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徐玠[查看正文] [修改] [查看歷史]ctext:282619
| 關係 | 對象 | 文獻依據 |
|---|---|---|
| type | person | |
| name | 徐玠 | |
| born | 868 | |
| died | 943 | |
| authority-wikidata | Q27825522 | |
| link-wikipedia_zh | 徐玠 | |
| link-wikipedia_en | Xu_Jie_(Southern_Tang) |
徐玠868年 - 943年，字蘊圭，封高平王，五代十國楊吳、南唐大臣，在南唐烈祖李昪時代擔任宰相（司徒、右丞相）。徐州彭城縣（今江蘇省徐州市）人。背景
徐玠于唐懿宗咸通九年（868年）生于彭城。徐玠敏幹有辭辦，作為奉國軍節度使（治蔡州，今河南省駐馬店市汝南縣）崔洪的軍吏。899年，蔡州軍隊將領崔景思等殺害了崔賢，劫持崔洪，背離宣武軍節度使（治今河南省開封市）朱全忠，驅趕蔡州的全部軍隊和百姓渡過淮水投奔淮南節度使（治今江蘇省揚州市）楊行密。崔洪先派徐玠去見楊行密，于是成為楊行密手下的軍官。
906年，楊行密的兒子楊渥主持淮南，派兵攻打鎮南軍（治今江西省南昌市），當時鎮南軍節度使鐘傳死後，他的兒子鐘匡時和他的養子鍾延規爭位，淮南趁機吞併鎮南。徐玠參與這次戰役，擔任糧料使，勝利後，徐玠擔任吉州刺史（今江西省吉安市）。
吳國時代
徐溫和張顥殺害楊渥，立楊渥的弟弟楊隆演為弘農王。912年，楊行密的舊將鎮南軍節度使劉威、歙州（治今安徽省黃山市）刺史陶雅、宣州（治今安徽省宣城市）刺史李遇、常州（治今江蘇省常州市）刺史李簡表示不滿，特別不尊重徐溫。李遇常說：「徐溫是什麼人，我不曾見過面，一日之間竟當政了！」館驛使徐玠出使吳越國，路過宣州，徐溫讓徐玠勸說李遇到廣陵朝見新王楊隆演。李遇開始應允了；徐玠說：「您不這樣，人家說您謀反。」李遇勃然大怒說：「徐君說我李遇謀反，殺死侍中的人不是謀反嗎！」徐溫派遣都指揮使柴再用攻打宣州。李遇打開城門，請求歸降，徐溫派柴再用把他斬首，殺了他全族。李遇的兒子娶了楊行密的女兒。由于是楊隆演的妹妹，于是免于處死。她後來嫁給徐玠為妻。
918年，徐溫的長子徐知訓被朱瑾殺死。徐溫的其他親生子都很年輕，于是由養子徐知誥輔政。徐知誥認為徐玠治理地方貪污腐敗，因此把他免職。然而，徐溫認為徐玠善于事奉，因此讓徐玠擔任副使。徐玠成為徐溫的親信。徐玠憎恨徐知誥，他經常對徐溫說：「輔政的地位重要，不能交給異姓。應該讓嫡子徐知詢取代徐知誥。」徐溫正在考慮此事，就得病在927年去世。
徐溫死後，楊隆演的弟弟新即位的吳國皇帝楊溥加徐知誥都督中外總軍事，任命徐知詢為諸道副都統、鎮海（今江蘇省鎮江市）寧國（今安徽省宣城市）節度使兼侍中。徐知誥留在吳國中央政府控制朝政，徐知詢在金陵（在今代江蘇省南京市）控制國家軍隊，二人互相爭權。
徐知誥擔心徐知詢的軍力，但徐知詢傲慢，對待各個弟弟也很刻薄，他的親弟弟們也怨恨他。徐玠詭譎多智，善揣摩，知道徐知詢不可輔佐，掌握著他的短處以歸附徐知誥。929年，徐知詢叫徐知誥到金陵解除為父親徐溫治喪的喪服，徐知誥拒絕，聲稱皇帝楊溥不讓他離開。與此同時，徐知詢被徐知誥騙入朝中。徐知誥到達廣陵，徐知誥留下徐知詢做統軍，兼領鎮海節度使，不允許他回到金陵。派遣右雄武都指揮使柯厚去徵調金陵的士卒返回江都，徐知誥從此開始獨攬吳國政權。
由于徐玠效忠徐知誥，徐知誥和他變得親密無間，他們之間的怨恨消失了。徐知誥鎮守金陵，任命徐玠為行軍司馬。934年，徐玠和節度副使李建勛等人多次陳奏徐知誥的功業，希望楊溥禪讓皇位給徐知誥。徐知誥被任命為大元帥，936年建立大元帥府，于是徐知誥任命都統判官宋齊丘為元帥府左司馬，行軍司馬徐玠為元帥府右司馬。937年，徐知誥被封為齊王，于是委任左、右司馬宋齊丘和徐玠為左、右丞相。
南唐時代
937年九月十七日，楊溥禪讓皇位于徐知誥，吳國滅亡。十月初五，徐知誥即皇帝位，建立齊國（南唐）。十月初六，徐知誥遣派右丞相徐玠奉送上尊號的冊文去進詣楊溥，稱言受禪老臣誥謹拜稽首上皇帝尊號為高尚思玄弘古讓皇，宮室、乘輿、服御都照舊，宗廟、正朔、徽章、服色都仍按吳國制度。次年六月，群臣爭著請求更改府寺州縣的名稱中有「吳」和「陽」字的，留守判官楊嗣請求改姓羊，徐玠說：「陛下應天順人，不是逆取，諂邪之人以這些事更改討好，不是當務之急，不要聽從。」徐知誥認為很對。
徐玠被任命為寧國軍節度使（治今安徽省宣城市）。在宣州時，他的妻子楊氏憤恨而卒。之後，徐玠改任鎮南軍節度使（治今江西省南昌市），兼中書令。之後召回金陵，擔任司徒、右丞相，但並不參與朝政。據說他年老時，更加貪婪，他的下屬都以他為禍患。他還參與煉丹，往往買折扣的硃砂練藥，被人嘲笑。943年五月，徐玠卒，時年七十六歲，贈南平郡王。
注釋和參考文獻
• 《十國春秋》卷21
• 《資治通鑑》卷268, 卷276、卷279、卷280、281
Xu Jie (徐玠) (868-943), courtesy name Yungui (蘊圭), formally the Prince of Gaoping (高平王), was a Chinese military general and politician. He was an officer of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period states Wu and Southern Tang, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Southern Tang's first emperor Li Bian (Xu Zhigao).顯示更多...: Background During Hongnong/Wu During Southern Tang Notes and references
Background
Xu Jie was born in 868, during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang. He was from Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu). He was said to be dextrous, capable, and a good speaker. At some point, he became an officer under the general Cui Hong (崔洪), who was, as of 899, serving as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan). In 899, a number of Fengguo officers, led by Cui Jingsi (崔景思), were fearful of the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), who was forcing Cui Hong into submitting to him. They coerced Cui Hong into abandoning Fengguo's capital Cai Prefecture (蔡州) and fleeing to the domain of another major warlord, Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). As they approached Yang's domain, Cui Hong sent Xu in advance to meet Yang to submit. Yang subsequently retained Xu to serve as an officer under him.
By 906, Huainan was under the rule of Yang Xingmi's son and successor Yang Wo. That year, Yang Wo, taking advantage of a succession struggle at Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi) after the death of its military governor Zhong Chuan between Zhong Chuan's son Zhong Kuangshi and adoptive son Zhong Yangui (鍾延規), launched a major attack on Zhennan and captured it. During the campaign, Xu served as the food supply officer, and after the successful campaign was made the prefect of Ji Prefecture (吉州, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi).
During Hongnong/Wu
By 912, Tang had fallen, and Yang Wo's domain was now ruled by his brother and successor Yang Longyan, who carried the title of Prince of Hongnong, as an independent state. However, the governance of the Hongnong state was actually in the hands of Xu Wen, who had along with Zhang Hao, assassinated Yang Wo and become regent. Several of Yang Xingmi's old generals — Liu Wei (劉威) the military governor of Zhennan, Tao Ya (陶雅) the governor of She Prefecture (歙州, in modern Huangshan, Anhui), Li Yu (李遇) the governor of Xuan Prefecture (宣州, in modern Xuancheng, Anhui), and Li Jian (李簡) the prefect of Chang Prefecture (常州, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu) — were dissatisfied with the situation and were particularly not respectful of Xu Wen. Li Yu was particularly upset with Xu Wen's governance, often stating, "Who is this Xu Wen? I have not even met him, and now he is in control of the state!" In 912, when Xu Jie, then serving as the director of travel pavilions (館驛使, Guanyishi), was on a diplomatic mission to Hongnong's southeastern neighbor Wuyue, Xu Wen had him visit Li Yu at Xuan to try to persuade Li Yu to go to the capital Guangling (廣陵) to pay homage to Yang Longyan. Li Yu initially agreed. However, Xu Jie, during the conversation, stated, "If you do not do so, Lord, people will believe that you are rebelling." Li Yu angrily responded, "You, sir, said that I, Li Yu, would be rebelling. Is it not the case that one who killed the Shizhong Yang Wo, who carried that title) would be rebelling?" Xu Wen, subsequently, had the general Chai Zaiyong (柴再用) attack Xuan. When Li Yu subsequently surrendered, Xu Wen had Li Yu's family slaughtered. Li Yu's son had married one of Yang Xingmi's daughters, who was spared from execution because she was the prince's sister. She subsequently married Xu Jie as his wife.
In 918, Xu Wen's oldest biological son Xu Zhixùn, whom Xu Wen had made junior regent and in day-to-day control of the state (which by that point was known as Wu), was assassinated by the general Zhu Jin, who subsequently committed suicide. As Xu Wen's other biological sons were all young, Xu Wen's adoptive son Xu Zhigao was made the junior regent. Xu Zhigao considered Xu Jie's governance of Ji Prefecture to be poor, and found him to be corrupt and obscene, and therefore removed him from the post. However, Xu Wen himself considered Xu Jie to be a good assistant, and therefore invited Xu Jie to serve on staff, as the deputy commander of Xu Wen's army; and Xu Jie became a close associate to him. As Xu Jie resented Xu Zhigao, he often told Xu Wen, "The regency of the government is so important that you cannot trust it to someone of a different surname. You should let your proper son Xu Zhixún Wen's second biological son) replace him." But as Xu Wen was considering the matter and resolving to replace Xu Zhigao with Xu Zhixún, he fell ill and died in 927.
Shortly after Xu Wen's death, then-Wu emperor Yang Pu (Yang Longyan's younger brother and successor) split Xu Wen's titles between Xu Zhigao and Xu Zhixún, with Xu Zhigao assuming Xu Wen's title as overseer of all military matters (都督中外總軍事, Dudu Zhongwai Zongjunshi), while Xu Zhixún took on the title of deputy supreme commander of all circuits (諸道副都統, Zhudao Fu Dutong, with Xu Wen having been supreme commander before, and that post now left open) and military governor of Ningguo (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui) and Zhenhai (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) Circuits, which Xu Wen had been; he also took the greater honorary chancellor title of Shizhong (侍中). Even though Xu Zhigao remained in control of Wu's imperial government, Xu Zhixún, at Jinling (金陵, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), controlled the largest army of the state, and he, wielding that authority, contended for decision-making with Xu Zhigao, who tried to curb Xu Zhixun's military power.
Given Xu Zhixún's military strength, Xu Zhigao feared him, but Xu Zhixún's arrogance alienated his younger biological brothers. Xu Jie, who had previously supported Xu Zhixún, also realized that Xu Zhixun lacked the proper abilities to lead, and instead turned his allegiance to Xu Zhigao, informing Xu Zhigao of Xu Zhixún's shortcomings. Later in 929, Xu Zhixún tried to summon Xu Zhigao to Jinling to attend a ceremony where they would remove mourning clothes that they had put on for Xu Wen's death; Xu Zhigao refused, claiming that Yang Pu would not let him leave the capital. Xu Zhixún, meanwhile, was tricked by Xu Zhigao to go to Guangling. Once he arrived there, Xu Zhigao detained him and did not allow him to return to Jinling, sending the officer Ke Hou (柯厚) to lead the Jinling forces back to Guangling, thus consolidating the command under Xu Zhigao himself.
Given Xu Jie's allegiance to Xu Zhigao at this point, Xu Zhigao became closely associated with him, with the resentment between them gone. When Xu Zhigao himself later took up his headquarters in Jinling, Xu Jie was made the commander of his army. As of 934, he, along with Li Jianxun, was beginning to encourage Xu Zhigao to take over the throne from Yang Pu. When, as part of that transition process, Xu Zhigao received the title of Generalissimo and established a headquarters in 936, Xu Zhigao made Xu Jie and a long-time advisor, Song Qiqiu, the military advisors at the Generalissimo headquarters. In 937, with Xu Zhigao's having received the title of Prince of Qi, Xu Jie and Song were made the principality's chancellors.
During Southern Tang
In fall 937, Yang Pu yielded the throne to Xu Zhigao, ending Wu, with Xu Zhigao starting a new state later known as Southern Tang. When Xu Zhigao, after taking the throne, submitted a petition to Yang accepting the throne and still treating Yang Pu like an emperor and his lord, it was Xu Jie who delivered Xu Zhigao's petition to Yang. When, subsequently, many officials were submitting petitions to Xu Zhigao asking to change place names containing "Yang" or "Wu" as part of the name, it was Xu Jie who spoke against such petitions, stating, "Your Imperial Majesty accepted the throne in accordance with the will of heaven and man, without seizing it by improper means. The flattering and evil people are concentrating on changing minute matters. This is not a priority, and you should not follow them." Xu Zhigao agreed with his assessment.
Xu Jie was subsequently made the military governor of Ningguo Circuit (寧國, headquartered at Xuan Prefecture). It was said that when this was announced, his wife Lady Yang, remembering what had happened with her first husband and his family, died due to her distress and anger. He was later moved to Zhennan Circuit and given the honorary chancellor title of Zhongshu Ling (中書令). He was later recalled to the Southern Tang imperial government to serve as chancellor with the titles of Situ (司徒) and You Chengxiang (右丞相), but was not given real responsibility. It was said that he was particularly more greedy in his old age, such that his subordinates were distressed. He was also involved in alchemy, but often bought discount cinnabar of lower grades in his alchemist exercises, leading to derision. He died in 943, during the reign of Li Jing, Xu Zhigao's son and successor (as Xu Zhigao later changed his name to Li Bian, reflecting his birth surname).
Notes and references
• Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 21.
• Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 268, 276, 279, 280, 281.
| 文獻資料 | 引用次數 |
|---|---|
| 新五代史 | 2 |
| 資治通鑑 | 2 |
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