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资治通鉴[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]
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See also: 资治通鉴 (ctext:972491)

关系	对象	文献依据
type	work
name	资治通鉴
authority-wikidata	Q207062
link-wikipedia_zh	资治通鉴
link-wikipedia_en	Zizhi_Tongjian
ctext-work	ctp:work:wb638056
creator	person:司马光	《宋史·志第一百五十六 {{艺文二 (史类一)}}》：司马光《资治通鉴》三百五十四卷
indexed-in	work:宋史	《宋史·志第一百五十六 {{艺文二 (史类一)}}》：司马光《资治通鉴》三百五十四卷
juan-size 354		《宋史·志第一百五十六 {{艺文二 (史类一)}}》：司马光《资治通鉴》三百五十四卷
stated-category 编年

《资治通鍳》，简称「zh-Hans:通鉴;zh-Hant:通鉴／通鍳」。是中国著名之古典编年史。是北宋司马光所主编的一本长篇编年体史书，共294卷，三百万字。作者司马光和他的重要助手刘恕、刘攽、范祖禹等人根据大量史料，花19年时间，才把从战国到五代这段错综复杂之历史写成年经事纬之巨著。《通鉴》采用资料，除正史以外，所采杂史多至二百二十二种。记载的历史由周威烈王二十三年（西元前403年）三家分晋（战国时代）写起，一直到五代的后周世宗显德六年（西元959年）征淮南，计跨16个朝代，包括秦、汉、晋、隋、唐统一王朝和战国七雄、曹魏蜀汉东吴三国、五胡十六国、南北朝、五代十国等等其他政权，共1362年的逐年记载详细历史。它是一部编年体通史，在中国史书中有重要的地位。《通鉴》一向为历史学者所推崇，有很多人摹仿它，写成同样体裁之编年史，在中国的历史编纂学上曾起过巨大影响。

以上介绍摘自维基百科；若有错漏，敬请在维基百科上修改来源条目。

Zizhi Tongjian is a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography, published in 1084 AD during the Song dynasty in the form of a chronicle recording Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD, covering 16 dynasties and spanning almost 1400 years. The main text is arranged into 294 scrolls (juan [[:wiktionary:卷, equivalent to a chapter) totaling about 3 million Chinese characters.

In 1065 AD, Emperor Yingzong of Song commissioned his official Sima Guang (1019–1086 AD) to lead a project to compile a universal history of China, and granted him funding and the authority to appoint his own staff. His team took 19 years to complete the work and in 1084 AD it was presented to Emperor Yingzong's successor Emperor Shenzong of Song. It was well-received and has proved to be immensely influential among both scholars and the general public. Endymion Wilkinson regards it as reference quality: "It had an enormous influence on later Chinese historical writing, either directly or through its many abbreviations, continuations, and adaptations. It remains an extraordinarily useful first reference for a quick and reliable coverage of events at a particular time." , while Achilles Fang wrote "Tongjian, and its numerous re-arrangements, abridgments, and continuations, were practically the only general histories with which most of the reading public of pre-Republican China were famililar."

The text

The principal text of the Zizhi Tongjian of 294 scrolls is a year-by-year chronological narrative of the history of China, sweeping through many Chinese historical periods (Warring States, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin and the Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties), supplemented with two sections of 30 scrolls each — tables mulu (目录) and critical analysis kaoyi (考异).

Sima Guang departed from the format used in traditional Chinese dynastic histories which consisted primarily of annals (纪) of rulers, and biographies (传) of officials. This represented a shift from a biographical style (纪传体) to a chronological style (编年体). Guang himself wrote in a memorial to the Emperor: "Since I was a child I have ranged through histories. It has appeared to me that in the annal-biography form the words are so diffuse and numerous that even an erudite scholar who reads them again and again cannot comprehend and sort them out. ... I have constantly wished to write a chronological history roughly in accordance with the form of the Tso-chuan (左传), starting with the Warring States and going down to the Five Dynasties, drawing on other books besides the Official Histories and taking in all that a ruler ought to know — matters which are related to the rise and fall of dynasties and connected with the joys and sorrows of the people, and of which the good can become a model and the evil a warning."

Initially, Sima Guang hired Liu Shu (刘恕) and Zhao Junxi as his main assistants, but Zhao was soon replaced by Liu Ban (刘攽), a Han history expert. In 1070 Emperor Shenzong approved Guang's request to add Fan Zuyu (范祖禹), a Tang history expert. Because Zizhi tongjian is a distillation from a large number (322) of disparate historical sources , the selection, drafting, and editing processes used in creating the work as well as potential political biases of Sima Guang, in particular, have been the subject of academic debate.

Derivative and commented works

In the 12th century, Zhu Xi produced a reworked, condensed version of Zizhi Tongjian, known as Tongjian Gangmu, or Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu (通鉴纲目). This version was itself later translated into Manchu as (Translteration: Tung giyan g'ang mu), upon the request of Qing Dynasty Kangxi Emperor. This Manchu version was itself translated into French by Jesuit missionary Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla. His twelve-volume translation, "Histoire générale de la Chine, ou Annales de cet Empire; traduit du Tong-kien-kang-mou par de Mailla" was published posthumously in Paris in 1777–1783. The condensed Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu was also the main source for "Textes Historiques", a political history of China from antiquity to 906CE published in 1929 by another French Jesuit missionary Léon Wieger.

The Zhonghua Shuju edition contains textual criticism made by Yuan Dynasty historian Hu Sanxing. The philosopher Wang Fuzhi also wrote a commentary on Tongjian, titled "Comments after reading the Tongjian" (读通鉴论, "Du Tongjian Lun").

Historian Rafe de Crespigny has published annotated translations of chapters 54–59 and 59–69 under the titles "Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling" and "To Establish Peace" (Australian National University), respectively, covering 157–220 CE, building upon the publication of Achilles Fang's annotated translation of the next ten chapters (70–79) covering up to 265 CE. There are also self-published translations into English of Chapters 1–8, covering the years 403–207 BCE and some additional sections pertaining to the Xiongnu people.

The book consisted of 294 chapters, of which the following number describe each respective dynastic era:

• 5 chapters - Zhou (1046–256 BC)

• 3 chapters - Qin (221–207 BC)

• 60 chapters - Han (206 BC – 220 AD)

• 10 chapters - Wei (220–265)

• 40 chapters - Jin (266–420)

• 16 chapters - Liu Song (420–479)

• 10 chapters - Qi (479–502)

• 22 chapters - Liang (502–557)

• 10 chapters - Chen (557–589)

• 8 chapters - Sui (589–618)

• 81 chapters - Tang (618–907)

• 6 chapters - Later Liang (907–923)

• 8 chapters - Later Tang (923–936)

• 6 chapters - Later Jin (936–947)

• 4 chapters - Later Han (947–951)

• 5 chapters - Later Zhou (951–960)

以上介绍摘自维基百科；若有错漏，敬请在维基百科上修改来源条目。

文献资料	引用次数
曾文正公年谱	2
御定佩文斋书画谱	1
金史	1
宋史	5
四库全书简明目录	1

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资治通鉴[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]
ctext:176090

成书

助手

评注

体裁

涵盖年代

释例

史事评论

目录

原稿

版本

写作风格

影响

翻译

缺失

局限

失误

失实

编年不当

剪裁不当与故意歪曲事实

The text

Derivative and commented works

Contents

资治通鉴[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]ctext:176090

成书

助手

评注

体裁

涵盖年代

释例

史事评论

目录

原稿

版本

写作风格

影响

翻译

缺失

局限

失误

失实

编年不当

剪裁不当与故意歪曲事实

The text

Derivative and commented works

Contents

资治通鉴[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]
ctext:176090