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-> 宋

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ctext:898516

See also: 宋 (place) 宋 (ctext:18079) 宋 (ctext:21264) 宋 (ctext:939555) 宋 (ctext:13763)

RelationTargetTextual basis
typedynasty
name
authority-wikidataQ7462
link-wikipedia_zh宋朝
link-wikipedia_enSong_dynasty
The Song dynasty (; 宋朝 Sòng cháo; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties in northern China. After retreating to southern China, the Song was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

The dynasty is divided into two periods: Northern Song and Southern Song. During the Northern Song (; 960–1127), the capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China. The Southern Song (; 1127–1279) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin–Song Wars. At that time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an (now Hangzhou). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional Chinese heartlands around the Yellow River, the Southern Song Empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land, sustaining a robust economy. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, died in 1259 while besieging the mountain castle Diaoyucheng, Chongqing. His younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan and in 1271 founded the Yuan dynasty. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279 after defeating the Southern Song in the Battle of Yamen, and reunited China under the Yuan dynasty.

Technology, science, philosophy, mathematics, and engineering flourished during the Song era. The Song dynasty was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty saw the first recorded chemical formula of gunpowder, the invention of gunpowder weapons such as fire arrows, bombs, and the fire lance. It also saw the first discernment of true north using a compass, first recorded description of the pound lock, and improved designs of astronomical clocks. Economically, the Song dynasty was unparalleled with a gross domestic product three times larger than that of Europe during the 12th century. China's population doubled in size between the 10th and 11th centuries. This growth was made possible by expanded rice cultivation, use of early-ripening rice from Southeast and South Asia, and production of widespread food surpluses. The Northern Song census recorded 20 million households, double of the Han and Tang dynasties. It is estimated that the Northern Song had a population of 90 million people, and 200 million by the time of the Ming dynasty. This dramatic increase of population fomented an economic revolution in pre-modern China.

The expansion of the population, growth of cities, and emergence of a national economy led to the gradual withdrawal of the central government from direct involvement in economic affairs. The lower gentry assumed a larger role in local administration and affairs. Social life during the Song was vibrant. Citizens gathered to view and trade precious artworks, the populace intermingled at public festivals and private clubs, and cities had lively entertainment quarters. The spread of literature and knowledge was enhanced by the rapid expansion of woodblock printing and the 11th-century invention of movable-type printing. Philosophers such as Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi reinvigorated Confucianism with new commentary, infused with Buddhist ideals, and emphasized a new organization of classic texts that established the doctrine of Neo-Confucianism. Although civil service examinations had existed since the Sui dynasty, they became much more prominent in the Song period. Officials gaining power through imperial examination led to a shift from a military-aristocratic elite to a scholar-bureaucratic elite.

Read more...: History   Northern Song, 960–1127   Southern Song, 1127–1279   Culture and society   Civil service examinations and the gentry   Law, justice, and forensic science   Military and methods of warfare   Arts, literature, and philosophy   Cuisine and clothing   Economy   Science and technology   Gunpowder warfare   Measuring distance and mechanical navigation   Polymaths, inventions, and astronomy   Mathematics and cartography   Movable type printing   Hydraulic and nautical engineering   Structural engineering and architecture   Archaeology  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.
宋朝(中古漢語IPA讀音:,)是中國曆史上的一個朝代,根據首都及疆域的變遷,可細分為北宋南宋,合稱兩宋,國祚共歷319年,18位皇帝。因國君姓趙,為區別于南北朝時期的南朝宋,故亦稱「趙宋」。又因五德終始說,宋朝為火德,因而也被稱為「火宋」、「炎宋」。北方政權兩國以宋朝位處其南方,稱其為「南朝」,並自詡為「北朝」,西夏又因宋朝位于其東南,特稱其為「東朝」。

公元960年,五代時期 後周 殿前都點檢(主管殿前親軍,禁軍統帥)趙匡胤的部下發動陳橋兵變,擁立趙匡胤為帝,奪後周恭帝柴宗訓帝位而改元自立,史稱宋太祖。宋朝由此而立。 建國之初,太祖因陳橋兵變而意識到武人執政的危險性,為防止他人效仿自己兵變奪取皇權,通過杯酒釋兵權(一說此事為美化,但趙匡胤控制兵權為史實)將兵權歸於中央,並設置轉運使將地方財富集中到中央,又命諸州縣各選所部兵士,才力武力殊絕者送都下,其老弱者始留州,地方兵力亦收歸中央,並推行重文抑武的國策,採取調將指揮制。這一國策影響之深遠,使得北宋自成立之初便頻頻不敵北方外患,對遼朝西夏等有中央政府的北方國家,用兵則屢遭挫敗,不過透過澶淵之盟的歲幣外交手段,兩方維持了大體的和平,貿易的進展也使得中原文化向北方申延。

公元1127年,金兵侵略北宋,徽宗、欽宗二帝皆被金兵擄去北上,北宋滅亡。其後,徽宗之子康王趙構南下稱帝,是為宋高宗,經過一連串戰爭後,定都杭州臨安,史稱「南宋」。南宋在公元1141年與金達成紹興和議,向金國稱臣,以秦嶺淮河為界,此後維持至江南偏安統治的局面。公元1276年,元軍南渡,南宋都城臨安陷落,領土多被元軍所侵占。惟殘餘勢力陸秀夫文天祥張世傑等人繼續擁立端宗趙昰、帝昺繼續抵抗元朝。公元1279年,崖山海戰宋軍全軍覆滅,宋末帝趙昺隨大臣陸秀夫跳海殉國,南宋正式滅亡。

兩宋時代沒有嚴重的宦官幹政和地方割據,大部分時期皇帝均控制政局,沒有出現唐朝中晚期時皇帝被宦官控制的局面。史學家陳寅恪言:「華夏民族之文化,歷數千載之演進,造極於趙宋之世。」西方與日本史學界認為宋朝是中國歷史上的文藝複興與經濟革命的時代。

宋朝經濟空前繁榮,商業繁盛,中國歷史學家鄧廣銘和漆俠認為宋代是中國古代歷史上經濟與文化教育最繁榮的時代,唐宋八大家有六人出自宋朝,儒學複興,社會上瀰漫著尊師重道之風;商業經濟發達,科技發展非常進步(詳見宋朝科技),四大發明在宋代也得到了改良;在政治上相對包容,對忤旨或黨爭失勢的官員鮮有刑罰;宋太祖立下祖訓要求其子孫不得殺害文人及上書諫議之人,文人的地位得以提升,有說法認為宋朝是「皇帝與士大夫共治天下」的時代。

Read more...: 北宋歷史   陳橋兵變   一統中原   北禦遼夏   變法黨爭   靖康之禍   南宋歷史   建炎南渡   偏安江南   內憂外患   抵禦蒙軍   崖山亡國   疆域與行政區劃   政治制度   中央官制   官員管理制度   軍事   外交   人口   經濟   農業   手工業   運輸業   金融商業   貨幣   會子危機   海外貿易   賦稅制度   文化   學術思想   史學   文學   宗教   教育   科技   建築   藝術   社會   君主年表   註解  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.

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TextCount
正字通1
四庫未收書提要38
四庫全書總目提要1352
通志堂經解7
清實錄雍正朝實錄4
四庫全書簡明目錄907
史略1
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