Background

It is not known when Duan Mingyuan was born, but it is known that his family was from Kaifeng. It was said that he was intelligent and capable of strategies when he was young. At some point, he became a chief secretary at the county government of Mianchi (澠池, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), but abandoned his post to serve Zhu Quanzhong, then a powerful warlord and military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng) — notwithstanding the fact that his father had previously served Zhu but had been exiled after being accused of faults.

Service during Later Liang

Under Emperor Taizu

Because Duan Mingyuan was intelligent and because his younger sister was a concubine of Zhu Quanzhong's, after Zhu Quanzhong established Later Liang (as its Emperor Taizu), he began to value Duan's advice more. In 909, when he was serving as one of Zhu's attendants, he was made a general of the imperial guards and one of the monitors of the army against Later Liang's archenemy to the north, Jin. In 910, he was made the prefect of Huai Prefecture (懷州, in modern Jiaozuo, Henan).

In late 911, as Emperor Taizu was returning from a campaign against Jin, he made a stop at Huojia (獲嘉, in modern Xinxiang, Henan), within Huai Prefecture. Duan supplied him with many delicacies, pleasing him. In spring 912, when Emperor Taizu was departing for another campaign against Jin and its ally Zhao, he made a stop at Huojia again, and Duan made even more elaborate offerings. After Duan's display, Emperor Taizu remembered how another general, Li Si'an (李思安), had failed to do so earlier in 911, and in anger, had Li exiled and later forced Li to commit suicide, while he issued an edict praising Duan for his diligence. After this incident, Duan was made the prefect of the more prosperous Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan) and made the chief monitor of the army against Jin. Emperor Taizu's chief advisor Li Zhen, however, did not consider Duan an appropriate person for that role and sought to have him removed. Emperor Taizu, however, resisted the suggestion. At some point, he changed his name from Mingyuan to Ning.

Under Zhu Zhen

Duan Ning was not again mentioned in traditional histories until 920, by which time Emperor Taizu had died and his son Zhu Zhen was emperor. That year, after the Later Liang military governor (Jiedushi) Zhu Youqian surrendered his Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) to Jin, Zhu Zhen sent the major general Liu Xun to attack Zhu Youqian, assisted by Yin Hao (尹浩), Wen Zhaotu (溫昭圖), and Duan, who was then serving as the director of the imperial gardens (莊宅使, Zhuangzhaishi). As Liu and Zhu Youqian were related by marriage, Liu sent letters trying to persuade Zhu Youqian to return to the Later Liang cause, but after failing to do so, attacked Zhu Youqian but was then defeated by the Jin relief forces. After the defeat, Yin and Duan sent a joint report to Zhu Zhen, accusing Liu of slowing the progress of the army to allow Jin forces to save Zhu Youqian. Zhu Zhen believed them and poisoned Liu to death.

Over the years, Later Liang had lost its territory, bit by bit, north of the Yellow River to Jin, causing the morale of the Later Liang army to be low. In 922, however, Duan was involved in a counterattack that, to a degree, restored the Later Liang morale. At that time, the main Jin army was attacking Zhang Chujin, whose father Zhang Wenli had assassinated Wang Rong the Prince of Zhao and taken over Zhao lands, before dying and leaving the lands in Zhang Chujin's hands. With the main Jin army in the north, the defense of the key border city Wei Prefecture (衛州, in modern Xinxiang, Henan) was left in the hands of its prefect Li Cunru (李存儒), an adoptive brother of Jin's prince Li Cunxu. Li Cunru, however, was incompetent, allowing soldiers to bribe themselves out of active duty. In fall 922, Duan, along with another officer, Zhang Lang, launched a surprise attack on Wei Prefecture, capturing it and taking Li Cunru captive. Duan subsequently rendezvoused with the supreme commander of the Later Liang forces against Jin, Dai Siyuan, and captured a number of other nearby Jin garrisons — Qimen (淇門, in modern Hebi, Henan), Gongcheng (共城), and Xinxiang (新鄉, both in modern Xinxiang). Jin suffered losses of a third of its food storage on the Jin/Later Liang border, and this greatly encouraged the Later Liang army.

In 923, shortly after Li Cunxu declared himself emperor of a new Later Tang (as its Emperor Zhuangzong), he sent his adoptive brother Li Siyuan to launch a surprise attack on a major Later Liang city south of the Yellow River, Yun Prefecture (鄆州, in modern Tai'an, Shandong) and captured it. This left the Later Liang capital Daliang (i.e., Kaifeng) relatively defenseless, and Zhu Zhen, in fear and anger, removed Dai (as he believed Dai to be responsible for leaving Yun Prefecture open to attack) and replaced him with Wang Yanzhang, with Duan serving as Wang's deputy.

A quick counterattack by Wang captured the southern half of Desheng (德勝, in modern Puyang, Henan) (i.e., the southern part of the city south of the Yellow River), and Wang subsequently put Yangliu (楊劉, in modern Liaocheng, Shandong) under siege, to try to cut off the communications between Later Tang proper and Yun Prefecture. However, Zhu Zhen's close associates Zhao Yan (Zhu Zhen's brother-in-law) and four brothers/cousins of his deceased wife Consort Zhang were fearful that Wang was resentful of their influence on the governance — as Wang often spoke of wanting to kill the evildoers after he achieves victories on the battlefield, which they believed to be targeting them. On the other hand, Duan ingratiated them. Therefore, when news of the Desheng victory arrived, they credited Duan, rather than Wang, with the victory. After Wang subsequently failed to capture Yangliu and was forced to withdraw, they further spoke against Wang, so Zhu Zhen removed Wang from his post and recalled him to Daliang, replacing him with Duan, despite fervent opposition by Li Zhen, the chancellor Jing Xiang, and the senior military governor Zhang Zongshi.

After he was commissioned to be the supreme commander against Later Tang, Duan crossed the Yellow River and headed for Chan Prefecture (澶州, in modern Anyang, Henan) and prepared an ambitious four-prong attack against Later Tang:

• Dong Zhang would head toward the major Later Tang city Taiyuan (formerly Jin's capital).

• Huo Yanwei would head toward Zhen Prefecture (鎮州, in modern Baoding, Hebei, formerly Zhao's capital).

• Wang Yanzhang and Zhang Hanjie (張漢傑, Consort Zhang's brother) would head toward Yun Prefecture.

• Duan himself, along with Du Yanqiu, would confront Later Tang's Emperor Zhuangzong.

Duan's masterplan, however, was revealed by the Later Liang officer Kang Yanxiao, who defected to Later Tang around this time. Under the advice of Kang and Guo Chongtao, Emperor Zhuangzong, instead of taking up Duan's challenge, took his main forces and swiftly went to Yun Prefecture to rendezvous with Li Siyuan, and then confronted the smaller army that Wang and Zhang commanded. He defeated them and took them captive, and, with their army being the only thing that stood between him and Daliang, quickly advanced toward Daliang. With Duan's army trapped north of the Yellow River and unable to return to Daliang to defend it, Zhu Zhen, believing capture to be imminent, committed suicide, ending Later Liang. Duan subsequently surrendered to Emperor Zhuangzong, whose Later Tang state then took over all of Later Liang territory.

Service during Later Tang

Under Emperor Zhuangzong

Emperor Zhuangzong accepted the surrenders of not only Duan Ning, but virtually the entire Later Liang government, but it was said that when the other former Later Liang officials saw Duan, they resented him bitterly for bringing disaster on the state and for what they considered shamelessness. Meanwhile, Du Yanqiu and Duan submitted a joint accusation against a number of Zhu Zhen's close associates; in response, Emperor Zhuangzong put those of Zhu Zhen's close associates to death. Meanwhile, Duan ingratiated himself with Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite performer Jing Jin (景進) and, through Jing, Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite consort Lady Liu; as a result, Emperor Zhuangzong made him the acting military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang) and gave him the imperial surname of Li, along with a new name of Shaoqin.

Li Shaoqin was subsequently made full military governor of Yicheng, and then moved to Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong). While serving at Taining, he took much money from the Taining circuit treasury for his own use, and the treasury officials demanded that he repay the circuit treasury. However, Emperor Zhuangzong excused him from having to pay back the treasury despite Guo Chongtao's requesting the repayment as well. In 924, Li Shaoqin served under Emperor Zhuangzong's trusted eunuch Li Shaohong in defending against Khitan attacks, and took the opportunity to ingratiate himself with Li Shaohong. In 925, he became the military governor of Weisheng Circuit (威勝, headquartered in modern Nanyang, Henan).

In 925, Emperor Zhuangzong was preparing for a major campaign to conquer Later Tang's southwestern neighbor Former Shu. Li Shaohong recommended Li Shaoqin as the commander of the army against Former Shu, arguing that Li Shaoqin was talented, but Guo opposed Li Shaoqin as treacherous and unreliable. Subsequently, at Guo's suggestion, Emperor Zhuangzong commissioned his oldest son, Li Jiji the Prince of Wei, as the supreme commander, with Guo serving as Li Jiji's deputy.

The army commanded by Li Jiji and Guo quickly destroyed Former Shu, but in light of Former Shu's destruction, Emperor Zhuangzong and Lady Liu (by this point empress) came to suspect Guo of planning to take over Former Shu lands himself. Empress Liu thereafter issued an edict herself, without Emperor Zhuangzong's approval, ordering Guo's death. Guo's death, coupled with Emperor Zhuangzong's and Empress Liu's refusal to issue material rewards to the soldiers, led to mutinies throughout the land, with one of the major mutinies at Yedu. Li Shaohong again recommended Li Shaoqin to serve as the commander of the forces against the Yedu mutineers, and this time, Emperor Zhuangzong agreed. However, when Li Shaoqin became to put together his staff, his staff consisted entirely of former Later Liang officers whom Li Shaoqin favored. Emperor Zhuangzong became suspicious of this and cancelled Li Shaoqin's commission, putting Li Siyuan in charge of the army against the Yedu mutineers instead.

Once Li Siyuan reached Yedu, however, his own soldiers forced him to join the Yedu mutineers. He subsequently attacked south, but even before he could reach the capital Luoyang, Emperor Zhuangzong was killed in another mutiny at Luoyang, allowing him to subsequently enter Luoyang without major opposition.

Under Emperor Mingzong

As one of Li Siyuan's main supporters was Li Shaozhen (i.e., Huo Yanwei, whose name had been changed by Emperor Zhuangzong to Li Shaozhen but who would soon thereafter change back to the original name), Li Shaozhen assumed much of the authority in Luoyang. He resented Li Shaoqin and Li Shaochong (i.e., Wen Tao, whose name had been changed by Emperor Zhuangzong as well), and therefore had them arrested and planned to kill them. Li Siyuan's main strategist, An Chonghui, however, warned Li Shaozhen that he lacked such authority and should not be taking vengeance on Li Shaoqin and Li Shaochong for their crimes during Later Liang. Li Siyuan (who was at this point claiming the title of regent and not yet emperor) soon issued an order stripping Li Shaoqin and Li Shaochong of their imperial names (i.e., restoring them to their original names) and their posts, sending them back to their homes.

In 927, Li Siyuan (who had declared himself emperor by this point, as Emperor Mingzong) further exiled Duan Ning to Liao Prefecture (遼州, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi) and Wen Tao to De Prefecture (德州, in modern Dezhou, Shandong). In 928, he issued another edict condemning Duan and Wen for their treacherousness and ordered that they commit suicide.

Notes and references

• History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 73.

• New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 45.

• Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276.

背景

段凝生年不詳。開封人氏。少年時穎悟，多智數。初為澠池主簿，棄官追隨當時的權勢軍閥宣武軍節度使朱全忠，為軍巡使，儘管之前他的父親也曾效力朱全忠卻因犯罪被流放。

效力後梁

效力太祖皇帝

因段明遠聰明且其妹為朱全忠之妾，朱全忠建立後梁後，漸漸器重他，常派他擔任諸軍的監軍。開平三年（909年）十月，段明遠在東頭供奉官任上被授右威衛大將軍，充左軍巡使兼水北巡檢使。四年（910年）五月，授懷州刺史。

乾化元年（911年）十一月，太祖北征北方大敵晉國班師，停駐懷州境內的獲嘉，段明遠饋獻豐盛，太祖高興。二年二月，太祖啟程攻打晉及其盟友趙國，再度停駐獲嘉，段明遠的供奉比上次還有增加。太祖因而想起去年十一月相州刺史李思安供饋不足，憤而貶了李思安，後賜死，同時下詔褒獎段明遠忠勤。五月，太祖到滎陽，段明遠又相迎。六月，太祖從汜水出發，命段明遠回治所。遷段明遠鄭州刺史，命其監對晉作戰的軍隊。段明遠改名段凝。太祖主要謀士戶部尚書李振卻認為段凝不宜擔此任，請求罷免他。太祖卻反對，稱段凝無罪。李振說：「等他有罪，社稷亡了！」但太祖沒有罷免段凝。

效力朱瑱

此後史書沒有段凝的記載，直至太祖已死並由兒子朱瑱繼位後的貞明六年（920年）六月。當時梁護國軍節度使朱友謙舉鎮降晉，朱瑱派大將泰寧節度使劉鄩為河東道招討使攻打朱友謙，以感化節度使尹皓、靜勝節度使溫昭圖、時任莊宅使的段凝從征，攻打被朱友謙攻下的同州。以段凝經略蒲州（護國軍軍部）、晉州。劉鄩和朱友謙有婚親，寫信意圖說服朱友謙複歸梁，未果，攻打朱友謙，被晉救兵所敗。尹皓、段凝素忌恨劉鄩，次年五月聯名報告朱瑱稱劉鄩逗留養寇，使得晉軍得以來援朱友謙。朱瑱相信了他們，將劉鄩鴆殺。

經過數年，梁在黃河以北的領地一點點被晉奪去，梁軍士氣低落。龍德二年（922年），時任宣義軍留後的段凝卻參與了一次一定程度上重振梁士氣的反攻。當時，張文禮殺趙王王鎔，奪取趙地，死後將領地留給兒子張處瑾，晉主力軍正在攻打張處瑾。晉軍主力在北，邊境要塞城市衛州被交給李存勖的養兄弟刺史李存儒。李存儒無能，專搜括民財，對防城的兵卒每月徵收錢幣，就放他們回家。八月，段凝與步軍都指揮使張朗奇襲衛州，奪城，俘李存儒以獻。又會合北面招討使戴思遠攻陷淇門、共城、新鄉，澶州之西、相州之南都被梁所有，晉損失軍儲三分之一，梁軍複振。段凝率軍五萬屯臨晉，護國軍治下人們大恐，都想重歸後梁，甚至傳言他們要擒住奉命援救護國軍的晉將李存賢降梁。

三年（923年）四月，李存勖稱後唐皇帝，閏四月，派養兄李嗣源對後梁在黃河以南的大城、天平軍軍部鄆州發起奇襲，克之。這使得梁都大梁相對無防，朱瑱又害怕又憤怒，罷免天平軍節度使戴思遠招討使之職，詰問北面對晉作戰諸將王彥章、段凝，催促他們進兵作戰，以王彥章代戴思遠，以段凝為副。

五月，王彥章很快反攻，奪取德勝南城（即其在黃河以南的部分），與段凝以十萬大軍圍楊劉，意在切斷唐和鄆州的聯繫。天雄軍馬步都指揮使行營蕃漢馬步使李存進晝夜為備抵抗。唐樞密使郭崇韜奏稱段凝阻絕津路，唐軍不南下，鄆州守不住，請于博州東岸立柵，穩固渡口，獲准後率毛璋等萬人夜趨博州渡河築壘。朱瑱近臣朱瑱姐夫趙岩與朱瑱亡妻張德妃的兄弟張漢鼎、張漢傑和從兄弟張漢倫、張漢融害怕王彥章，因王彥章憎惡他們對朝政的影響，常說一旦在戰場成功，就要殺了奸臣，他們認為是針對自己。而段凝也素來嫉妒王彥章有能，諂附趙、張，與王彥章一起作戰時也百般阻撓，怕他成功。故德勝捷報傳來，王彥章和段凝都上狀各自表功，趙、張等都應段凝所請，藏匿王彥章的信，奏上段凝的信，歸功段凝而非王彥章。使者到軍，只賞賜慰勞段凝，而王彥章什麼都沒有，軍士都失色。七月，後唐游弈將李紹興敗梁游兵于清丘驛南，段凝以為唐兵已從上流渡過，驚駭失色，當面指責王彥章孤軍深入。當月王彥章未能奪取楊劉只得撤軍後，段凝上書說王彥章飲酒輕敵才戰敗，趙、張等受段凝賄賂，又針對王彥章進讒言，朱瑱因而不顧李振和宰相敬翔、天下兵馬副元帥張宗奭指段凝年輕、功名不能服眾的強烈反對，罷免王彥章並召回大梁，于八月代以段凝。

段凝當上北面招討使後，率五萬精兵紮營于王村，引軍從高陵津渡河，進軍澶州，紮營于高陵，從酸棗決黃河向東注向鄆州，意在隔絕唐軍，號「護駕水」，臨河而還，並與王彥章合計準備了一場預期于十月發起的對唐的雄心勃勃的四路出擊：

• 澤州刺史董璋引陝虢、澤潞兵，從石會關進軍唐大城太原（原晉國都城）；

• 鎮國軍留後霍彥威以汝、洛兵從相州、衛州、邢州、洺州入侵鎮州（原為趙國都城）、定州；

• 宣義節度使王彥章、都監張漢傑以禁軍攻鄆州；

• 段凝本人和諸軍排陳使杜晏球以大軍對抗莊宗。

但段凝麾下右先鋒指揮使康延孝于當月率百騎奔唐，在談及梁事時說：「段凝智勇俱無，突然居于王彥章、霍彥威之上，自統兵以來，專門率斂行伍以奉權貴。段凝奸邪，因給錢多而為大將，老將地位都在他之下。小人進任，而忠臣勇士皆被疏斥，這是必亡之勢。」並說出了段凝的計劃。莊宗原本聽說梁必亡，高興，但聽了段凝的計劃又害怕，問計于康延孝，康延孝指出可以從鄆州直取大梁。九月，段凝進到臨河之南，每日劫掠澶州西、相州南。郭崇韜指段凝本非將材，不能臨機決策，無足可畏。在康延孝和郭崇韜建議下，十月，莊宗沒有接受段凝的挑戰，統率主力迅速去鄆州會合李嗣源，對抗王彥章、張漢傑統領的小股軍隊，在中都敗俘了他們。而王、張的軍隊已是莊宗和大梁之間唯一的障礙了。莊宗又對諸將說：「以前所患的唯有王彥章，今已就擒，是天意滅梁。段凝尚在河上，進退之計應當如何？」諸將以為傳言者雖說大梁無備，卻未知虛實，今東方諸鎮兵皆在段凝麾下，剩下的都是空城，兵到了肯定都能攻下，乘勝先奪取青、齊這些地盤然後觀釁而動可以萬全。康延孝堅請直取大梁。李嗣源說：「兵貴神速。如今彥章就擒，段凝必未知道；即使有人跑去告知，還需要三天判斷是否相信。如果他知道我們所向，即便發救兵，走直路被決開的黃河水阻攔，需要從白馬南渡，數萬之眾，也很難迅速準備好舟楫。這裡離大梁很近，前方沒有山險，組成方陣橫行，晝夜兼程，兩夜就能到。段凝還沒離開河上，友貞（朱瑱原名）已為我所擒了，段凝又怎麼顧得上？延孝之言是對的，請陛下以大軍慢慢前進，臣願以千騎為前驅。」莊宗從之，以李嗣源先行，自己從中都出發，帶上王彥章，遣中使問：「我此行能成功嗎？」王彥章對：「段凝有精兵六萬，雖主將不材，亦不肯立刻倒戈，難以成功。」莊宗知王彥章終不為自己所用，于是斬之。取道任城縣，逼降曹州，繞過了「護駕水」造成的黃泛區，急趨大梁。雖然當時董璋等並未出兵，但梁軍都在段凝處，大梁確實無備。梁君臣聞訊，敬翔哭道：「陛下初用段凝，臣極言不可，小人朋比，致有今日。今唐兵將至，段凝限于水北，不能赴救。」與朱瑱相向慟哭。朱瑱遣張漢倫騎馬追回段凝軍，張漢倫到滑州，墜馬傷了腳，限于河水，不能前進。朱瑱登建國樓，當面選擇親信給予厚賜，命他們著便服，帶著蠟丸封的詔書，催促段凝軍，這些人辭行後都逃跑躲起來了。朱瑱召開封尹王瓚：「段凝未至，社稷繫於卿的方略。」王瓚驅軍民登城為備。有人請朱瑱駕幸段凝軍，控鶴都指揮使皇甫麟說：「凝本非將材，官由幸進，今危窘之際，望其臨機制勝，轉敗為功，難啊。且凝聞彥章軍敗，其膽已破，安知能終為陛下盡節乎！」趙岩也認為朱瑱一旦離開，就再不能保証有人能忠于他，于是朱瑱沒有去。段凝軍困在黃河以北不能回守大梁，朱瑱認為城破只在旦夕，自殺，梁亡。段凝從滑州渡河入援，以杜晏球為前鋒，此時梁已亡，杜晏球投降。段凝率歸化軍指揮使周知裕、拱宸都指揮使沈贇等及五萬軍到封丘，也解甲請降，率諸大將詣闕待罪，莊宗勞賜之，詔各賜錦袍、御馬、金幣，幸北郊撫勞降軍，各令還本營。唐兼併梁所有領地。段凝擔任招討使不足百日即亡國。當時段凝還官居檢校太保。

效力後唐

效力莊宗

莊宗不僅接受段凝投降，還接受幾乎全梁政府的投降。段凝出入公卿之間，洋洋自得無愧色，梁舊臣看到他，都痛恨其給梁帶來的災難，都想咬他的臉，挖他的心。杜晏球和段凝一起上言彈劾朱瑱的近臣趙岩、趙縠、張希逸、張漢倫、張漢傑、張漢融、朱珪等十餘人，請誅之及家屬，莊宗將這些人誅殺，家財籍沒。趙岩、李振、敬翔等也因段凝上疏而被族誅。段凝通過莊宗所寵伶人景進行賄莊宗愛妾劉夫人，莊宗因而仍任他為義成軍（即宣義軍）兵馬留後，賜國姓李，賜名紹欽（一作繼欽）。當月，莊宗于崇元殿宴諸將，段凝、霍彥威、袁象先等都參加了。酒酣，莊宗舉酒敬李嗣源：」此席宴客，皆吾前歲之勁敵，如今與吾同宴，是卿為前鋒之效。」霍彥威等伏陛謝罪，莊宗說：「與卿話舊，別害怕。」賜御衣、器幣，盡歡而罷。不久放他們歸藩。

十一月，李紹欽轉正為義成軍節度使，當月又因通過景進行賄貨物入宮而得遷泰寧軍節度使。在泰寧任上，他將數十萬庫錢挪為己用，有司要他賠償，但莊宗不顧郭崇韜反對而免其責。同光二年（924年）正月，因契丹入侵，李紹欽奉命與董璋戍守瓦橋。四月，客省使李嚴出使唐西南鄰國前蜀，獻上自己所作《笏記》，其中提及滅梁事時稱「段凝統八萬雄師，倒戈伏死」。五月，仍加檢校太保，進封開國侯。當月，因幽州上言契丹將寇河朔，莊宗以義昌軍節度使李紹斌充東北面招討使，李紹欽為副招討使，自己寵信的宦官宣徽使李紹宏為招討都監，率大軍渡河北上。李紹欽趁機諂事李紹宏。十月，已是皇后的劉夫人派使者賜李紹欽湯藥。三年（925年）三月，莊宗召郭崇韜說：「朕想起在德勝寨時，霍彥威、段凝皆我之勁敵，終日格鬥，戰聲相聞，安知二年之間，在吾麾下。」四月，移授李紹欽威勝軍節度使。

九月，莊宗計劃興大軍滅前蜀，李紹宏推薦李紹欽為滅蜀大軍統帥，稱其「有蓋世奇才，雖孫、吳不如，可以大任」，但郭崇韜反對，稱李紹欽是亡國之將，奸諂絕倫不可信。在郭崇韜建議下，莊宗任長子魏王李繼岌充西川四面行營都統，郭崇韜充東北面行營都招討制置等使，為李繼岌副。

李繼岌、郭崇韜統領的軍隊很快滅蜀，但蜀亡後，莊宗和劉皇后懷疑郭崇韜計劃自取蜀地。劉皇后因而自己寫了教令，不經莊宗同意，下令處死郭崇韜。郭崇韜之死和莊宗夫婦拒絕以實物犒軍引起全國各地兵變，其中天雄軍士兵皇甫暉由於不能歸鄉，于四年（926年）二月發動了一場兵變，隨即攻克鄴都，是為鄴都之變。時任樞密使的李紹宏再薦李紹欽為統軍討伐鄴都變兵的大將，這一次莊宗同意了。但李紹欽受任後所請求用的偏裨將領都是自己原先交好的梁舊將，莊宗生疑，取消對李紹欽的任命，改用李嗣源。

但李嗣源一到鄴都，就被本部士兵逼迫與鄴都變兵合兵。他隨後南攻，三月，李紹欽與齊州防禦使李紹虔（即杜晏球）、貝州刺史李紹英屯瓦橋，北京右廂馬軍都指揮使安審通屯奉化軍，李嗣源都遣使召他們。四月，李嗣源還沒到都城洛陽，莊宗已在洛陽的興教門之變中被殺，使得他得以在沒有受到大規模抵抗的情況下進入洛陽。

效力明宗

作為李嗣源的主要支持者之一，李紹真（即霍彥威，被莊宗改名，但不久後將改回原名）決內外機事。他與李紹欽和李紹衝（即溫韜、溫昭圖，也被莊宗改名）有隙，當月擅自將他們下獄，欲殺之。李嗣源的主要謀士樞密使安重誨卻警告李紹真：你無此權，也不能為李紹欽、李紹衝在梁朝所犯罪過而尋仇。李嗣源當時尚稱監國，並未稱帝，不久下教令剝奪李紹欽、李紹衝賜姓名即改回本名，並放歸鄉里。

李嗣源稱帝，即明宗皇帝。天成二年（927年）七月，流放段凝于遼州，溫韜于德州。三年（928年）九月，另行下詔責段凝反覆、溫韜盜掘帝陵，曝光其罪行，命就地賜死。

評價

• 《舊五代史》史臣曰：況溫韜之發陵寢，段凝之敗國家，罪不容誅，死猶差晚。

• 北宋年間，金朝入侵，奉寧軍承宣使种師中奉命援救中山、河間，有人對他說若從磁州、相州北上，若金軍下太行山，就不能回軍相救，這就是與當初段凝屯兵河上相似的局面。

• 南宋淳熙十二年（1185年）五月，尚左郎官楊萬里上書舉梁段凝之敗的例子，要朝廷不要讓因賄賂近幸而得任招討使的事重演。

注釋及參考文獻