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袁崇煥[View] [Edit] [History]ctext:848330
Relation | Target | Textual basis |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 袁崇煥 | |
name-style | 元素 | 《明史·列傳第一百四十七 楊鎬李維翰周永春袁應泰薛國用熊廷弼王化貞袁崇煥毛文龍趙光抃範志完》:袁崇煥,字元素,東莞人。 |
died-date | 崇禎三年八月癸亥 1630/9/22 | 《明史·本紀第二十三 莊烈帝一》:秋八月癸亥,殺袁崇煥。 |
born | 1584 | |
died | 1630 | |
authority-cbdb | 61490 | |
authority-sinica | 4828 | |
authority-viaf | 6365091 | |
authority-wikidata | Q715553 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 袁崇焕 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Yuan_Chonghuan | |
held-office | office:兵部尚書 | |
from-date 崇禎元年四月甲午 1628/5/6 | 《明史·本紀第二十三 莊烈帝一》:甲午,袁崇煥為兵部尚書,督師薊、遼。 | |
killed | person:毛文龍 | 《明史·列傳第二百八 外國一 朝鮮》:是年六月,督師袁崇煥殺平遼將軍左都督毛文龍於雙島。 |
at-date 崇禎二年六月 1629/7/20 - 1629/8/18 |
Yuan's military career reached its height when he defeated the Jurchen ruler, Nurhaci, and his army in the first Battle of Ningyuan. Later on, Yuan also defeated Nurhaci's son and successor, Hong Taiji, and his 200,000-strong army composed of mostly Mongol soldiers at the second Battle of Ningyuan. Yuan met his end when he was arrested and executed by lingchi ("slow slicing") on the order of the Chongzhen Emperor under false charges of treason, which were believed to have been planted against him by the Jurchens.
Read more...: Early life Early military career Later military career and death Legacy Physical appearance In popular culture
Early life
Yuan was born in Dongguan, Guangdong. During his adolescence, he spent time traveling from town to town. Although he took the imperial examination repeatedly with little success, he gained a lot of practical experience during his travels to the capital. It is said that he befriended several Jesuits during this time and spent much time working on modifying European cannons.
Early military career
Yuan passed the imperial examination in 1619 and was appointed as the magistrate of a remote county. In 1619, the Ming imperial army was defeated by the Jurchens in the Battle of Sarhu. Ming forces suffered successive defeats and in 1622 they were forced to retreat to Shanhai Pass, abandoning all of Liaoning to the Jurchens. After a visit to the front, Yuan was appointed as a second-class secretary in the Ministry of War, then promoted almost immediately to full secretary and supplied with funds for enlisting troops. Yuan's rapid promotion was quite notable at the time as he did not have any formal military training at all, save for studying the Confucian classics in order to pass the imperial examination.
Yuan cooperated with the commander-in-chief Sun Chengzong in pushing the frontiers steadily northward, fortifying Ningyuan in 1623. The elderly Sun was an able commander but refused to bribe Wei Zhongxian, an influential court eunuch under the Tianqi Emperor. Consequently, Sun was recalled in 1625 and replaced by Gao Di, who ordered a general retreat to Shanhai Pass. However, Yuan flatly refused to leave Ningyuan.
Early in the next year, Nurhaci led the Jurchens back across the Liao River. Yuan and his deputies successfully held Ningyuan with the newly mounted and modified "hongyipao" and only 9,000 militiamen against Nurhaci's 130,000-strong army. The victory at Ningyuan prevented immediate advances by the Jurchens.
Yuan was said to have studied every aspect of the cannon for it to fire accurately at the position he wanted, and this is given as the reason why Nurhaci, although well-protected by his elite guards in a safe position, was wounded by cannon fire. After the battle, Yuan sent letters to ask the well-being of Nurhaci, as traditionally done by Chinese generals, but Nurhaci returned an insult by calling him duplicitous.
As a result of this victory, the Ming imperial court in Beijing appointed Yuan as the Governor of Liaodong on 27 February 1626, with full authority to handle all forces outside the passes.
During this time, Yuan executed Mao Wenlong, a Ming general regarded as ruthless but talented. Various texts have different opinions of his actions. Many stated this was a mistake since Mao could still be used against the Jurchens. However, Yuan took into account how Mao conducted his battles: Mao's tactics usually involved using civilian settlements as a shield for his troops, and during the occupation the civilians suffered tremendously. Mao also used the Joseon kingdom, Ming's ally, as a base to launch expeditions against the Jurchens. When the Jurchens entered Joseon, Mao ordered a general retreat of Ming forces. This angered many merchants in the Beijing area who traded in the Korean Peninsula. In addition, Mao was known to have bribed many corrupt eunuchs and officials. Consequently, by executing Mao, Yuan made enemies with some of the most influential people in China.
Taking advantage of Nurhaci's death later in the year, Yuan reoccupied Jinzhou. The Jurchens reappeared in June and withdrew after a series of indecisive battles. Yuan was criticised by the partisans of Wei Zhongxian, who stated that he took too long to fight off the Jurchens. Shortly thereafter Yuan was forced into retirement.
Later military career and death
In 1628, under the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor, Yuan was reinstated as the field marshal of all the Ming forces in the northeast. He embarked on an ambitious five-year plan for the complete recovery of Liaodong. The Chongzhen Emperor had begun his reign in 1627 at the age of 16, and in 1629 (at the age of 18) he appointed Yuan. In 1629, Yuan was granted the title of "Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent". The emperor gave Yuan his Imperial Sword and stated that he would fully support Yuan's decisions.
This time Yuan had to face again a larger Jurchen force of over 200,000 troops under Nurhaci's successor, Hong Taiji. The Jurchens had incorporated more men into their army, including the newly surrendered Mongols and Ming rebels. They conquered various small tribes in northern China, and defeated Joseon in order to secure it as a tributary. However, the Jurchens never attacked Jinzhou or Ningyuan again. Instead, they bypassed Jinzhou, Ningyuan and Shanhai Pass altogether. They broke through the Great Wall west of Shanhai Pass and reached the north of Beijing in the winter of 1629. Yuan rushed back with a selected veteran force from Ningyuan to defend the capital. He reached Beijing just days before the Jurchens. Outside the city wall of Beijing, he defeated the Jurchen Eight Banners which numbered around 100,000 men, but failed to destroy the Jurchen army. The Jurchens' surprise attack on Beijing was foiled. Despite the fact that Yuan prevented the Jurchens from even reaching the city wall, Yuan was heavily criticized when he arrived in Beijing, and some eunuchs even accused Yuan of collaborating with the enemy.
The Chongzhen Emperor ordered Yuan's arrest during an audience on 13 January 1630. Despite little evidence, Yuan was accused of collusion with the enemy and sentenced to death by lingchi ("slow slicing") at Ganshiqiao in Beijing. When Yuan was asked for last words before his execution, he produced the following poem: "A life's work always ends up in vain; half of my career seems to be in dreams. I do not worry about lacking brave warriors after my death, for my loyal spirit will continue to guard Liaodong." Imperial records showed he took half a day to die.
Yuan was mourned throughout most of the country outside Beijing and even in the kingdom of Joseon. After his death, many took note of the Ming and their allies's weak position as favorable conditions for another Jurchen invasion.
It was said that upon hearing of his apparent "betrayal", many Beijing residents hated Yuan so much that they rushed to buy his body parts so they could eat them as soon as they were sliced off his body. He was left there after the torture, shouting for half a day before stopping. His head, the only recognisable part after the execution, was taken outside the Inner City Wall by a city guard, whose surname was She (佘), and buried in Huashi near Guangqumen. The guard's family have guarded it for generations since. His tomb was recently renovated and renamed the Yuan Chong huan Memorial, located at Longtan Park.
Legacy
Yuan's name was cleared nearly a century later by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, after conclusive evidence was found in old archives of the Qing imperial court supporting his innocence. The Qianlong Emperor tried to express his kindness by searching for and rewarding Yuan's direct descendants, but failed to find any.
Physical appearance
Ming dynasty scholars described Yuan as a short-tempered person with a tiny body frame, and because of his appearance, the Chongzhen Emperor was highly doubtful about his abilities when he first met Yuan.
In popular culture
In the wuxia novel Sword Stained with Royal Blood by Jin Yong, Yuan is survived by a fictional son, Yuan Chengzhi, the protagonist of the novel. Yuan Chengzhi was saved by his father's subordinates after his father was executed and taken to the Mount Hua Sect, where he learnt martial arts. Several years later, when he had grown up, he left Mount Hua and traveled around in search of adventure and to redress his father's legacy.
Celebrated as a Cantonese hero, during a 2010 rally, protesters in Guangzhou used Yuan's battle cry against his Jurchen enemies during the Battle of Ningyuan: "Fuck his mom! Hit them hard!" (掉哪媽! 頂硬上!) as a chant.
In the 2017 TVB drama A General, a Scholar and a Eunuch, Yuan Chong huan was portrayed by Edwin Siu.
袁崇煥于萬曆四十七年(1619年)中進士。授職兵部,守衛山海關及遼東;曾指揮寧遠之戰、寧錦之戰,大力構築「關寧錦防線」,多次和後金部隊在該防線交戰,期間對崇禎皇帝有「五年平遼」的承諾,得言聽計從,支給錢糧。後因誅殺毛文龍、在己巳之變護衛不力以及擅自與後金議和等罪,清朝記錄稱明帝中反間計(見《明史》本傳,《明季北略》《石匱書後集》等言之詳),被明廷判以凌遲(下獄在崇禎二年十二月,皇帝十八歲。殺害在次年八月,斷罪歷時九個月,其間崇禎兩次親自提審袁崇煥,問以借上意殺毛文龍及己巳不力事,皆不能對答)。十四年後,明亡於李自成,吳三桂為「報君父仇」借清兵入關,天下易主。清乾隆年間,清政府為袁崇煥平反,但史學界對其事仍有爭議。北京市東城區(原屬崇文區)有袁督師祠墓,廟在龍潭公園內,袁崇煥紀念館今存。
Read more...: 生平 早年生涯 領兵遼東 寧遠之戰 關寧錦防線 後金和議 寧錦之戰 再次複出 誅殺毛文龍 己巳之變 下獄磔殺與影響 後世與紀念 評價與爭議 歷史評價 影視形象 電影 電視劇 舞台劇 相關條目 注釋 參考書籍
生平
早年生涯
袁崇煥幼年為人慷慨,富于膽略,好與人談論軍事。遇到退伍士卒,每每請教邊疆軍事情況,並有志于邊疆事務。他還喜歡遠遊,上京應試時,常順便遊歷,足跡幾遍天下。途中,他常與友人徹夜長談,內容亦多涉及軍事。
萬曆四十七年(1619年),袁崇煥中式三甲第四十名進士,任福建邵武知縣。天啟二年(1622年)到京述職時,因御史侯恂舉薦其有軍事才能,升任兵部職方司主事。當時,後金兵勢正盛,王化貞大軍在廣寧覆沒,朝廷驚惶失措;對於是否能夠鎮守住山海關,朝臣議論紛紛。袁崇煥卻在此時單騎出關考察局勢,兵部、家人都不知其蹤影。不久,他返回北京,上書報告關上局勢,並稱:「只要給我兵馬糧草,我一人足以守住山海關。」其膽識得到朝臣交口稱讚,他也因此升任兵備僉事,負責助守山海關,且獲朝廷批准,招募兵卒。
袁崇煥到達山海關後,成為遼東經略王在晉下屬。當時,關外已被蒙古哈剌慎諸部控制,袁崇煥最初僅在關內駐守,很快即因任事幹練得到王在晉倚重,奉其命移駐中前所,隨即又得令前往前屯衛,安置遼東難民。袁崇煥連夜出發,四更時分即進入前屯城內,將士無不佩服。事成後,王在晉上奏題名袁崇煥為寧前兵備僉事,負責寧遠、前屯衛二城防衛,形成保護山海關外圍工事。寧遠在最前線,前屯衛稍後。然而在防事安排中,兩人產生分歧。王主張在山海關外八里處的八里舖築城守御,袁則認為該外圍陣地太窄,並非良策,在爭辯無果之後,袁越級奏請首輔葉向高。經左光斗提議,大學士孫承宗以閣臣掌兵部事,巡視遼東。
當時後金攻破廣寧後,又強令錦州、義州等處民眾東遷。其中義州一部占領十三山,並多次擊敗後金部隊進攻。後金久攻不下,築長圍困。十三山領袖楊三、畢麻子派人突圍並向明軍求援。袁崇煥請命:「派五千人鎮守寧遠,以壯十三山氣勢,並派遣其他部隊參與營救。寧遠距離十三山有二百里,進可占領錦州,退可堅守寧遠,何必對十萬人置之度外呢?」孫承宗向總督王象乾請教,王象乾認為關上軍方無士氣,請派遣關內三千人前往,孫承宗認為可行,于是告訴王在晉。王在晉則不同意營救,致使十三山民兵只有六千人脫逃。
孫承宗經過考察,認為王在晉在八里舖建重城的意見不可取,于是召集將吏商議。閻鳴泰主張在覺華島,袁崇煥主張在寧遠,王在晉和張應吾、邢慎言則堅持己見;最後,孫承宗採用了袁崇煥的意見。不久,孫承宗回京後上書明熹宗,請免王在晉的遼東經略職位,自任督師,鎮守山海關,且更加倚重袁崇煥。袁對內安撫軍民,對外整飭邊防戰備,成績顯著;且嚴厲執法,軍紀大有改觀。
領兵遼東
寧遠之戰
天啟三年九月,孫承宗決意堅守寧遠(今遼寧興城),當時僉事萬有孚、劉詔雖力勸而不聽,並命令袁崇煥與滿桂鎮守寧遠,袁崇煥開始領兵遼東。在寧遠時,袁崇煥率領祖大壽、高見、賀謙等進行城牆修築工程,次年工程結束,寧遠城遂成山海關外重鎮。當時城內士兵士氣高昂,商旅昌盛。此時,袁崇煥父喪,其守喪的請求卻被朝廷拒絕,而命其在職守制。
天啟四年(1624年),袁崇煥與馬世龍、王世欽等率領一萬二千名部隊東巡廣寧(今北鎮市),其位于錦州以北,相距後金重鎮瀋陽不遠。其大軍經大凌河的出口十三山,從海道還寧遠。其膽識得到孫承宗讚賞,袁崇煥亦因功升為兵備副使,再升右參政。次年夏,孫承宗根據袁崇煥的策劃,派遣諸將分屯錦州、松山、杏山、右屯、大凌河、小凌河各要塞,又向北推進了二百里,幾乎完全收複了遼河以西的舊地。而此時後金大汗努爾哈赤亦將京城南移至遼寧瀋陽,雙方擺出進攻姿態,劍拔弩張,局勢一觸即發。
當時明朝朝廷內部魏忠賢等閹黨大肆屠殺東林黨人,其中楊漣、左光斗、魏大中、袁化中等大臣被誅殺,而在遼東邊防立功的熊廷弼亦遭牽連。孫承宗亦被閹黨人高第取代遼東經略職位。高第繼任後,立即要求袁崇煥將遼東部隊全部撤入山海關(一說撤入部隊不包括寧遠),袁崇煥與督屯通判金啟倧認為城池已收複,無理放棄撤退,于是極力反對,並抗命拒絕在寧遠、前屯衛的部隊撤退,高第下令放棄糧食十餘萬石,撤退途中死傷甚多,軍民紛紛氣憤難當,許多物資在撤退過程中既沒有撤離,也沒有銷毀,最終盡為後金所得,明軍物資損失慘重。之後,錦州、右屯、大小凌河、松山、杏山等部隊被撤去。袁崇煥請求回家守父喪,未被批准。同年十二月晉升按察使,依然守衛遼東。
天啟六年(1626年)正月,努爾哈赤率領後金部隊渡過遼河,二十三日抵達寧遠城下(一說正月初十抵達寧遠,未予馬上攻城)。當時,明朝朝廷得到急報,兵部尚書王永光等廷臣討論戰時,各個束手無策。遼寧經略高第、山海關總兵楊麒則擁兵山海關,不去援救。《明史》記載當時朝野上下皆認定寧遠肯定守不住。而寧遠城中,袁崇煥則與大將滿桂、副將左輔、朱梅,參將祖大壽、何可綱等將士誓死守衛城池。他甚至寫血書告示傳閱,並向士卒下拜,全軍上下士氣高昂,決意死戰。袁崇煥還下令前屯守將趙率教、山海關守將楊麒,凡有寧遠城的逃兵回去,一概斬殺。二十四日,後金部隊開始進攻寧遠城,其先鋒圍城部隊為兩萬鐵甲騎軍,其用鐵裹車撞擊城牆,並用鐵鍬挖掘牆腳,城牆被挖成凹龕;明軍則採用階石碾壓城外後金部隊。袁崇煥還使用紅衣大炮,重創城外後金兵。次日,後金軍因當時天氣過於寒冷,寧遠的城墻雖然被挖了不少洞,但卻始終沒有坍塌,再攻未能攻下城池。後金軍之後撤退,改道離城五里的龍宮寺紮營,改為攻擊覺華島,覺華島上的軍民被屠戮一空,傷亡萬餘,島上糧食、房屋、船隻的損失也非常大。寧遠之戰為後金軍的首敗,努爾哈赤亦因此耿耿于懷寧遠解圍後,明熹宗採納兵部尚書王永光的建議,不追究覺華島慘敗一事,將此一役稱為「大捷」,以激勵士氣。明熹宗嘉獎廣寧軍功勞。袁崇煥隨即升任右僉都御史,而滿桂等大將也紛紛升職。而高第、楊麒因不援寧遠和覺華島而免職,以王之臣、趙率教取代。
關寧錦防線
天啟六年(1626年)三月,袁崇煥因功升至遼東巡撫,負責遼東及山海關等地,並開始經營關寧錦防線。袁起初辭賞,後明熹宗堅持原意。然而,魏忠賢見其地位上升,于是增加提防,並派遣其親信太監劉應坤、紀用到寧遠監軍。袁崇煥上疏反對,但不被採納。後朝廷為安撫袁崇煥,提升其為兵部右侍郎,並賞銀幣,子孫世襲錦衣千戶。在此時,滿桂因為寧遠之戰中趙率教未能親自援救而互相指責,袁崇煥與滿桂之間產生激烈衝突,袁上奏請求遣其鎮守其他城鎮,于是滿桂被召還北京。而當時經略王之臣極力反對,並請求朝廷命其鎮守山海關。朝廷為了緩和各方矛盾,命令王之臣專守關內,而關外士兵將領皆由袁崇煥派遣。之後袁崇煥自悔,請求朝廷依照王之臣建言。滿桂遂被調遣鎮守山海關,並持尚方寶劍、統領關內外部分軍隊。
基于對廷臣誹謗的擔心,袁崇煥上了一道奏章,提出守遼的基本戰略。其主張:一、用遼人守遼土;二、屯田,以遼土給養軍隊,可以減少海運;三、以守為主,等待機會再出擊。他擔心立功之後,清兵必定會使反間計,散播謠言,而本國必定有人妒忌毀謗。此奏摺得到明熹宗的嘉許。同年冬天,袁崇煥率領趙率教以及兩名特務太監劉應坤、紀用,興辦防禦工事及屯田,逐漸收複高第此前放棄的土地。事後,袁崇煥上奏讚許這兩名太監的功勞,魏忠賢、劉應坤、紀用三人都得到了封賞。袁崇煥還上奏進言:明朝部隊不善于野戰,只能憑藉固守和大炮防禦的策略。並要求增加四萬部隊去修築松山城等防禦設施。後都得到明熹宗的批准。
後金和議
因為寧遠之戰後,明朝急于修建防禦工事;而後金則急需軍需補給,鞏固統治。天啟六年八月,後金首領努爾哈赤病逝,袁崇煥派遣使者去悼念,以窺視其虛實。後金政權的繼任者皇太極派遣使者到袁崇煥處,雙方欲議和,皇太極甚至自降身份稱臣。議和同時,後金部隊趁機進攻朝鮮。天啟七年一月,皇太極在遣使答覆的同時,渡過鴨綠江。當時明朝朝廷議論議和之事,王之臣以宋朝與金朝的議和歷史附議而彈劾袁崇煥。朝廷召還王之臣回京,並取消遼東經略職位不再設,而山海關內外部隊皆由袁崇煥調遣。之後袁崇煥趁後金部隊主攻朝鮮時,派兵修建錦州、中左、大淩的防禦工事。皇太極因此抗議其缺乏和平誠意,並提議劃定疆界。當時朝鮮受困、駐守朝鮮的毛文龍告急,于是明朝朝廷命令袁崇煥發兵救援,其用海軍援助毛文龍,又派遣左輔、趙率教、朱梅等九名將領率領精兵九千進攻三岔河,形成牽制局勢。不過當時朝鮮已經被後金部隊占領,于是諸將返回遼東。
袁崇煥議和之初,明朝朝廷並不所知。當時奏報時,明熹宗起初讚許其方,後改變看法認為並非良策,于是頻繁下旨禁止。袁崇煥則因為要修築防禦工事而堅持己見。當時朝鮮與毛文龍部隊被後金進攻,朝廷中言官認為是因議和所招致的。同年四月,袁崇煥上書道:「關外四城有四十里地,有屯兵六萬,商民數十萬,現在地少人多。必須修築錦州、中左、大淩三城,才能轉移商民、大量屯田。如果城牆在修築前敵兵入侵,屆時勢必撤退,那麼此前的努力都失敗了。現在趁後金進攻朝鮮,于是用緩兵計為上。當敵方得知消息後,城防已成,于是關外四百里地則可固若金湯了。」之後明熹宗得報後嘉獎。雖然朝廷議論紛紛,不過袁崇煥的山海關-寧遠-錦州(關寧錦防線)防線基本構建完成。
寧錦之戰
天啟七年(1627年)五月,朝廷命令尤世祿代替趙率教守衛錦州,尤世祿尚未抵達時,皇太極親率正黃旗、鑲黃旗、正白旗、鑲白旗精兵,進攻遼西,攻陷明朝大凌河、小凌河兩個要塞,隨即進攻寧遠的外圍要塞錦州。五月十一日,後金部隊抵達錦州,並四面圍城。趙率教率部環城而守,並以緩兵計派遣使者求和,使者三次返回並未成功,而皇太極攻城愈急。袁崇煥于是派遣祖大壽和尤世祿帶了四千精兵,繞到清軍後路去包抄,又派水師去攻東路作為牽制,並請求關內部隊救援。當時明朝朝廷命山海關的滿桂移師前屯,而駐守三屯的孫祖壽移師山海關,宣府的黑雲龍移師一片石,薊遼總督閻鳴泰移師山海關;又派遣昌平、天津、保定兵馳援上關;並命山西、河南、山東的部隊進行備戰。
錦州城內,趙率教與前鋒總兵左輔、副總兵朱梅等率兵奮勇死戰,和後金部隊從五月十一打到二十八日,之後皇太極久攻不下,轉而去分兵攻寧遠。當時袁崇煥與中官應坤、副使畢自肅督軍並在城上進行炮擊;而馳援的滿桂、尤世祿、祖大壽等在城外大戰,後雙方死傷慘重,滿桂身負數箭。後金部隊見無法攻下寧遠,于是改為進攻錦州。六月初四,皇太極增兵猛攻錦州,錦州城中使用大炮、火炮、火彈和矢石等武器,清兵受創極重。于是次日皇太極退兵,並拆毀大凌河、小凌河兩個要塞,史稱「寧錦之戰」,為明朝與後金交戰的第二次大勝,而滿桂、趙率教功勞最大。
雖然袁崇煥帶兵遼東大戰後金,明朝內部閹黨魏忠賢則控制朝廷,朝廷內部阿諛奉承,當時各地巡撫官員紛紛為其修建生祠。天啟七年四月,袁崇煥上奏摺,稱頌魏忠賢的功德,並要求在寧遠、前屯兩地為魏忠賢修建生祠。儘管如此,寧錦之戰後,當時朝廷論功行賞,受賞者數百人,廷臣紛紛讚許此戰功勞為魏忠賢調度有方,其中魏忠賢的義子亦因此封侯,然而袁崇煥只升一級。當時兵部尚書霍維華認為不公,上疏請求讓蔭,魏忠賢亦拒絕其請求。相反,魏忠賢派使其黨羽以袁不救錦州為由,彈劾袁崇煥。袁崇煥不得已請求辭職告老還鄉,同年七月獲准,而王之臣代為督師兼遼東巡撫,滿桂鎮守寧遠。
再次複出
熹宗去世,思宗即位,建立東林黨內閣,魏忠賢被誅,朝臣紛請召袁崇煥還朝。崇禎元年(1628年)任命袁崇煥為兵部尚書兼右副都御史,督師薊、遼,兼督登、萊、天津軍務。七月,思宗召見袁崇煥。期間,袁崇煥慷慨陳詞,計劃以五年復遼,並疏陳方略。袁崇煥表示其在邊關立功,唯恐朝廷人士妒功中傷。思宗請袁無須疑慮,其自有主持。大學士劉鴻訓上書請思宗收回王之臣、滿桂的尚方寶劍。崇禎皇帝即賜崇煥尚方寶劍,在復遼前提下,可以方便行事。此外,皇帝再加獎勉,賜他蟒袍、玉帶與銀幣。袁崇煥領了銀幣,但以未立功勳,不敢受蟒袍玉帶之賜,上疏辭謝。
袁崇煥還未到任,已發生寧遠兵變。起因是公家欠餉四月,四川與湖廣軍人于是先行譁變。士兵把巡撫畢自肅、總兵官朱梅等縛在譙樓上。兵備副使郭廣于是把官衙庫房中所有的二萬兩銀錢拿出發餉,並向寧遠商民借五萬兩,譁變始解。畢自肅引罪自殺。同年八月,袁崇煥到達遼東,逮捕張正朝、張思順等十五人並斬首于集市,此外,斬殺中軍吳國琦、懲罰參將彭簪古,並罷免都司左良玉等四人,兵變始定。
譁變改變遼東部隊的駐守布局:祖大壽仍鎮守錦州;何可剛升任都督僉事,代替解任後的朱梅,寧遠、錦州合鎮;趙率教則轉移至山海關;而袁崇煥親自鎮守寧遠。因為畢自肅已死,袁崇煥上奏請撤消遼東巡撫職位,並罷免登萊巡撫孫國楨、取消該巡撫職位,崇禎皇帝均批准。此外,袁崇煥又撫慰哈剌慎三十六家,穩定邊疆安定。崇禎二年,明思宗加封其為太子太保,並賞賜蟒衣、銀幣。
誅殺毛文龍
崇禎二年(1629年)袁崇煥與內閣輔臣錢龍錫談到平遼事宜時,提及其欲除去毛文龍。天啟四年至七年中,毛文龍多次襲擊清軍,都遭失敗,此後在皮島駐紮。因此東林黨人工科給事中潘士聞、尚寶卿董茂忠上書彈劾請撤毛文龍。兵部商議時,袁崇煥提議派遣官員至皮島管理兵餉核查銀錢帳用,而遭到毛文龍抵制,因此招致袁崇煥不悅。
崇禎二年一月,袁崇煥要求東江鎮的糧食必須由他來發送,但是依然保持東江鎮的補給,並禁止商船賣走私的槍炮給東江鎮。並在同時賣糧食給歸降明朝的蒙古部落,進而讓明軍內招募蒙古士兵。
同年六月初一,袁崇煥與毛文龍在旅順附近的島山會見,並商議軍事。經過連續三日的談判,毛文龍始終不接受袁崇煥主張的「皮島設文官監軍;糧餉由寧遠轉發;改編部隊」等建議,談判失敗。之後袁崇煥勸其歸鄉,而毛文龍則稱自己了解遼東局勢,並能解決滿洲、順勢攻占朝鮮。此後,袁傳副將汪翥上船密議,通宵部署誅殺毛文龍。初五,袁崇煥邀毛文龍一起檢閱將士比賽射箭,但袁提出幾件事來責問毛文龍,毛文龍抗辯。袁崇煥命人除下其衣冠並捆綁,毛文龍仍稱自己無罪有功。袁于是宣布毛的「十二大罪狀」,祭出尚方寶劍、誅殺同樣有尚方寶劍的毛文龍。毛文龍有部下為其求情,稱毛沒功勞也有苦勞,被袁崇煥斥退。
袁雖然誅殺了毛文龍,但慮其部屬有變,于是諭示只誅殺毛文龍一人,其餘免罪,並命原皮島副總兵陳繼盛繼任。此外,並增加兵餉至十八萬兩白銀。此後的奏摺中,袁崇煥上疏陳述毛文龍因拒絕設文官監軍、糧餉由寧遠轉發、瞞報兵力、殺良冒功等罪惡,而決議謀殺毛。明思宗以兵減餉增而生疑,不過仍然接受袁崇煥的提議。此後,袁崇煥整頓全部遼東及登萊、天津部隊,共有士兵十五萬三千餘人、馬匹八萬一千餘等。
己巳之變
崇禎二年(1629年),蒙古與女真發生嚴重饑荒,蒙古諸部請求袁崇煥開糶互市,後崇禎嚴令只准按口換糧。同年六月,翰林院編修陳仁錫出使遼東,認為這是偷襲女真的最佳時機,同時,王懷達、陳國威二人又預料到了指出了皇太極的軍事行動,但袁崇煥雖然沒能採取行動,仍上奏稱及後金會繞道蒙古進攻明朝。
同年十月二十七日,皇太極聯合喀喇沁,繞境蒙古朵顏部地盤破長城喜峰口而入。十月二十八日,袁崇煥在寧遠得警,馬上令山海關總兵入援遵化,錦州總兵祖大壽入關後繼。十一月初四,趙率教戰死于三屯營,袁崇煥率兵至山海關。十一月初五,袁崇煥率軍進入薊鎮。十一月初六,袁崇煥到達永平,得報遵化已于十一月初三被攻陷,巡撫王元雅被殺。袁崇煥在榛子鎮接到崇禎聖旨,獲得調度指揮各鎮援兵之權。
十一月初九,袁崇煥到達順天府薊州。十一月初十,袁崇煥進入薊州,以關寧兵布防薊州西部各地,。而當時孫承宗指出應該守薊州三河一線,否則皇太極越薊州三河則可直撲北京。十一月十四,袁崇煥獲報,後金軍已經薊州穿越而過,袁崇煥被動急追。十一月十六夜,袁崇煥趕在後金部隊前到達北京左安門,在廣渠門外駐營。明思宗迅速召見袁崇煥,並深加慰勞並談論戰事。袁以士兵疲勞為由請求入城休整,但未得到批准。十一月二十日,袁崇煥、祖大壽領關寧兵九千人和莽古爾泰、阿巴泰、阿濟格、多爾袞、多鐸、豪格帶領的後金左翼大軍、護軍及蒙古兵大戰于廣渠門,雙方互有死傷,後金軍傷亡數百後退去。
下獄磔殺與影響
當時後金所入隘口乃薊州太守劉策所轄,而袁崇煥一得到消息立刻千里赴救,自謂有功無罪。然而都人突然遭到兵災,謠言紛起,說崇煥縱敵擁兵。而大臣也因為從前和議的事情,稱其引敵脅和,將為城下之盟。此外,清軍設反間計,傳聞袁崇煥與清軍定有密約,並縱放捉獲的宦官聽聞後遣返回明廷去。其宦官告訴明思宗,加重了明思宗的疑心。
同年十二月,明思宗召袁崇煥、滿桂、祖大壽入殿質証,袁崇煥不能對証,明思宗于是下詔逮捕袁崇煥入錦衣獄。在一旁的祖大壽戰慄失措,出殿後即刻帶兵返回山海關,直到後來接到崇禎要求袁崇煥寫的信才返回。之後,滿桂被拜為武經略,賜尚方劍,指揮來援各部。而當時已經退到良鄉的皇太極聽聞袁崇煥下獄事後,親帥大軍再次進逼京城。明思宗要求滿桂出兵對敵,滿桂則以「敵勁援寡,未可輕戰」為由,堅持防守。然而在多次催促下,同月十五日滿桂還是不得已,領黑雲龍、麻登雲、孫祖壽諸大將,移營永定門外二里,十六日被後金軍以精騎四麵包圍,大敗,滿桂及孫祖壽戰死,黑雲龍、麻登雲被擒。這時距離袁崇煥下獄才半個月。
祖大壽被袁崇煥修書召回後,欲以戰功救袁崇煥,收複了永平、遵化一帶,皇太極退回遼東。然而,崇禎三年(1630年),經過半年多的審判,袁崇煥仍被以「通虜謀叛」、「擅主和議」、「專戮大帥」的罪名遭判凌遲,死於北京甘石橋,並流放其妻妾、子女及兄弟等人兩千里,其餘不予究問。
崇煥伏刑之慘情,令人毛骨悚然。當時北京百姓都認為袁通敵,恨之入骨,紛紛生吞其肉。崇煥死後,佘氏義僕為其收斂骸骨,葬於北京廣渠門內廣東義園,並從此世代為袁守墓。平民程本直為袁向崇禎帝上書爭論,兩年後於西巿斬首。皇室特務錦衣衛又指一木匠為袁的奸細,後者不久被殘酷殺害。
乾隆四十九年(1772年),清高宗下詔為袁崇煥平反。不過,整起事件有些地方還有不同看法,有待未來進一步釐清。
後世與紀念
按《清史稿》,袁崇煥死後,其遺腹子袁文弼被編入寧古塔漢軍正白旗,改姓「袁佳氏」。其後清末著名的富明阿、壽山等俱是袁崇煥後裔。但按《明史》本傳,袁崇煥無子,《清實錄》更記載袁崇煥以堂弟袁文炳之子為嗣。
袁崇煥處死當晚,一佘姓義士冒死將朝廷打算「傳視九邊」的袁首級偷葬於家中,被稱為「冒死葬忠魂」,臨終前給後世子孫留下了遺訓:一不許再回廣東老家,要世世代代為其守墓,二不許做官,三不許不讀書。自此,佘家後人秘密守護,直到乾隆年間,守墓才轉為公開。1992年,在原址重建袁崇煥墓。2002年,開始全面整修袁祠向遊人開放。從1630年至今,佘家的後代為袁守墓近四百年。2020年8月12日,袁崇煥墓第17代守墓人佘幼芝去世。袁崇煥紀念館位于北京東城區花市斜街廣東義園舊址,包括原來的袁崇煥祠墓,袁崇煥手跡《聽雨》以及康有為題寫的「明袁督師廟記」手書等珍貴文物將珍藏于該紀念館。原墓堂廊柱曾懸有康有為所書對聯。
此外,在廣東東莞有袁崇煥紀念公園,位于廣東省東莞市石碣鎮水南村。由該鎮村民與海外袁氏宗親捐資1點2億元人民幣,在明代袁氏故居遺址興建,占地共11萬平方米。包括袁故居、袁督師祠、雕像、衣冠塚、三界廟等。
2010年7月,原位于袁崇煥雕像的基座、刻有「掉哪媽!頂硬上!」的袁氏金句,因為其是粗口,被當地政府鑿去,事件引起廣州市輿論和民眾強烈不滿,最終導致廣州市民組織捍衛粵語行動。
評價與爭議
袁崇煥是一位極具爭議的歷史人物,關于其事跡、評論幾百年來一直爭論不休,正如孟森在《明本兵梁廷棟請斬袁崇煥原疏附跋》中提及,明末時期歷史記載十分混亂,即使是與其耳目相關的人,其恩怨糾葛也尤其複雜。其中,主要爭議的集中點是袁崇煥殺死毛文龍、是否背叛明朝政府等。
袁崇煥在遼東時的同事王在晉在《三朝遼事實錄》中表示,袁崇煥雖然死于國法,但是其在寧遠之戰等戰績功勞不應埋沒。作為敵對政權的清朝政府,對袁崇煥讚賞有加。張廷玉等在官方史書《明史》中主張袁崇煥妄殺毛文龍,而崇禎帝誤殺袁崇煥。此指使自毀長城,加速了明朝的滅亡。而乾隆皇帝亦表示,袁崇煥雖然與清朝為難,但是忠于職守,只是因為明朝皇帝昏庸,以至于被斬殺,值得憐憫。則對于明末時期大將徐石麒則認為袁崇煥表面主戰而實際主和,並以殺毛文龍示信後金。
而在文人學術中,相關的爭議則更為突出。明末清初文人計六奇在《明季北略》主張袁崇煥以尚方寶劍誅殺毛文龍,如同宋朝時期秦檜用十二道金牌矯詔殺岳飛,但是認為崇禎皇帝殺死袁崇煥為冤。中華民國初年,梁啓超在《袁督師傳》則讚賞袁崇煥在歷史中的重要作用為「以一身之言動、進退、生死,關係國家之安危、民族之隆替者」。中華人民共和國時期,毛澤東也主張袁崇煥為「愛國領袖」,並要求北京政府保護其祠廟。
部分學者認為袁崇煥殺毛文龍為洩私憤。也有說有証據毛文龍當時要降女真,袁崇煥殺毛文龍的事情「一無錯處」。按袁崇煥上疏,毛文龍死前六個月早已無生(除非完全接受袁崇煥控制,而非名義服從),並不是因為毛文龍叛國。毛文龍被殺後有徐爾一等人上疏為其鳴冤。三個月後就發生了「己巳之變」,清軍兵臨北京城下,明廷大臣們多歸因于毛文龍死後女真無後顧之憂所致。
歷史評價
• 生卒明代
• 王在晉:「毛文龍徑襲遼陽,旋兵相應,寧錦之圍解,文龍與有力焉。此出于崇煥之自陳,劇稱其牽制之功,則文龍何可殺耶?文龍殺而虜直犯京城,明知而故悖之,崇煥之禍,其真自取耳!」(王在晉明末高官,天啟間官南京兵部尚書,崇禎初於袁崇煥之後轉任兵部尚書)
• 余大成:「力捍危疆,而身死門滅,其得罪大略相似。但武穆有子霖、孫珂,能白其冤。而督師竟允絕,聖世誰複為《金陀粹編》者?可嘆也!」(見《剖肝錄》,作者萬曆進士,供職兵部,崇禎初參與保衛京師,安撫袁崇煥部下的關寧軍)
• 楊惟和:「十餘年奴氛孔熾,士卒畏敵,不畏將帥。袁崇煥一振起之,而將士始用其命,軍民始安其生,天下壯之,真今之方叔也」(天啟中都察院右副都御史楊惟和疏略,見朱長祚《玉鏡新譚》卷之四)
• 夏允彞:「自有遼事,所用人,鮮能有勝任者。當時所望成功,惟熊廷弼、袁崇煥、孫承宗為庶幾;而武臣如劉綎、杜松、滿桂、祖大壽、吳三桂,其最著也。」(《倖存錄》)
• 明遺民未應清朝科舉者
• 談遷:「初,虜勢張甚。人心惶駭欲遁。自崇煥堅拒,氣始振。……藤縣(袁崇煥)之于東陲,亦勳勞多矣!初,經略高第議棄寧前錦右。果如其說,則遼西將非國之有也。賴藤縣力持,成寧遠之功,士氣少奮。」(《國榷》)
• 朱舜水:「奴虜種類,原自不蕃。先年李寧遠以奴隸兒子畜之,玩之掌股,使其長養內地,知我虛實情形;又加以龍虎將軍名號,使得控崇別部,狡焉啟疆,失于防禦,遂滅北關、白羊骨諸種,益致彼猖。又賊臣楊鎬、袁崇煥前後賣國,繼喪遼陽、廣寧,滋蔓難圖;然猶二十年蹂躪,三韓、燕雲屹然無恙。即曾兩入朔易山東,未敢公然盤踞。祗因流寇攻陷京城,慘殺文武。吳三桂愚呆豎子,失于較計,欲報家仇,勾引入寇;逆虜遂令三桂為導,乘機掩襲北京。」(《陽九敘略》)
• 清廷君臣
• 努爾哈赤:「朕用兵以來,未有抗顏行者。袁崇煥何人,乃能爾耶!」(《清史稿·本紀一》)
• 乾隆帝:「袁崇煥督師薊遼,雖與我朝為難,但尚能忠于所事,彼時主暗政昏,不能罄其忱悃,以致身罹重闢,深可憫惻。」(《大清高宗純皇帝實錄》)
• 張廷玉:「崇煥智雖疏,差有膽略,莊烈帝又以讒間誅之。」(語出《明史·列傳第一百四十七》,乾隆時欽定明史,以張廷玉兼國史館總纂,張廷玉即張英子)
• 晚清
• 康有為:「夫袁督師之雄才大略,忠烈武棱,古今寡比。其遺文雖寥落,而奮揚蹈厲,鶴立虹布,猶想見魯陽揮戈、崆峒倚劍之神採焉。」「若吾粵袁督師之喪于讒間也,天下震動,鬼神號泣,明社遂屋,余禍烈烈,波蕩至今。嗚呼,天下才臣名將多矣,讒死亦至伙,而惻惻于人心,震惕于敵國,非止以一身之生死系一姓之存亡,實以一身之生命關中國之全局,則豈惟杜郵、鐘室、涼風、金牌之淒感也。……假若間不行而能盡其才,明或不亡。」(《袁督師遺集序》)
• 韓文舉:「以叔季衰亡之國,攖犬羊暴起之眾,自有歷史以來,未有能取勝者,能取勝自督師始。且不徒取勝而已,實足制敵死命而無難,是中經營慘澹,殆非尋常英雄所能勝任。夫知敵所長而避之,偵敵所短而乘之,難矣;然猶非至難也。大敗之後,人無固志,胡塵乍起,望風而逃,于此而欲振作士氣,俾將卒去其畏敵之心,起其滅敵之望,寧非難中之至難者哉?以此而論督師,殆天人不可及歟!」(見《清代通史》第一卷第一篇,作者為康有為門下)
• 梁啓超:「使督師以前而有督師其人者,則滿洲軍將不能越遼河一步,使督師以後而能有督師其人者,則滿洲軍猶不能越榆關一步,故袁督師一日不去,則滿洲萬不能得志于中國,後金軍之處心積慮,以謀督師宜也。而獨怪乎明之朝廷自壞長城,為敵複仇,以快群小一日之意見,而與之俱盡,古今冤獄雖多,語其關係之重大,殆未有袁督師若者也。」「若夫以一身之言動、進退、生死,關係國家之安危、民族之隆替者,于古未始有之。有之,則袁督師其人也。」
• 汪榮寶:「明自用兵以來,督師者如熊廷弼、袁崇煥、孫承宗輩,皆以蓋世之才,能稱其職;而諸將委身許國,效死不屈者亦前後相望。」(《清史講義選錄》,原名《本朝史講義》,成書於清末執教譯學館時)
• 民國
• 孟森:「庶知三百年公論不定,一翻明末人當時之記載,愈墜雲霧中。論史者將謂今日之人不應妄斷古人之獄,惟有求之故紙,憑耳目所及者之言以為信。豈知明季之事,惟耳目相及之人,恩怨是非尤為糾葛。」(見《明本兵梁廷棟請斬袁崇煥原疏附跋》,孟森以研究滿清開國史名世)
• 蕭一山:「熊廷弼、袁崇煥、孫承宗,皆以蓋世之才,治遼事而有餘,然或內毀于閹黨,外罹于反間,不終其位。」(《清代通史》第一卷第二篇)
• 金庸:「袁崇煥真像是一個古希臘的悲劇英雄,他有巨大的勇氣,和敵人作戰的勇氣,道德上的勇氣。他沖天的幹勁,執拗的蠻勁,剛烈的狠勁,在當時猥瑣萎靡的明末朝廷中,加倍的顯得突出。」(《袁崇煥評傳》,附武俠歷史小說《碧血劍》後)
• 大陸政治人物
• 李濟深:「論明清間事者,僉以為督師不死,滿清不能入主中原。」(見《重修明督師袁崇煥詞墓碑》,民革主要領導人之一)
• 遲浩田:「袁崇煥是我們中華民族的一個偉大英雄,我們岳飛、袁崇煥都是在中華民族歷史上有褒有貶,經歷坎坷,但是最終一條,人民的眼睛是雪亮的,歷史是公正的。」
影視形象
電影
• 1969年電影《龍膽》:黃新
電視劇
• 1985年電視劇《碧血劍》:曾江
• 1987年電視劇《袁崇煥》:張孝中
• 1987年電視劇《狂龍》:黎漢持
• 1988年電視劇《牢》:鄭少秋
• 1999年電視劇《袁崇煥傳》:莫少聰
• 2000年電視劇《碧血劍》:王志華
• 2002年電視劇《孝莊秘史》:王崗
• 2003年電視劇《江山風雨情》:張孝中
• 2005年電視劇《明末風雲》:王建國
• 2015年電視劇《大玉兒傳奇》:陳玥
• 2017年電視劇《超時空男臣》:蕭正楠
• 2018年電視劇《袁崇煥》:邵兵
舞台劇
• 香港「致群劇社」於2001年3月上演《袁崇煥之死》,於西灣河文娛中心首演三場均座無虛設,並於2002年在壽臣劇院重演。編劇白耀燦,並由陳恆輝導演,余世騰擔任監製及副導演,張秉權為戲劇文學指導;主要演員有馮祿德、歐燕文、麥洛新等。劇中的主角並非袁崇煥,而是冒死為他收屍的佘義士(陳敏斌飾)及其後人,佘家一代復一代,在北京市內東城區守護著袁崇煥之墓。劇本於2012年獲香港政府教育局課程發展處收錄在其出版的《中學中國語文戲劇教材系列(二)》之「劇本選輯及導賞」,當中共收錄了12個本地原創劇,除提供劇本外,亦附導賞及教學建議。教材套已派發全港中學,並上載教育局網頁,教師可考慮選為教材,將戲劇元素融入中國語文或文學教學之中。
相關條目
• 明朝
• 明熹宗
• 明思宗
• 毛文龍
• 滿桂
• 努爾哈赤
• 廣寧之戰
• 皇太極
• 祖大壽
注釋
參考書籍
;官修史書:
• 《明實錄》之《明熹宗實錄》、《崇禎實錄》、《明熹宗七年都察院實錄》
• 《清實錄》之《清太祖實錄》、《清高宗實錄》
• 議和史料:《太宗與袁崇煥書》、《袁崇煥複書》、《李喇嘛書》、《太宗答袁崇煥書》、《答李喇嘛書》、《太宗又致袁崇煥書》、《明使喇嘛弔喪》、《太宗致書袁崇煥議和》、《太宗致書明執政議和》、《袁崇煥複議和書》、《太宗答袁崇煥議和書》、《續致袁崇煥書一》、《袁崇煥書覆書二封》、《太宗再答袁崇煥書》、《袁崇煥再複書》
;文人觀點:
• 明朝:朱長祚《玉鏡新譚》、黃宗羲《弘光實錄抄》、王在晉《三朝遼事實錄》、張岱《石匱書》等
• 清朝:計六奇《明季北略》、汪楫《崇禎長編》、談遷《國榷》、谷應泰《明史紀事本末》等
• 民國:梁啓超《袁崇煥傳》、孟森《明史講義》等
• 共和國:金庸《袁崇煥評傳》、樊樹志《崇禎傳》、閻崇年《袁崇煥傳》等
• 松浦章:〈袁崇煥與朝鮮使節〉。
Text | Count |
---|---|
清史稿 | 43 |
清史紀事本末 | 8 |
廣東通志 | 2 |
大清一統志 | 2 |
明史 | 53 |
四庫全書總目提要 | 2 |
御批歷代通鑑輯覽 | 2 |
御定資治通鑑綱目三編 | 2 |
崇禎實錄 | 9 |
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