為亂,事覺,賜死。。
年號
慕容麟的年號延平(397年七月-397年十月),共計三個月,也是後燕的第五個年號。陶棟《歷代紀元考》作建平,事實上混肴了慕容盛的建平年號。
;紀年
;參看
• 中國年號列表#後燕
• 其他使用延平年號的政權
• 同期存在的其他政權年號
• 隆安(397年正月-401年十二月):東晉皇帝晉安帝司馬德宗的年號
• 太初(388年六月-400年七月):西秦政權乞伏乾歸年號
• 太初(397年正月-399年十二月):南涼政權禿髮烏孤年號
• 皇始(396年七月-398年十二月):北魏政權拓跋珪年號
• 永康(396年四月-398年四月):後燕政權慕容寶年號
家庭
• 兒子慕容根,後燕散騎常侍,後向北魏投降。
• 孫慕容帶,北魏使持節、平西將軍、秦益二州刺史、沛郡公
• 曾孫女元鬱妻慕容氏。
Source | Relation | from-date | to-date |
---|---|---|---|
延平 | ruler | 397/8/10延平元年七月丁酉 | 398/1/15延平元年十二月乙亥 |
Text | Count |
---|---|
資治通鑑 | 5 |
晉書 | 18 |
十六國春秋別傳 | 5 |
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