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南燕北海王[查看正文] [修改] [查看歷史]ctext:262680
關係 | 對象 | 文獻依據 |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 南燕北海王 | default |
name | 燕北海王 | |
name | 北海王 | |
name | 慕容超 | |
born | 385 | |
died | 410 | |
father | person:慕容納 | 《晉書·載記第二十八 慕容超》:慕容超字祖明,德兄北海王納之子。 |
ruled | dynasty:南燕 | |
from-date 太上元年十一月戊寅 405/12/7 | ||
to-date 太上六年二月壬子 410/4/19 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q1131653 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 慕容超 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Murong_Chao |
顯示更多...: 生平 結婚 行乞 立為太子 被俘斬首 家族 父母 妻妾 相關人物
生平
結婚
前秦建元六年(370年),前燕為前秦所滅後,慕容超之父慕容納一度仕於前秦,後來遷居於張掖(今中國甘肅省張掖市)。慕容納之弟慕容德受前秦帝苻堅之命隨軍南征東晉,留下金刀拜別母親公孫氏而去。
前秦建元十九年(383年),前秦於肥水之戰敗北,慕容納、德之兄慕容垂趁機起兵建後燕,前秦遂殺慕容納本人及慕容德諸子。公孫氏因年老而免死,慕容納之妻段氏正好懷孕,暫不執行死刑,羈押於獄中。有個叫呼延平的獄卒,是慕容德以前的下屬,慕容德曾免其死罪,對其有恩。因此,他幫助公孫氏及段氏逃至羌地,慕容超即於該處誕生。
慕容超十歲時,祖母公孫氏去世,臨終前把金刀給慕容超,說:「如果天下太平,你能夠向東回到故土,可以將這把刀還給你叔叔(慕容德)。」呼延平後來又讓慕容超母子逃亡到呂光在位時的後涼。後來的後涼王呂隆向後秦姚興投降,慕容超母子又被遷往長安(今中國陝西省西安市)。呼延平去世後,慕容超之母段氏讓慕容超娶呼延平之女。
行乞
慕容超認為幾位伯叔父先後在東方稱帝,恐怕被後秦知道身分,所以就裝成神智失常之人,並以行乞維生。後秦人都看不起他,遂對他不起疑,所以行動自由不受限制。當時已登上南燕帝位的慕容德聽說這件事,立即派使者迎接他,慕容超不告別母親、妻子即東行。後來到達南燕,呈獻金刀給慕容德,並告以其祖母也就是慕容德之母臨終的遺言,慕容德聽了之後哀傷不已。將慕容超封為北海王(即慕容納在前燕的王爵),任命為侍中、驃騎大將軍、司隸校尉,開王府置僚佐。
立為太子
史載「慕容超身高八尺,腰帶九圍,姿器魁傑」,和慕容德頗為相似,而且「精彩秀髮,容止可觀」,《晉書》和《十六國春秋》皆載此時他才被取名為慕容超。慕容德由於年輕時生的兒子已經在前秦被殺害,晚年只有女兒沒有兒子,所以動了讓慕容超繼承之心。而慕容超亦深知慕容德的意思,因此「入則盡歡承奉,出則傾身下士」,於是輿論一致稱讚,不久即被立為太子。
南燕建平六年九月戊午(405年11月17日),慕容德去世,九月己未(11月18日),慕容超即皇帝位,改元太上。慕容超登位後,寵信舊部公孫五樓,聽信其言,大殺功臣,時稱「欲得侯,事五樓」。又喜好遊獵,使得人民苦不堪言。他的嬸母、皇太后段季妃等密謀廢掉他立慕容鐘,事發,慕容超殺了相關諸臣,廢黜了段季妃。
太上三年(407年),因母段氏、妻呼延氏尚留在後秦,遂向後秦稱藩,後秦就將其母、妻送還。慕容超追尊其父慕容納為穆皇帝,立其母為皇太后,妻為皇后。
被俘斬首
南燕向後秦稱藩後,慕容超即計畫南下攻擊淮北,使得東晉不堪其擾。太上五年(409年),東晉將領劉裕率軍進攻南燕反擊。次年二月丁亥日(410年3月25日),南燕都城廣固(今中國山東省青州市)陷落,慕容超被俘,被送往東晉都城建康(今中國江蘇省南京市)斬首。死後無諡號及廟號,有史家稱他為南燕末主。
慕容超同時也是除了系出同源的吐谷渾外,五胡十六國時期源自鮮卑慕容部的最後一位帝王。
家族
父母
• 父親慕容納
• 母親皇太后段氏
妻妾
• 妻子呼延皇后
• 幸姬魏夫人,410年正月初一魏夫人從慕容超登廣固城,見東晉大軍之盛,握住慕容超的手,相對而泣
相關人物
• 段宏、段封
顯示更多...: Early life Reign Personal information
Early life
Murong Chao's father Murong Na (慕容納) was the Prince of Beihai during Former Yan, being a son of Murong Huang (Prince Wenming) and a younger brother of Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao). After Former Yan's destruction by Former Qin in 370, the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān initially made Murong Na a commandery governor, but later Murong Na was relieved from that post and relocated, along with his mother Lady Gongsun and wife Lady Duan to be with his younger brother Murong De, who was the governor of Zhangye Commandery (張掖, roughly modern Zhangye, Gansu). (Murong Na and Murong De had the same mother.) Later, when Murong Na's brothers Murong De and Murong Chui rebelled against Former Qin in 384, with Murong Chui establishing Later Yan and becoming its emperor, Fu Chang (苻昌) the new governor of Zhangye arrested and executed Murong Na and all sons of Murong De and Murong Na. At that time, Lady Duan was not executed because she was pregnant, but she was imprisoned to await execution after she gave birth.
However, the jailer Huyan Ping (呼延平) was a former subordinate of Murong De's, and he took Lady Gongsun and Lady Duan and escaped to the lands of the Qiang tribes, where Lady Duan gave birth to Murong Chao. After Lady Gongsun died in 394, Huyan Ping took Lady Duan and Murong Chao to Later Liang. Later, after Later Liang surrendered to Later Qin in 403, Huyan Ping, Lady Duan, and Murong Chao were among the populace of the Later Liang capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) forcibly relocated to the Later Qin capital Chang'an. There, Huyan Ping died, and Lady Duan had Murong Chao take Huyan Ping's daughter as his wife.
Murong Chao was apprehensive that his true identity would be known, and so he became a beggar and pretended to be insane. However, on one occasion, the brother of Later Qin's emperor Yao Xing, Yao Shao (姚紹) the Duke of Dongping, saw him, and thought that this was not truly an insane person—because he looked healthy and strong physically. He informed Yao Xing of this and suggested that Yao Xing give Murong Chao a minor official position to secure him. Yao Xing summoned Murong Chao to an audience with him, but Murong Chao continued the charade and intentionally gave wrong answers or no answers at all when Yao Xing asked him questions. Yao Xing was unconvinced that Yao Shao was correct, and so sent Murong Chao away.
In 405, after Murong De, who had by then established Southern Yan and become its emperor, had become aware that Murong Chao was being detained in Chang'an, he sent secret messengers to encourage him to flee to Southern Yan. Murong Chao did not dare to tell even his mother and wife, and fled to Southern Yan. On the way, he passed through the territory of the general Murong Fa (慕容法), the governor of Yan Province (兗州, modern western Shandong), and Murong Fa, believing that he was not truly of imperial descent, disrespected him, leading him to bear grudges against Murong Fa in the future.
Murong De was greatly pleased when Murong Chao arrived at the capital Guanggu (廣固, in modern Qingzhou, Shandong), and Murong Chao presented him the golden knife that Murong De left Lady Gongsun before leaving. Murong De mourned his mother and brother greatly, but created Murong Chao to be the Prince of Beihai—the same title that Murong Na had. As Murong De had no surviving sons, he considered Murong Chao his probable heir, and he selected talented men to be Murong Chao's assistants. Murong Chao, at this time, was described to be a careful server to his uncle and appropriate in all his outward actions, leading the officials and the populace all to be happy with him.
In fall 405, Murong De fell ill, and considered creating Murong Chao crown prince. During the discussion, an earthquake happened, and taking the earthquake as a bad omen, Murong De temporarily terminated the discussion, but his illness grew worse during the night, and he could no longer speak. His wife Empress Duan Jifei asked him whether Murong Chao should be summoned and created crown prince, and Murong De nodded, and so Murong Chao was created crown prince. Murong De died that night, and the next day, Murong Chao took the throne as the emperor. He honored Empress Duan as empress dowager.
Reign
Murong Chao, however, immediately showed himself to be capricious and unwilling to listen to criticism. He immediately made one of his associates, Gongsun Wulou (公孫五樓), a major general, despite Gongsun's commonly perceived lack of qualifications, and he disassociated himself from the officials Murong Zhong (慕容鍾) the Prince of Beidi and Duan Hong (段宏), whom Murong De had entrusted with great responsibilities. He was further described as being surrounded by flatterers and engaging his time on hunting and tours, refusing all advice against doing so. He further wished to restore punishments that included facial tattooing, cutting off noses, cutting off feet, and castration, but with popular opposition, he did not carry out those actions. He was also described as imposing heavy tax and labor burdens on the people.
In 406, Gongsun, in order to grab even more power, falsely accused Murong Zhong of treason. Murong Zhong, Murong Fa, and Duan Hong therefore entered into a conspiracy in which Feng Song (封嵩) and Empress Dowager Duan were also involved in, but Empress Dowager Duan, in fear, eventually revealed the plot to Murong Chao. Feng was executed, and Murong Chao sent generals Murong Zhen (慕容鎮) the Prince of Guilin and Han Fan (韓範) to attack Murong Zhong, Murong Fa, and Duan Hong. Duan Hong fled to Northern Wei, while Murong Zhong and Murong Fa fled to Later Qin.
In 407, Murong Chao sent his official Feng Kai (封愷) to Later Qin to negotiate to have Yao Xing turn his mother and wife over to him. Yao Xing demanded that he submit as a vassal and further give Later Qin either the court musicians of Former Qin (who had, after much travels, settled down in Southern Yan by this point) or 1,000 captives from Jin. Murong Chao readily agreed to be a vassal, but hesitated at both alternative demands. Eventually, in fear of retaliation from Jin, he chose to turn over 120 musicians. Yao Xing then delivered his mother Lady Duan and wife Lady Huyan to him. In 408, he honored Lady Duan as empress dowager and created Lady Huyan empress.
On lunar new year 409, Murong Chao held the traditional imperial gathering, and he lamented the lack of imperial musicians, and he proposed an attack on Jin to capture people to be trained as musicians, despite the opposition from Han Zhuo (Han Fan's brother, name not in Unicode). A month later, Murong Chao sent the generals Murong Xingzong (慕容興宗), Hugu Ti (斛穀提), and Gongsun Gui (公孫歸, Gongsun Wulou's brother) to attack Jin, capturing Suyu (宿豫, in modern Suqian, Jiangsu) and 2,500 men and women, who were given to the music director to be taught music. Encouraged by the success, Murong Chao carried more raids against Jin.
A month later, the Jin general Liu Yu, then the leader of the Jin government, proposed that a major attack be launched against Southern Yan, and even though he faced opposition, he started the campaign regardless. Gongsun Wulou and Murong Zhen proposed that Southern Yan armies defend Daxian Mountain (大峴山, in modern Weifang, Shandong) and not allow Jin forces to pass. Murong Chao, overly confident, instead decided to let Jin forces pass Daxian, and then engage them in the plains north of Daxian. He further rejected suggestions that the crops be burned to prevent them from being used as food supply by Jin forces. When Murong Zhen commented to Han Zhuo that this would lead to the empire's destruction, Murong Chao threw Murong Zhen into prison.
Liu Yu was very pleased that Murong Chao did not defend Daxian, as he feared. The Jin and Southern Yan forces engaged near Linqu (臨朐, also in Weifang), while Murong Chao himself waited in the city of Linqu. Jin general Hu Fan (胡藩) made a surprise attack on Linqu, capturing it and forcing Murong Chao to flee. With Murong Chao having fled, Liu Yu engaged the main Southern Yan forces and defeated them, and Murong Chao fled back to Guanggu. Liu Yu followed and quickly captured the outer part of the city, putting the inner city under siege. Murong Chao released Murong Zhen and requested his assistance in defending the city, but when Murong Zhen suggested that he pitch one final battle rather than just defending Guanggu, he balked, and he instead sent Han Fan to Later Qin to request emergency assistance. Initially, Yao Xing was willing to provide assistance with an army commanded by the general Yao Qiang (姚強), but after he himself suffered a defeat at the hand of the rebel general Liu Bobo (the emperor of Xia), he withdrew Yao Qiang's troops. Han Fan surrendered to Liu Yu, and the Guanggu garrison became even more desperate. A number of officials suggested to Murong Chao that he surrender to Jin, but he refused and executed anyone who would suggest the such.
In spring 410, Guanggu fell, and Murong Chao was captured. Liu Yu rebuked him for refusing to surrender, but he did not answer Liu Yu at all but only entrusted his mother to the Jin general Liu Jingxuan (劉敬宣), who had previously been a subject of his uncle Murong De. Murong Chao was delivered to the Jin capital Jiankang and executed, and some 3,000 Southern Yan officials and nobles were executed as well.
Personal information
• Father
• Murong Na (慕容納), Prince of Beihai during Former Yan, son of Murong Huang (Prince Wenming of Former Yan) and brother to Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao of Former Yan), Murong Chui (Emperor Wucheng of Later Yan), and Murong De (Emperor Xianwu), posthumously honored as Emperor Mu
• Mother
• Princess Duan
• Wife
• Empress Huyan (created 408)
• Major Concubines
• Consort Wei
主題 | 關係 | from-date | to-date |
---|---|---|---|
太上 | ruler | 405/12/7太上元年十一月戊寅 | 410/4/19太上六年二月壬子 |
文獻資料 | 引用次數 |
---|---|
南史 | 2 |
晉書 | 78 |
魏書 | 1 |
冊府元龜 | 6 |
十六國春秋別傳 | 2 |
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