生平

早期经历

王世充的祖先原为西域胡人，祖父支颓褥迁居新丰县（今陕西临潼东北），支颓褥早死，他的妻子年轻守寡，与出自京兆王氏的仪同王粲不合礼法的婚配，生下儿子王琼，王粲于是将支颓褥的妻子纳为妾，支颓褥的儿子支收随母亲嫁到王家，王粲喜爱支收，支收因此改姓王，后来王收官至怀、汴二州长史。

王世充虬髪豺声，沉猜多诡诈，自幼喜好经史和兵法，隋开皇年间，因军功升至兵部员外郎，大业年间，官至江都宫监，因为能力出众，为隋炀帝杨广所信任。大业九年（613年）参与平定杨玄感的叛乱，以及河南山东一带民变有功，声望更高，奠定了其在河南地区的势力。他曾经带军到雁门勤王，立下赫赫战功。

大业十三年（617年），魏公李密攻陷洛口仓，进逼东都，隋炀帝特诏王世充发兵，于洛口抵抗李密，王世充军队战败，自zh-tw:系;zh-hk:系;zh-cn:系监狱请罪，隋炀帝之孙越王杨侗遣使赦之，征还洛阳，置营于含嘉仓城。

总揽朝政

大业十四年（618年）4月11日，隋炀帝在江都被宇文化及所弑，终年五十岁。五月，王世充与元文都、段达、皇甫无逸等人在洛邑拥立越王杨侗为皇帝，年号皇泰，王世充被任命为吏部尚书、郑国公。杨侗用元文都、卢楚的计谋，招安李密，任命李密为魏国公、太尉、尚书令，率兵在黎阳抵抗宇文化及，王世充对此心怀不满。

元文都密谋杀王世充，段达告密，王世充杀死元文都，专擅朝政。当时群雄之一的李密围攻洛阳并将王世充的哥哥王世伟和三个儿子王玄应、王玄恕、王玄琼扣在偃师，王世充大破瓦岗军，打破偃师，不但救出自己的家属，还俘获李密部众的家属，李密投降唐朝，李密部将秦琼、程咬金、罗士信、单雄信等人都为王世充所获，李密领地多归降杨侗政权，叛将朱粲也投降了，夏王窦建德名义上也归顺了。王世充被加太尉，求加九锡，后来又被封为相国，杨侗被迫答应。

篡位称帝

隋皇泰二年四月初七乙巳（619年5月25日），王世充篡位，迫皇泰帝禅让，自立为帝，国号郑国，年号开明，统治地区为今河南省北部，改封杨侗为潞国公，迁居含凉殿，杨侗每日只能礼佛以祈求平安。五月，王世充部将裴仁基、裴行俨父子策划刺杀王世充，事情败露被杀害。六月，王世充派侄子王仁则和家仆梁百年，携毒酒去把杨侗赐死。杨侗自知难逃一死，遂服毒，向佛祖许愿「下辈子不要再生在帝王家」，一时半刻竟没毒发，最后王仁则直接把杨侗缢死，谥号隋恭帝。

起初，王世充下令自己出行时百姓不需要回避，声称自己是为了拯救天下而称帝，自己不能像昏君一样不知民情，于是就在朝堂处理民事诉讼和纳谏，但是不久就因事务纷繁而不再如此。后来因其统治过于严苛残酷，导致人民逃亡，不少将领如秦琼、罗士信、程咬金等人也向西投靠唐朝。之前，王世充为了笼络罗士信而与他同卧起，但是后来他和邴元真也同卧起，并且夺走罗士信的马给侄子王道询，终导致罗士信背叛，投奔唐军李渊。同样投唐的程咬金对王世充的评价也很不好，说他满口胡说八道，像个老巫婆。

兵败身亡

唐武德三年（620年）七月，唐国秦王李世民率兵挺进中原，势如破竹，相继攻占豫州多郡，王世充困于洛阳孤城，逼迫乞援于夏王窦建德。621年，窦建德在虎牢之战为李世民所败。五月丙寅（621年6月4日），王世充援绝而降，被俘至长安李渊处。王世充说：「计臣之罪，诚不容诛，然陛下爱子秦王许臣不死。」，遂免为庶人，全族流放巴蜀，途中居雍州廨舍，与兄王世恽皆为仇家定州刺史独孤修德所杀。其馀兄弟子侄也在流放途中以谋反罪被诛。

家庭

先代

• 父王收

• 叔陈王王琼

　• 杞王王辩

兄弟

• 兄王世师

　• 宋王王太

　• 越王王君度

• 兄秦王王世衡

　• 蔡王王虔寿

• 兄楚王王世伟

　• 魏王王弘烈

　• 荆王王行本

　• 代王王琬

• 兄齐王王世恽

　• 唐王王仁则

　• 卫王王道诚

　• 赵王王道询

　• 燕王王道夌

• 弟王世辩

子女

• 太子王玄应

• 汉王王玄恕

• 王玄琼

Early career

Wang Shichong's ancestors were surnamed Zhi (支), originally from the Western Regions (Xiyu) and were not ethnic Chinese. After his grandfather Zhi Tuinou (支颓耨) died early, his grandmother married a man named Wang, who also adopted his father Zhi Shou (支收), who thereafter changed his name to Wang. Wang Shou later served as a secretary to the governor of Bian Province (汴州, roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan). The Book of Sui described Wang as a cunning and skeptical man with curly hair and a jackal-like voice.

Wang Shichong himself was said to be studious in his youth, particularly concentrating on military strategies. He was also well-acquainted with laws. He apparently had contributions as a soldier and was gradually promoted. It was said that he was skillful in his application of laws and use of language, such that even when he made suggestions that did not appear to make sense logically, people were unable to refute him.

By 610, after Zhang Heng (张衡), the supervising official of Emperor Yang's palace at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), fell from Emperor Yang's grace, Wang replaced him. As Emperor Yang frequently visited Jiangdu, Wang was said to be skillful at flattering the emperor as well as decorating the palace in an extravagant manner, bringing favor from the emperor. It was further said that Wang understood that Sui was soon to be in disturbance, and therefore carefully cultivated relationships with brave men. Whenever people were imprisoned, he would often find ways to free them, to gain their gratitude.

In 613, when the general Yang Xuangan rebelled near the eastern capital Luoyang, agrarian rebels south of the Yangtze River rose as well, with Liu Yuanjin (刘元进) as their leader. Emperor Yang initially sent the generals Tuwan Xu (吐万绪) and Yu Juluo (鱼俱罗) against Liu, but Tuwan and Yu were not able to defeat Liu conclusively. Emperor Yang executed Yu, and Tuwan died in fear. Emperor Yang instead sent Wang, and Wang defeated Liu, killing him. Wang initially promised not to kill Liu's soldiers, and they surrendered, but he slaughtered them after they surrendered. However, Emperor Yang, believing that Wang was a capable general, bestowed even greater favor on him.

In 614, the major rebel leader Meng Rang (孟让) advanced south from his home commandery, Qi Commandery (roughly modern Jinan, Shandong), advancing to Xuyi (盱眙, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu). Wang led his army against Meng and built five fences to block Meng's path, while feigning weakness. Meng, believing Wang to be an incompetent civilian, spread his forces, not only to attack Wang, but also to pillage the area. Wang, catching Meng by surprise, struck back, defeating Meng and forcing him to flee.

In the fall of 615, Emperor Yang, Empress Xiao, and much of the Sui court was touring Yanmen Commandery on the northern frontier when it received word from the Chinese princess Yicheng that her husband, Shibi Khan, was launching a surprise attack on the area. They hurried to the commandery seat at present-day Daixian in Shanxi; the Turks besieged it on September 11. The emperor sent out messages of distress, promising promotion and riches to his saviors. Wang launched his army from Jiangdu toward Yanmen Commandery despite the long distance. During the journey, he often wept and was disheveled, stating his fear for the emperor's safety. Because the siege was lifted largely through the treacherous deception of Princess Yicheng, who told her husband that the khaganate had come under attack from the north in his absence, Emperor Yang followed the advice of councilors like Su Wei and gave no rewards and few promotions to the soldiers who had come to his assistance, causing great resentment among the military. Hearing of Wang's great personal distress, however, the emperor believed in his loyalty and promoted him to acting governor of Jiangdu in 616.

After the general Yang Yichen defeated and killed the rebel general Ge Qian (格迁), Wang crushed the remainder of Ge's forces, and also those of Lu Mingyue (卢明月). Emperor Yang was impressed with his success and personally awarded him wine.

Struggle against Li Mi

In fall 617, with Luoyang under the threat of the rebel leader Li Mi the Duke of Wei, who had captured the large food storages that Emperor Yang had built near Luoyang and begun to starve the Sui defense forces at Luoyang, Emperor Yang, then at Jiangdu, sent Wang Shichong, along with several other generals, Wang Long (王隆), Wei Ji (韦霁), and Wang Bian (王辩), from various locations of the empire, to aid Luoyang. They were under the command of Xue Shixiong (薛世雄), who was ordered to take his forces from Zhuo Commandery (涿郡, roughly modern Beijing) to Luoyang was well. However, Xue was intercepted and defeated by Dou Jiande and forced to return to Zhuo Commandery, and died there, leaving the other generals without a central commander. When Wang Shichong, Wang Bian, and Wei arrived at Luoyang, they stalemated with Li across the Luo River, and Emperor Yang put the Sui forces under Wang Shichong's command. For the next several months, he battled with Li, and while each had victories, the results were generally indecisive, although Wang's forces took the brunt of the losses. Meanwhile, he had hoped that Li and his key general Zhai Rang would eventually have a fallout and that he could use the fallout to his advantage, but in winter 617 Li assassinated Zhai without Wang's being able to take advantage.

In spring 618, after his forces were reinforced by 70,000 men sent by Emperor Yang's grandson Yang Tong the Prince of Yue, who was nominally in command at Luoyang, Wang launched a major attack on Li, but was defeated by Li, allowing Li to then crush the other Sui forces as well. In light of the victory, a number of Sui generals and rebel generals all submitted to Li, requesting Li to take imperial title, but Li declined. Wang retreated to Luoyang, and for a while did not dare to engage Li again.

Later in spring 618, Emperor Yang was killed at Jiangdu in a coup led by the general Yuwen Huaji. When the news reached Luoyang, the Sui officials at Luoyang, including Wang, declared Yang Tong emperor. Wang was made one of the heads of the examination bureau (门下省, Menxia Sheng) and created the Duke of Zheng. He and six other officials, Duan Da (段达), Yuan Wendu (元文都), Huangfu Wuyi (皇甫无逸), Lu Chu (卢楚), Guo Wenyi (郭文懿), and Zhao Changwen (赵长文), formed a collective leadership and were known as the "seven nobles."

With Yuwen leading the elite Xiaoguo Army (骁果) back north toward Luoyang, both the Sui officials at Luoyang and Li were apprehensive of Yuwen's plans. In summer, after Yuan and Lu advocated the plan, Yang Tong entered into a peace agreement with Li, where Li accepted Sui titles and nominally submitted to Yang Tong. Li was subsequently able to repel Yuwen's attacks, and when the news reached Luoyang, the officials were largely pleased—but Wang was not, stating, "Why are they giving offices and titles to a bandit?" This drew suspicions from Yuan and Lu that Wang was intending to surrender the city to Yuwen. The "seven nobles" thereafter came to suspect each other.

Wang began to incite his troops by telling them that they would soon fall into Li's trap, and that if Li received the command over them (as Li was nominally bestowed the office of supreme commander of the armed forces), he would surely slaughter them for having resisted him. When Yuan received news that Wang was doing this, he planned to ambush Wang. However, Duan revealed the plot to Wang, and Wang started a coup himself first, killing Lu and surrounding the palace. Huangfu fled to Chang'an, the capital of Emperor Gaozu of Tang (Li Yuan), a former Sui general who had first nominally supported Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You (Emperor Gong) as emperor, but who had taken the throne himself earlier in 618 to establish Tang Dynasty. At Wang's insistence, Yang Tong surrendered Yuan, who remarked to Yang Tong, "If I die in the morning, Your Imperial Majesty will die in the evening." Yang Tong wept, but still sent Yuan to Wang, who executed Yuan. Wang then met Yang Tong and pledged his loyalty, swearing that all he intended was to save himself and save the empire. Yang Tong took Wang inside the palace to meet Yang Tong's mother Empress Dowager Liu, and Wang swore before her as well. Nevertheless, from this point, all power was in Wang's hands, and Yang Tong himself was powerless. Guo and Zhao were also seized and executed. However, initially Wang continued to be outwardly respectful to the young emperor, while he flattered Empress Dowager Liu by offering to be her adopted son and honoring her with the title of "Empress Dowager Shenggan" (圣感皇太后).

As Sui regent

Upon hearing of Yuan Wendu's and Lu Chu's deaths, Li Mi broke off of peaceful relations with Yang Tong's regime. However, Li had a low opinion of Wang Shichong, and therefore took few precautions against an attack from Wang. At that time, Li's army lacked clothes, while Wang's army lacked food. Against his initial judgment, Li was persuaded by his secretary Bing Yuanzhen (邴元真), who could benefit from the transactions, to trade food to Wang for clothes. As a result, the people of Luoyang stopped surrendering to Li, and while Li then stopped the transactions, the damage was done. Meanwhile, Li's army was worn out and heavily damaged by wars with Yuwen Huaji's Xiaoguo Army as well. While he had earlier received the submission of Wang's family members—including Wang's brother Wang Shiwei (王世伟) and sons Wang Xuanying (王玄应), Wang Xuanshu (王玄恕), and Wang Xuanqiong (王玄琼) -- he did not take particular use of them, but only detained them at the city of Yanshi (偃师, in modern Luoyang) with hopes to use them in the future to get Wang Shichong to surrender.

Wang took this opportunity to launch a major attack on Li in fall 618. He first defeated Li himself at the Battle of Yanshi (after convincing his army that the spirit of the Duke of Zhou had predicted a victory) and, finding someone whose appearance was similar to Li, used him to declare that Li had been captured, further raising his army's morale. He then attacked and captured Yanshi, not only taking his family members but also the family members of many of Li's generals. He then made another assault on Li—which Li reacted slowly to and could not counter. Bing and Shan Xiongxin surrendered to Wang. Li, after initially considering fleeing to join forces with his general Xu Shiji—a friend of Zhai Rang's, ultimately decided to flee west instead to Tang territory to submit to Emperor Gaozu of Tang. After Li left the region, most of Li's territory surrendered to Yang Tong's regime, as did the major rebel general Zhu Can. (Xu, however, did not, and the area under his control submitted to Tang as well.) The major rebel leader Dou Jiande, who had claimed the title of Prince of Xia, also nominally submitted to Yang Tong.

Wang was given the honorific office of Taiwei (太尉), and he began to gather officials with good reputations onto his staff. Wang encouraged people to offer suggestions, putting three wooden signs before his headquarters, requesting for three types of people to volunteer or to provide suggestions:

• Those who were knowledgeable, who could be responsible for major projects;

• Those who had bravery or tactics, who could be successful on the battlefield;

• Those who suffered from wrong, who needed someone to listen to their petitions.

However, it was said that Wang, although he welcomed these suggestions and petitions, actually did not act on them, and that while he used kind words to comfort even the lowest of soldiers, he did little in actions to benefit them. In spring 619, Wang's subordinates Dugu Wudu (独孤武都), Dugu Wudu's cousin Dugu Ji, Yang Gongshen (杨恭慎), Sun Shixiao (孙师孝), Liu Xiaoyuan (刘孝元), Li Jian (李俭), and Cui Xiaoren (崔孝仁) plotted to surrender Luoyang to Tang troops, but were discovered, and they were all executed.

Meanwhile, during a feast in Yang Tong's palace, Wang suffered from a severe case of food poisoning, and he believed that he was poisoned, and thereafter refused to see Yang Tong again. When Yang Tong, fearing his fate, tried to receive divine blessing by having the palace treasures given to the poor, Wang put soldiers around the palace to stop it. In late spring 619, Wang had Yang Tong create him the Prince of Zheng and grant him the nine bestowments—both ultimate steps before taking the throne. He also had his subordinates openly discuss in public how it would be proper for him to take the throne. In summer 619, he had Duan Da and Yun Dingxing (云定兴) enter the palace to persuade Yang Tong to yield the throne to him, and further sent messengers to Yang Tong to say:

:Now the empire is not peaceful and needs an older emperor to rule over it. When it is pacified, I will return the throne to you, as I had sworn before.

He then had an edict issued in Yang Tong's name, yielding the throne to him, ending Sui and establishing a new state of Zheng.

Reign

Wang Shichong made his son Wang Xuanying crown prince and Wang Xuanshu the Prince of Han. He made 19 other relatives his princes, and Yang Tong the former emperor the Duke of Lu. He did not have a fixed office; rather, he worked at several offices in the city, and he was in the habit of receiving personal submissions from the people to show that he was open to suggestions, but the idea backfired as too many people submitted petitions, making him unable to read them all. It was also said that he was overly talkative at imperial meetings, causing them to drag on overly long. Meanwhile, in light of his taking the throne, a number of commanderies that had submitted to Yang Tong submitted to either Tang or Xia, and Dou Jiande formally broke with Wang and took imperial style, albeit not imperial title. Further, after Wang attacked Liyang (黎阳, in modern Hebi, Henan), which Xia had seized from Tang, in winter 619, and Dou retaliated by attacking Yin Prefecture (殷州, roughly modern Xinxiang, Henan), the states became enemies.

A month later, Pei Renji and his son Pei Xingyan (裴行俨), as well as the officials Yuwen Rutong (宇文儒童), Yuwen Wen (宇文温, Yuwen Rutong's brother), and Cui Deben (崔德本) plotted to kill Wang and restore Yang Tong. The news leaked, and the conspirators were slaughtered, along with their families. Wang Shichong's brother Wang Shiyun (王世恽) the Prince of Qi persuaded Wang Shichong that in order to avoid a repeat of the plot, he needed to put Yang Tong to death. Wang Shichong agreed, and he sent his nephew Wang Renze (王仁则) the Prince of Tang and his servant Liang Bainian (梁百年) to force Yang Tong to drink poison. Yang Tong made one last plea, pointing out that Wang Shichong had previously promised to keep him alive. Liang considered requesting confirmation from Wang Shichong, but Wang Shiyun refused. Yang Tong set sacrifices for the Buddha and prayed, "May it be that I will no longer again be reborn into an imperial household." He drank poison, but initially did not die. Wang Shiyun ordered that he be strangled.

Meanwhile, Zheng and Tang had continuous battles near Luoyang and also to the west and south, with the sides trading victories. In fall 620, Tang's Emperor Gaozu commissioned his son Li Shimin the Prince of Qin with an army to attack Luoyang, and Wang Shichong prepared his own forces to defend and counter. Wang sought to enter into a peace agreement with Li Shimin, but Li Shimin declined, and he captured Zheng cities one by one, either by attacking them or by accepting their surrender. By winter 620, Zheng was in a desperate situation, and Wang Shichong sent messengers to Dou, seeking help from Xia forces. Dou, believing that if Tang destroyed Zheng, his own Xia state would be cornered, agreed, and sought to diplomatically convince Li Shimin to withdraw, but Li Shimin again refused. Meanwhile, in spring 621, Li Shimin put Luoyang under siege. Wang's forces had strong catapults and crossbows, inflicting much casualties on Tang forces, and many Tang generals wished to withdraw. Li Shimin, however, believed that Luoyang would fall soon and therefore refused. Upon hearing that Dou was approaching, he decided to advance east to take up defensive position at the key Hulao Pass in advance of Dou's arrival, leaving a relatively small Tang army, under the command of his brother Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi, at Luoyang. Wang, seeing Li Shimin's troop movement but unsure what the situation was, did not attack Li Shimin's rear (as some of Li Shimin's generals feared).

Meanwhile, Dou, against the advice of his strategist Ling Jing (凌敬) and his wife Empress Cao, advanced to Hulao in summer 621. Li Shimin initially refused to engage him, wearing his troops out, and then counterattacked, defeating and capturing him. Li Shimin took the captured Dou and Wang's emissaries Wang Wan (王琬) the Prince of Dai (Wang Shichong's nephew) and Zhangsun Anshi (长孙安世) to Luoyang to display them to Wang Shichong. Wang Shichong, after a conversation with Dou, broke down in tears. He considered fighting his way out of the siege and fleeing to Xiangyang, defended by his nephew Wang Honglie (王弘烈) the Prince of Wei. His generals pointed out that he was dependent on Xia help, and now that Dou had been captured, there was nothing further to be done. Wang therefore exited the city and surrendered to Li Shimin. Li Shimin executed a number of his high level officials, but spared Wang himself, his family, and the rest of the officials.

Death

Li Shimin took Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande back to the Tang capital Chang'an to present them to his father Emperor Gaozu. When Emperor Gaozu met Wang and rebuked him, Wang stated, "I should be beheaded, but the Prince of Qin had agreed to spare me." In fall 621, Emperor Gaozu spared him but demoted him to commoner rank, exiling him and his clan to modern Sichuan, while executing Dou.

Meanwhile, Wang and his family members were awaiting exile, and were detained at the barracks of the capital prefecture, Yong Prefecture (雍州). Dugu Xiude, the son of Dugu Ji, took the opportunity to enter the barracks, claiming that Emperor Gaozu wished to see Wang Shichong. Wang Shichong and his brother Wang Shiyun came out to greet Dugu, and Dugu executed them to avenge his father. Emperor Gaozu only punished Dugu by removing him from his post as the prefect of Ding Prefecture (定州, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei). The other members of the Wang clan were exiled, but on their way plotted rebellion, and were all executed.

Of all of the contenders to rule the empire during Sui's disintegration, Wang was one of the most reviled by traditional historians. The Later Jin historian Liu Xu, the lead editor of the Old Book of Tang, commented:

:Wang Shichong was a wicked man who happened to encounter an incompetent ruler. He flattered the emperor and did what others could not have done in exchange for wealth and honor. To his subordinates, he used wrongful rhetoric to hide his own faults and suppress dissent. He finally usurped the throne, carried out improper acts, and killed many cruelly. He used false expressions of empathy to control his officials. His subordinates were almost all rebels or desperate men. He finally surrendered to the Prince of Qin and was quite fortunate that he was not publicly beheaded.