Family background and early career

Zhang Wen was from Wu County, Wu Commandery, which is in present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu. The Zhang clan, which he was from, was one of the four most influential clans in Wu Commandery at the time. His father, Zhang Yun, was famous in Wu Commandery for valuing friendship and having a low regard for material wealth. Zhang Yun also served as an assistant officer under the warlord Sun Quan, who became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu later.

At a young age, Zhang Wen was already known for his good moral conduct and for having a dignified appearance. When Sun Quan heard about him, he asked his subjects: "Among his contemporaries, who is Zhang Wen comparable to?" Liu Ji said: "He is comparable to Quan Cong." However, Gu Yong had a different opinion: "Liu Ji doesn't know him well enough. No one is comparable to Zhang Wen." Sun Quan said: "If it is so, Zhang Yun must be still alive." When Zhang Wen was summoned to the Wu court to meet Sun Quan and his subjects, he impressed them with his demeanour and his eloquent responses to their questions. As he was about to leave, Zhang Zhao held his hand and said: "I entrust my plans to you. You should understand what I mean." Zhang Wen was then appointed as a Consultant (議郎) and Master of Writing in the Selection Bureau (選曹尚書). He was promoted to Crown Prince's Tutor (太子太傅) later and was highly regarded by Sun Quan.

Diplomatic mission to Shu

In the summer of 224, when Zhang Wen was 31, he was appointed as General of the Household Who Upholds Righteousness (輔義中郎將) and sent on a diplomatic mission to Wu's ally state, Shu Han. Before he left, Sun Quan told him: "I actually didn't want to send you on this mission. I did so because I was worried that Zhuge Liang might misinterpret my dealings with the Caos. We should work more closely together with Shu after eliminating the threat of the Shanyue. As an envoy, you have a mission to complete but you have no restrictions on what you can say." Zhang Wen replied: "I have never held great responsibilities in the imperial court before, nor do I possess the ability to handle diplomatic affairs well. I am afraid I can neither spread Wu's fame as well as Zhang Zhao did, nor make decisions as well as Zichan. However, Zhuge Liang is wise, discerning and good in long-term planning, so I believe he will definitely understand your intentions and the reasons behind your dealings with Wei. With the blessing of the imperial court, I believe it won't be difficult to understand what Zhuge Liang is looking out for. There is nothing to worry about."

Upon arriving in Shu, Zhang Wen received a warm welcome and was invited to the imperial court to meet the Shu emperor, Liu Shan. He praised Liu Shan for having many talents in his imperial court, and compared him to the Shang dynasty ruler Wu Ding and King Cheng of the Zhou dynasty. He then explained that Wu actually wished to maintain friendly ties with Shu, but had to unwillingly submit to Wei because it lacked the military power to resist Wei. He also expressed his gratitude to the people of Shu for their hospitality. The Shu imperial court was very impressed with him and regarded him highly.

Shortly after he returned to Wu, Zhang Wen was sent to serve in the military garrison in Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡) but did not do anything significant there.

Downfall and death

Sun Quan was not only unhappy with Zhang Wen for praising the Shu government, but also jealous of his growing popularity. He feared that Zhang Wen would win over the hearts of the people and eventually take over his throne, so he thought of ways to depose Zhang Wen. His opportunity arrived when Zhang Wen was implicated in an incident involving Ji Yan, an official whom Zhang Wen recommended to serve in the Wu government. Ji Yan incurred much resentment from his colleagues when he came up with radical ideas to reform the bureaucracy – a move that would affect over 90 percent of all Wu officials.

In 224, Ji Yan and his colleague Xu Biao (徐彪) were arrested and removed from office based on allegations of unprofessional conduct. They committed suicide later. Zhang Wen was implicated in this incident because he not only recommended Ji Yan, but was also a close friend of both Ji Yan and Xu Biao. Like them, he was removed from office, arrested and imprisoned.

In the autumn of 224, Sun Quan wrote an order listing out Zhang Wen's offences. The order read:

The general Luo Tong wrote a long memorial to Sun Quan, speaking up for Zhang Wen and attempting to persuade the emperor to pardon Zhang. Sun Quan did not accept his advice.

Zhang Wen died of illness six years after he was deposed.

Family

Zhang Wen had two younger brothers, Zhang Zhi and Zhang Bai, who were also known for being talented. They lost their offices along with their brother. Zhang Bai married Lu Ji's daughter, Lu Yusheng (陸鬱生).

Zhang Wen also three sisters who were known for their good moral conduct. His second sister married Gu Yong's grandson, Gu Cheng. After Gu Cheng's death, she was arranged to be married to a man whose family name was Ding (丁). She committed suicide on her wedding day by consuming poison. The Wu imperial court praised her for remaining loyal to her deceased husband. The people in her hometown drew a portrait of her to commemorate her.

Appraisal

Once, there was a man called Yu Jun (虞俊) from Yuyao County who commented on Zhang Wen as follows: "Zhang Huishu is talented but not wise, and flashy but not realistic. Judging from the growing resentment towards him, I foresee that he will meet his downfall one day." Zhuge Liang did not agree with Yu Jun's view initially, but later he praised Yu Jun for having foresight when his prediction came true. He also pondered over the causes of Zhang Wen's downfall for several days before concluding: "I know already. He was too clear when he made distinctions between integrity and corruption, and good and evil."

Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Wen's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, appraised Zhang Wen as follows: "Zhang Wen was talented and good-looking, but he lacked wisdom and caution. That resulted in him getting into trouble."

Pei Songzhi, who annotated Zhang Wen's biography, remarked that Zhang Wen's downfall was due to his widespread fame, which incurred Sun Quan's jealousy. Zhang Wen's fame was attested by Luo Tong's memorial to Sun Quan, in which Luo Tong mentioned that "Zhang Wen had no equal".

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Zhang Wen appeared in Chapter 86 of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. Sun Quan orders him to accompany Deng Zhi back to Shu after Deng Zhi convinces Sun Quan to reestablish the Wu–Shu alliance against Wei. Zhang Wen meets the Shu emperor Liu Shan. Before he leaves, Liu Shan prepares a farewell banquet for him and orders Zhuge Liang and other senior officials to see him off. During the feast, Zhang Wen debates with the Shu official Qin Mi. Qin Mi responds tactfully to Zhang Wen's questions; Zhang Wen, however, cannot respond to Qin Mi's question. He tells Zhuge Liang later that he is very impressed that Shu has such talents.

生平

張溫父親張允有輕視錢財，重視士人的節操而聞名於州郡，孫權任命他為東曹掾。

史載張溫「少脩節操，容貌奇偉」，孫權聽說他的事蹟，大司農劉基及太常顧雍都稱讚他。孫權於是引見他，無論文辭占對都令人眼前一亮，孫權亦更為欣賞他。備受重用，拜議郎，選曹尚書，又遷任太子太傅。

吳王黃武三年（224年），以輔義中郎將身份出使蜀漢，孫權原先害怕諸葛亮會有意留難張溫，但張溫不擔心。在呈上蜀漢朝廷的文書刻意稱頌蜀漢，以表明和解的誠意，重建兩國關係。他在蜀漢表現出色，得蜀漢朝廷重視，並賞賜張溫蜀錦。

張溫在離開前受到百官餞行，唯獨秦宓還沒到，秦宓被諸葛亮幾番催促後，張溫直接對到場的秦宓辯論，與秦宓依次問答，秦宓連聲應對，受到張溫敬佩。回東吳後不久，被調進豫章的軍隊，事業上再無進展。

孫權一方面介懷他出使蜀漢時稱頌蜀漢，又嫌他聲名太盛，恐怕張溫不會盡忠地由他任用。當時正好碰上暨豔事件，暨豔是張溫引薦的臣子，但他濫用職權，升遷評定等只看自己喜惡。事件被揭發後暨豔及同黨徐彪都自殺。孫權見此，於是以張溫與暨豔、徐彪等人多有來往而下罪張溫，後更將張溫發還到家鄉吳郡。將軍駱統曾上書為張溫辯解，但孫權不理會。

六年後，張溫病逝。

張溫有姐妹三人，皆有節行。張溫二妹嫁給顧承，因受張溫牽連被改嫁丁氏，于成婚日飲藥自殺。張溫弟張白娶陸績女陸鬱生。

演義記載

在鄧芝奉諸葛亮之命至東吳成功修復外交關係後，被孫權派遣為回禮的使者，與鄧芝一同入蜀；但在蜀漢君臣面前卻表現得驕傲自大，在酒宴中被當時處於酒醉狀態的蜀漢官員秦宓闖入，張溫即以「天」為題向秦宓挑起舌戰，被秦宓一番言語辯駁至無言以對，只能退席自嘆。