Early life

Sun He was born as the third son of Sun Quan, a warlord of the late Eastern Han dynasty who became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu state in the Three Kingdoms period. His mother was Lady Wang (王夫人), one of Sun Quan's concubines; she was posthumously honoured as "Empress Dayi" (大懿皇后) in 264. As Lady Wang was Sun Quan's favourite consort at the time, Sun He also became his father's favourite son. In 237, when Sun He was only 13 years old, Sun Quan appointed some officials to serve as Sun He's personal staff and ordered Kan Ze, the Prefect of the Palace Writers, to be Sun He's personal tutor. Sun He, then a young teenager, was known for being studious and respectful. The officials who met him all praised him.

In 241, Sun Quan's eldest son and heir apparent Sun Deng, died of illness. One year later, in February or March 242, Sun Quan designated an 18-year-old Sun He, his eldest surviving son, as the new Crown Prince to replace Sun Deng. At the same time, Sun Quan also promoted Kan Ze to Crown Prince's Grand Tutor (太子太傅), appointed Xue Zong as the Crown Prince's Junior Tutor (太子少傅), and ordered Cai Ying (蔡穎), Zhang Chun, Feng Fu (封俌), Yan Wei (嚴維) and others to serve as the Crown Prince's attendants and personal staff.

As crown prince

As Sun He was intelligent, Sun Quan favoured him and often kept him by his side. Sun Quan also treated Sun He exceptionally well; he gave Sun He new clothes, ornaments, toys and other gifts, but did not do the same for his other sons. Sun Quan's subjects also highly regarded Sun He because he was not only bright, perceptive and well-versed in literary arts, horse-riding and archery, but also respectful and courteous towards his tutors and elders. He was genuinely interested in getting to know people. In 247, Sun Quan ordered Zhuge Yi (諸葛壹) to pretend to defect to Wu's rival state, Wei, and lure the Wei general Zhuge Dan into a trap. When Sun Quan personally led the Wu forces to attack Zhuge Dan, Sun He showed grave concern about his father: he could not rest and have his meals in peace, repeatedly reminded his father to be careful, and hoped that his father would win the battle. He only put aside his worries upon seeing his father return safely to Wu.

During Sun Quan's reign, some Wu officials abused the system of bureaucracy and exploited loopholes to find fault with other. Sun He saw that this could potentially become a serious problem if officials continued to abuse the system for personal gain (e.g. taking petty revenge against colleagues), so he wrote a memorial to the imperial court urging them to take actions to discourage and eliminate such harmful practices. On one occasion, two officials, Liu Bao and Ding Yan (丁晏), made accusations against each other. Sun He told Ding Yan, "It's hard to find competent employees in both the civil and military sectors. If everyone starts attacking each other over trivial and petty disputes, then how can we expect to have prosperity?" He then stepped in to mediate the conflict and succeeded in helping them resolve their dispute.

Sun He heard that Cai Ying (蔡穎), a member of his personal staff, enjoyed playing weiqi and that many of Cai Ying's subordinates also picked up the game and spent a lot of time playing. As he saw that weiqi was an unproductive activity meant to be a hobby or pastime, he became worried that Cai Ying and the others would become complacent and neglect their duties from playing too much weiqi. He thus came up with an idea to subtly remind and motivate his subordinates. He called for a meeting and asked them to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of playing weiqi. One of them, Wei Yao (韋曜), went home, wrote an essay on this topic and presented it to Sun He, who had copies of it distributed among his personal staff.

Succession struggle against Sun Ba and deposal

Sun He's mother, Lady Wang, was not on good terms with Sun Quan's eldest daughter, Sun Luban. As a result, Sun Luban disliked her half-brother, Sun He. On one occasion, Sun Quan could not attend a ceremony at the imperial ancestral temple because he was sick, so he ordered Sun He to take his place. Zhang Xiu, an uncle of Sun He's wife Crown Princess Zhang, lived near the imperial ancestral temple so he invited Sun He to stay at his residence during that period. Sun Luban sent her servants to spy on Sun He and reported to her father that Sun He was not in the imperial ancestral temple and was instead staying with his in-laws and plotting something. She also used the opportunity to slander Sun He's mother, Lady Wang, whom she had a feud with, by telling Sun Quan that Lady Wang expressed glee when she heard that Sun Quan was sick. Sun Quan believed his daughter and became furious with Lady Wang. Lady Wang later died in distress. Sun He also fell out of his father's favour as a result and he became worried that his father would remove him from his position as Crown Prince.

Sometime in the 240s, Sun He became embroiled in a power struggle against his fourth brother, Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu, who wanted to seize the position of Crown Prince from him. In fact, it was Sun Quan himself who sowed the seeds of the conflict between his third and fourth sons. Although Sun Quan had already made Sun He the Crown Prince in 242, he also treated Sun Ba exceptionally well. After discussing among themselves, some officials strongly urged Sun Quan to ensure that Confucian rules of propriety were followed and upheld. For example, Sun He should be accorded greater honours and privileges as compared to Sun Ba because he, as the Crown Prince, was in a higher position compared to the other princes. However, Sun Quan failed to make a clear distinction between his sons, so the power struggle intensified over time as Sun He and Sun Ba started vying for their father's favour and attention. Two opposing factions also emerged from among Sun Quan's subjects: On one side, Lu Xun, Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, Zhu Ju, Teng Yin, Shi Ji, Ding Mi (丁密) and Wu Can believed that Sun He was the rightful heir apparent so they supported him. On the other side, Bu Zhi, Lü Dai, Quan Cong, Lü Ju, Sun Hong, Quan Ji (全寄), Yang Zhu, Wu An and Sun Qi supported Sun Ba. Quan Ji and Yang Zhu, in particular, frequently spoke ill of Sun He in front of Sun Quan. As the power struggle intensified, Sun Quan grew tired of it and told Sun Jun that he was worried that the power struggle would end up in a civil war like the one between Yuan Shao's sons. He wanted to end the power struggle and designate a new heir apparent, so he started taking action against some of the officials involved: Wu Can was imprisoned and executed later; Gu Tan was exiled to Jiao Province; Yang Zhu was executed and his body dumped into the river; Quan Ji, Wu An and Sun Qi were executed.

The historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated Sun He's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, drew comparisons between the Sun He–Sun Ba succession struggle and other similar conflicts such as the one between Yuan Shao's sons and Liu Biao's sons. He commented that Sun Quan was worse than Yuan Shao and Liu Biao because, unlike Yuan Shao and Liu Biao who defied traditional norms of succession and made it clear that they wanted a younger son to succeed them, Sun Quan created ambiguity and uncertainty when he favoured Sun Ba despite having already designated Sun He as his heir apparent. Pei Songzhi criticised Bu Zhi, Lü Dai and Quan Cong for supporting Sun Ba because he deemed Sun Ba's claim to the succession as illegitimate. He also remarked that this incident had a huge negative impact on Bu Zhi in particular, because Bu Zhi had a reputation for being virtuous and generous.

After carefully considering some time, Sun Quan ordered Sun He to be put under house arrest. When Zhu Ju, Qu Huang (屈晃) and some other officials heard about it, they covered their heads in mud, tied themselves up, and came to plead with Sun Quan to release Sun He. When Sun Quan saw them, he felt angry and scolded them for creating a disturbance. Later, he had the intention of deposing Sun He and replacing him with Sun Liang, his youngest son. Two officials, Chen Zheng and Chen Xiang, wrote a memorial to Sun Quan, citing the historical example of Shensheng and Xiqi to warn Sun Quan that changing the Crown Prince could lead to a civil war in the future. Zhu Ju and Qu Huang also repeatedly pressured Sun Quan to pardon Sun He. Sun Quan got fed up with them, so he executed Chen Zheng and Chen Xiang and had Zhu Ju and Qu Huang flogged 100 times. Qu Huang was later removed from office and sent back to his hometown, while Zhu Ju was demoted and later tricked by Sun Hong, a supporter of Sun Ba, into committing suicide. Zhang Chun, one of Sun He's subordinates who also repeatedly begged Sun Quan to spare Sun He, was imprisoned and later executed.

Sometime between September and November 250, Sun Quan deposed Sun He from his position as Crown Prince and relocated him to Guzhang County (故鄣縣; northwest of present-day Anji County, Zhejiang). He also forced Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun He's personal staff, numbering dozens, met different fates as some were executed while others were exiled or dismissed. Many people thought that it was a grave injustice to Sun He and his personal staff. In December 250, Sun Quan designated his youngest son, Sun Liang, as the new Crown Prince to replace Sun He.

Life after deposal

When Sun Quan became critically ill between 250 and 252, he regretted his decision to depose Sun He and thought of restoring Sun He as Crown Prince. However, Sun Luban, Sun Jun, Sun Hong and others strongly objected to it, so he dismissed the idea.

In late January or February 252, Sun Quan made Sun He the Prince of Nanyang (南陽王), with Changsha Commandery (長沙郡; around present-day Changsha, Hunan) as his princedom. During his journey from Guzhang County to Changsha, Sun He saw a magpie's nest on a wall. Some people interpreted this as a sign that disaster would befall Sun He, while others thought that it was an auspicious sign since Sun He had now been restored to noble status after his deposal.

After Sun Quan's death in May 252, his youngest son Sun Liang succeeded him as the new emperor, with Zhuge Ke serving as the regent because the emperor was still too young at the time. Zhuge Ke was a maternal uncle of Sun He's wife, the former Crown Princess Zhang. The former crown princess sent a messenger, Chen Qian, to the imperial capital Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to meet Zhuge Ke. Before Chen Qian left, Zhuge Ke told him, "Please tell her that in a matter of time, I'll make her greater than others." There were rumours that Zhuge Ke wanted to depose Sun Liang and put Sun He on the throne. His behaviour became even more suspicious when he floated the idea of moving the imperial capital from Jianye to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei).

In 253, after Zhuge Ke was overthrown and assassinated in a coup d'état, Sun Jun became the new regent for Sun Liang. Sun Jun demoted Sun He back to commoner status, had him relocated to Xindu Commandery (新都郡; around present-day Yi County, Anhui), and then sent an emissary to force Sun He to commit suicide. As Sun He bid farewell to his wife, the former Crown Princess Zhang, before taking his own life, she told him, "I'll accompany you through thick and thin; I won't continue living on my own." She followed suit after he committed suicide. Sun He's concubine, Lady He, asked, "If we all die, who is going to raise the children?" She did not take her own life and lived on to raise Sun Hao (her son with Sun He) and his three younger brothers.

Posthumous honours

In 264, after Sun He's son, Sun Hao, became the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu, he honoured his father with the posthumous title "Emperor Wen" (文皇帝) and had him reburied at the Ming Mausoleum (明陵), with officials and 200 households to watch over and maintain the tomb. In February or March 266, he separated nine counties from Wu Commandery and Danyang Commandery to form a new commandery, Wuxing Commandery, with its capital at Wucheng County (烏程縣; south of present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang). He appointed an Administrator (太守) to govern Wuxing Commandery and put him in charge of the organising the ceremonies to honour his father every season.

In August 267, Sun Hao heeded a suggestion from one of his officials to build a temple in the imperial capital, Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), to honour his father. He then put Xue Xu in charge of overseeing the construction of the temple, which was named "Qing Temple" (清廟). In January 268, he ordered Imperial Counsellor Meng Ren (孟仁) and Minister of Ceremonies Yao Xin (姚信) to lead 2,000 troops to the Ming Mausoleum as part of an entourage to "escort" Sun He's spirit from the mausoleum to the temple. When the entourage reached Jianye, Sun He kept asking the priest conducting the ceremony about the condition of his father's spirit. After the priest told him that his father looked just the same as when he was still alive, Sun Hao shed tears of both sadness and joy and later rewarded his subjects. Sun Hao also ordered the Imperial Chancellor Lu Kai to oversee the sacrificing of animals in the neighbouring villages as offerings to his father's spirit. That night, Sun Hao slept outside Jianye. The following day, Sun Hao appeared very sad when his father's spirit was being enshrined in the temple. Over the subsequent days, he kept visiting the temple – three times within seven days – to pay respects to his father's spirit, and even ordered singers and dancers to entertain his father's spirit day and night. He only stopped doing so when an official told him that the entire ceremony would lose its sacredness if he performed it excessively.

Family

Sun He had at least four sons – Sun Jun, Sun Hao, Sun De and Sun Qian. Sun Jun was born to Sun He's wife Crown Princess Zhang (a daughter of Zhang Cheng), while Sun Hao was born to Sun He's concubine Lady He. It is not known who the mothers of Sun De and Sun Qian were, except that they were probably Sun He's concubines.

In 258, after Sun Quan's sixth son, Sun Xiu, replaced Sun Liang as the new Wu emperor, he enfeoffed Sun He's eldest son, Sun Hao, as the Marquis of Wucheng with his marquisate in Xindu Commandery (新都郡; around present-day Yi County, Anhui). Sun Xiu also enfeoffed Sun De and Sun Qian as the Marquis of Qiantang (錢唐侯) and Marquis of Yong'an (永安侯) respectively, and appointed Sun Jun as a Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉). In 264, following Sun Xiu's death, Sun Hao succeeded him as the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu.

;Sun Jun

Sun Jun had a reputation for being intelligent and bright, Sun Hao feared that he would pose a threat to him, so he found an excuse to have Sun Jun executed.

;Sun De

Sun De's eventual fate remains unknown. He probably died early, or else Sun Hao might have purged him too.

;Sun Qian

In late September or October 265, Sun Hao moved the imperial capital from Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) and left Imperial Counsellor Ding Gu (丁固) and General of the Right Zhuge Jing in charge of Jianye. During this time, due to Sun Hao's tyrannical and oppressive rule, one Shi Dan (施但) from Wuxing Commandery (吳興郡; around present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang) rallied about 10,000 men and started a rebellion. The rebels took Sun Qian hostage and headed towards Jianye, where they intended to make Sun Qian the new emperor. When they were some 30 li away from Jianye, Sun Qian issued a decree to Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing, ordering them to submit to him. Zhuge Jing executed Sun Qian's messenger. When the rebels were about nine li away from Jianye, Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing led government forces from Jianye to attack them. As the rebels did not have body armour to protect themselves, they abandoned Sun Qian, who was sitting in a carriage, and fled at the sight of armoured soldiers marching towards them. Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing took Sun Qian captive but did not dare to execute him, so they sent a messenger to Wuchang to ask Sun Hao what to do with him. Sun Hao ordered Sun Qian and Sun Qian's mother to be poisoned to death.

;Sun He's daughter

Sun He also had a daughter who was born to Crown Princess Zhang (Zhang Cheng's daughter). She married Lu Jing, who was born to Lu Kang and another daughter of Zhang Cheng; both Sun He's daughter and Lu Jing therefore were Zhang Cheng's maternal grandchildren.

生平

孫和的母親王夫人甚得孫權寵愛，故孫和也得到了父親的培育。14歲時，孫權吩咐闞澤教他讀書和技藝。五年後，孫和在長兄孫登病死後被立為太子。

然而，王夫人與全公主不和，全公主是孫權與步夫人所生。孫和因在入孫策廟祭祀後拜訪太子妃張氏的叔父張休，而被全公主陷害他與外戚別有所圖。全公主又誣陷王夫人對當時病倒的孫權幸災樂禍，使得王夫人憂慮而死，孫和寵遇減損。與此同時，孫和的弟弟魯王孫霸覬覦太子之位，暗結朝臣，朝廷分成太子黨和魯王黨兩派，彼此爭奪權力，史稱「南魯黨爭」。太子黨的陸遜、吾粲、顧譚、張休等受到魯王黨的譖毀，或受貶黜，或致死。最後孫和被廢，孫權把他放逐到長沙，將魯王孫霸及其黨羽賜死，改立孫亮為太子。

孫權死前曾有意召回孫和並重立為太子，但因全公主、宗室孫峻、中書令孫弘堅決反對而未有成事。孫權去世前複封孫和為南陽王，就藩長沙。

孫權死後，權臣諸葛恪被孫峻殺死，因為張氏是諸葛恪的外甥女，而諸葛恪亦被指有意擁立孫和為帝，孫和也被牽連。孫峻於253年派人賜死孫和，孫和遂自殺，得年30歲。張氏亦身殉丈夫而自殺。

孫和的死據稱令全國很多人都十分哀痛。他的妾室何氏獨力撫育他的四個兒子：孫皓、孫德、孫謙、孫俊。

兒子

長子孫皓後來登基為帝，追諡孫和為昭獻皇帝，後改為文皇帝，又改遷其葬地至烏程縣西山，名明陵墓。

次子孫德的後續事跡不詳，年紀較幼的孫謙和孫俊則因對兄長的皇位有潛在威脅而被殺死。

成就

據《三國志》記載，孫和「好學下士」，又反對朝臣黨爭，互相攻訐構禍，曾調解了兩位官員的爭端。

另外，他也反對賭博，認為娛樂消閒的選擇很多，賭博無所建樹，應該摒棄。

家庭

祖父母

• 孫堅 祖父，孫權稱帝後追諡為武烈皇帝

• 吳太夫人 祖母，孫權稱帝後追諡為武烈皇后

叔伯

• 孫策 大伯，東吳奠基者，孫權稱帝後追諡為長沙桓王

• 孫翊 三叔，丹楊太守，性格驍悍果烈，有孫策之風

• 孫匡 四叔，孫策讓出父親孫堅之烏程侯爵位給幼弟孫匡來承襲，早逝

• 孫朗 五叔，因違反軍令燒毀自家軍用被呂範送回而被禁錮

姑媽

• 孫氏，嫁給曲阿人弘咨

• 孫氏，嫁給陳氏

姑姐

• 孫夫人，嫁劉備，正史姓名不詳。三國演義中稱孫仁，戲曲《甘露寺》稱孫尚香

父親

• 孫權，東吳大皇帝，東吳開國君主。

兄弟

• 孫登，孫權長子，字子高，東吳宣太子。三十三歲病死。

• 孫慮，孫權次子，字子智，少敏惠有才藝，權器愛之。二十歲卒。無子。

• 孫霸，孫權四子，字子威，曾與兄長孫和發生二宮之爭。被孫權賜死。

• 孫奮，孫權五子，字子揚，封齊王。後被廢為庶人。太平三年又被封為章安侯。被孫皓誅殺。

• 孫休，孫權六子，字子烈，東吳景皇帝。原被封琅邪王，孫亮被廢黜後被立為帝。廿四歲繼位孫亮。三十歲英年早逝。

• 孫亮，孫權幼子，字子明，十歲繼位孫權，十六被丞相孫綝廢為會稽王。十八歲流放途中亡。

姊妹

• 孫魯班，字大虎，孫權長女，先配周循，後配全琮。

• 孫氏（待考），孫權次女。劉纂妻，早卒。

• 孫魯育，字小虎，孫權三女，先配朱據，後配劉纂。

• 孫氏（待考），滕胤妻。

妃子

• 張妃

• 鄧夫人，根據《拾遺記》記載，孫和寵愛鄧夫人，常將她抱在膝上。他用水精如意如意碰傷了鄧夫人的面頰，御醫用獺骨加入玉屑、琥珀粉調和，製成藥膏。鄧夫人臉上留下了一個赤紅的斑點，後宮嬪妃效仿，紛紛都用丹脂在臉頰上點一小斑。

• 何姬，孫皓生母。

子女

• 孫皓，即吳末帝。

• 孫德，孫休時封錢唐侯，孫皓弟。

• 孫謙，孫休時封永安侯，孫皓弟，孫皓稱帝後被變民施但擁之作亂，與其母、子皆為孫皓所殺。

• 孫俊，張妃所生，孫皓嫡弟，孫休時拜騎都尉，孫皓稱帝後忌而殺之。

• 孫氏，張妃所生，孫皓嫡妹，嫁陸抗子陸景。

評價

• 陳壽：「慮（孫慮）、和有好善之姿，規自砥礪，或短命早終，或不得其死，哀哉！」