生平

後金天命五年（1620年），七歲的多鐸受封為和碩額真。十三歲時，封貝勒，統正白旗，參與禮部和兵部政事。多鐸幼年即失去父母，長大後為人狂放不羈、率性而為、風流好色，對「君臣有別」的禮節毫不在意。崇德三年（1638年）因軍前私自攜帶妓女，降為多羅貝勒。

崇德六年（1641年），參與松錦大戰，獲大捷，生俘洪承疇，晉多羅郡王。清世祖順治元年（1644年）隨清軍入山海關，在山海關之戰中大敗李自成大順軍，入北京，晉親王。十月下河南、入陝西，順治二年一月攻入潼關、西安；二月攻南明；四月陷揚州，殺史可法，五月入南京，俘南明弘光帝朱由崧，六月佔浙江，後班師回京，加封和碩德豫親王。

順治三年（1646年），以揚威大將軍征討蒙古蘇尼特部騰機思。順治六年三月十八染天花疾亡，年僅三十五歲。多鐸與多爾袞兄弟感情最好，多爾袞當時正在山西征討姜瓖，聽到多鐸病重的消息時，立刻班師回朝，到居庸關時，多鐸病逝。多爾袞「換上素服，號哭奔往京城。」兄弟情深顯而見之。

乾隆時，追複多鐸的王爵，他的後裔可以無限世襲豫親王王爵，是鐵帽子王。此外，睿親王多爾袞只有女兒，沒有兒子，於是多鐸將其子多爾博過繼給多爾袞，多爾博的後裔也世襲睿親王。睿親王也是鐵帽子王，於是多鐸的子孫，就在清初八家鐵帽子王中，雄踞兩家。

年表

• 明萬曆四十二年（1614年）二月二十四日戌時，出生。

• 天命十一年（1626年）努爾哈赤去世，母親大福晉烏喇那拉氏被逼殉葬。

• 天聰二年（1628年）從兄皇太極（為當時之後金汗）征察哈爾蒙古多羅等部，因功賜號額爾克楚虎爾。

　• 多鐸欲娶舅舅阿布泰之女，哥哥阿濟格以阿布泰的親家阿達海為媒人，定婚。事後，阿濟格、阿布泰、阿達海三人被皇太極處罰。阿達海雖被免除死罪，但不久即因多鐸莊頭之妻的告發，被處死。

• 天聰三年（1629年）從兄皇太極攻明朝，進入長城，逼臨明京師北京。

• 天聰五年（1631年）參加圍困明軍的大凌河城戰役。在小凌河遭遇戰中，失足墜馬，幾乎命喪錦州城外。

• 天聰六年（1632年）隨大軍遠征察哈爾部林丹汗。

• 天聰九年（1635年）滿州兵圍大凌河，首次為帥。

• 崇德元年（1636年）封和碩豫親王，從兄皇太極攻朝鮮，於南漢山城大敗朝鮮援軍。

• 崇德三年（1638年）因軍前私自攜帶妓女，降為多羅貝勒。

• 崇德六年（1641年）松錦大戰之中，先數次率兵築城，圍困錦州，最後決戰中，又率伏兵截殺明松山潰軍，繼與肅親王豪格等圍困松山，俘薊遼總督洪承疇，封為多羅豫郡王。

• 順治元年（1644年）從攝政王多爾袞入山海關，大敗李自成的大順軍，佔領北京，進封為親王。旋授定國大將軍，並率孔有德、耿仲明等滿漢軍兩萬餘人，由河南入陝西追擊大順軍。

• 順治二年（1645年）克潼關，佔西安，接著又奉命南下，破揚州，殺史可法，然而，卻屠城十日，史稱「揚州十日」。續渡長江，佔領南京，遣軍生擒南明弘光帝朱由崧。繼之，派兵平定江浙，最後，因功加封和碩德豫親王。

• 順治三年（1646年）命為揚威大將軍，率師征討叛逃的蒙古蘇尼特部騰機思。

• 順治四年（1647年）進封輔政叔德豫親王，成為清廷實際上的第二號人物。

• 順治六年（1649年）三月十八染天花病卒。

• 順治九年（1652年）三月因多爾袞案，降為多羅郡王。

• 康熙十年（1671年）追謚豫郡王為「通」。

• 乾隆四十三年（1778年）正月，複多鐸親王及封號，配享太廟，八月，入祀盛京賢王祠。

家庭

妻妾

大福晉（正妃）

• 嫡福晉，也稱元妃，即元配大福晉，博爾濟吉特氏，明安台吉之女。

• 繼福晉，也稱繼妃，即繼室大福晉，名達哲，科爾沁博爾濟吉特氏。達哲福晉為蒙古科爾沁部索諾木郡王和科爾沁大妃之女。是皇太極皇后哲哲、多爾袞嫡福晉的同母姐妹。子二，次子多尼，襲爵；第五子多爾博，過繼多爾袞。

• 繼福晉，那拉氏，參領衍達爾漢之女。

側福晉（側妃）

• 側福晉，佟佳氏，輕車都尉雅克秦之女。第四子察尼；第七子董額。

• 側福晉，伊爾根覺羅氏，護軍統領阿達海之女。

• 次福晉。應為側福晉之意。多鐸死後有一位側福晉自請殉葬。

　• 《欽定八旗通志·烈女傳》中有記載：輔政德豫親王多鐸次福晉。順治六年三月丁丑，多鐸薨，次福晉請以身殉。睿王再三慰解，請益力，遂許之。

庶福晉和妾（庶妃）

• 庶福晉，佟佳氏，參領素達塞之女。子一，第八子費揚古。

• 庶福晉，那拉氏，費揚古之女。子一，長子珠蘭。

• 庶福晉，瓜爾佳氏，甘楚漢之女。子一，第三子巴克度。

• 庶福晉，瓜爾佳氏，塔克泰之女。子一，第六子扎克度。

• 妾，那拉氏，法哈之女。

• 妾，良氏，良國柱之女。

子嗣

多鐸有子八人，女兒人數不詳，僅知嫁漢軍正白旗將領石華善者。

八子中，有爵者五人：和碩豫宣和親王多尼、多羅信郡王董額、多羅貝勒多爾博、輔國恪僖公察尼、已革奉恩輔國公費揚古。多爾博過繼多爾袞為睿親王，被革歸宗後封爵為多羅貝勒。費揚古坐事奪爵。

長子 珠蘭

天聰九年乙亥十月二十二日子時生。母庶福晉納喇氏，費揚古之女。康熙四年乙巳二月二十八日巳時卒，年三十一。嫡福晉伊爾根覺羅氏，輕車都尉巴祿之女；繼福晉舒穆祿氏，男阿音圖之女。

• 無子女。

次子 多尼

和碩豫宣和親王。崇德元年丙子十月十八日卯時生。母繼福晉達哲。初封郡王；順治六年（1649）襲豫親王爵；八年，改封信親王，次年降信郡王。順治十五年，任安元靖寇大將軍，偕平郡王羅科鐸率軍南下，與明將白文選、李定國等戰于雲南永昌、騰越，有軍功。還師後不久病死。順治十八年辛丑正月初四日辰時薨，年二十六。謚宣和，即信宣和郡王。

嫡福晉科爾沁博爾濟吉特氏，和碩圖謝圖親王巴都爾之女。繼福晉伊爾根覺羅氏，子塞赫伊之女；側福晉王氏，王廷祚之女；庶福晉伊爾根覺羅氏，祜錫泰之女；妾濟氏，薩祿之女；妾索綽絡氏，喀爾布之女。

• 子七人：長子鄂尼；次子追封和碩豫親王鄂扎；三子鄂臘；四子奉國將軍鄂明；五子鄂興；六子鄂雲；七子鄂林。

第三子 巴克度

崇德五年庚辰四月十四日辰時生。母庶福晉瓜爾佳氏，甘楚漢之女。康熙七年戊申三月初四日寅時卒，年三十九歲。嫡福晉溫都氏，佐領土完整西爾太之女；繼福晉伊爾根覺羅氏，護軍參領昂吉圖之女；妾劉氏，劉二之女。

• 子一人：度蟾。

第四子 察尼 輔國恪僖公

奉恩輔國恪僖公。崇德六年辛巳三月初八日未時生。母側福晉佟佳氏，輕車都尉雅克秦之女。順治十三年初封貝勒。康熙七年，授左宗正。康熙十二年，吳三桂反，從順承郡王勒爾錦南征，參贊軍務。師次荊州，三桂已陷岳州。察尼偕將軍尼雅翰舟師進，三桂將吳應麒引七萬人自陸路來拒，擊卻之。師次七里山，發炮沈其舟十餘。方暑，還駐荊州。十四年，佩靖寇將軍印，援谷城。時南漳、興山已陷，敵逼彞陵，踞鎮荊山，掘壕為寨。察尼至彞陵，議增舟師，斷餉道。擊敵牛皮丫口，進攻黃連坪，焚其積聚，取興山。十五年，三桂移南漳、彞陵兵往長沙，勒爾錦令察尼還荊州，渡江趨石首，據虎渡口，擊敵太平街，斬三百餘級。翌日再出，遇伏，敗還荊州。詔責其無能。十七年八月，貝勒尚善薨於軍，命察尼代為安遠靖寇大將軍，規岳州。疏言：「舟師入湖，賊餉將絕。宜於湖水涸後，圍以木栰，立椿列炮，以小舟徼巡，為久困計。」上善其言，令副都統關保濟師。尋破敵南津港，斬千級。都統葉儲赫等進攻岳州，複破敵萬餘人。屢疏請增調水陸軍合圍，上皆許之。十八年正月，三桂將王度衝、陳珀等以舟師降，應麒棄城遁，遂複岳州。降官吏六百餘、兵五千餘，獲舟六十五、炮六百四十有奇。二月，安親王岳樂自長沙進取衡州，察尼發綠旗兵濟師，尋複湘陰、安鄉。四月，命自常德征辰龍關，澧州以南諸軍聽調度。十九年三月，克辰龍關，複辰州。疏言：「途中霪雨泥濘，士馬須休養。」詔暫屯沅州。六月，詔以貝子彰泰率師下雲南，察尼勞苦久，率滿洲兵還京師。吏議退縮罪，削爵職、籍其家、幽禁，上念克岳州功，命但削爵。二十四年，授奉天將軍。康熙二十七年戊辰九月二十二日亥時卒，年四十八。賜祭葬視輔國公，謚恪僖。

嫡福晉博爾濟吉特氏，布達錫希布台吉之女；繼福晉赫舍里氏，輔政大臣、一等公索尼之女；妾伊爾根覺羅氏，副都統噶爾齊之女；妾納喇氏，辛達禮之女；妾克伊克勒氏，拜祜之女；妾瓜爾佳氏，漢實惠祜之女；妾劉氏，劉紹德之女；妾戴氏，烏濟馬哈之女；妾韓氏，乃格之女；妾伊爾根覺羅氏，噶達渾之女；妾王氏，王鳳之女；妾謝氏，編塞之女。

• 子十一人：長子宗學總管、奉恩將軍查達；次子查明；三子布爾賽；四子扎克都爾；五子已革奉恩將軍德福；六子察納；七子常國佐；八子已革侍衛德昌；九子已革侍衛常赫；十子瓦爾喀；十一子額耨赫。

第五子 多爾博 過繼多爾袞

崇德八年癸未正月初二日亥時生。生母為繼福晉達哲。過繼給多爾袞為其嗣子。順治七年襲多爾袞爵為睿親王；八年被革歸宗。順治十四年封多羅貝勒。康熙十一年壬子十二月二十一日未時卒，年三十。乾隆四十三年，為多爾袞平反，複爵，多爾博及其後嗣亦被追封睿親王。

嫡福晉伊爾根覺羅氏，法喀之女；庶福晉馬氏，馬喇之女；庶福晉劉氏，劉伯魯之女；庶福晉王氏，轍格之女。

• 子三人：長子鄂爾博；次子追封和碩睿親王蘇爾發；三子蘇爾達。

第六子 扎克度

順治元年甲申四月十九日子時生。母庶福晉瓜爾佳氏，塔克泰之女。康熙二十八年己巳二月初二日子時卒，年四十六。嫡福晉烏蘇氏，前鋒參領祜錫布之女；繼福晉宜特墨氏，沃赫之女。

• 子三人：長子扎海，次子扎穆，三子扎格。

第七子 董額

多羅信郡王。順治四年丁亥正月初五日申時生。母側福晉佟佳氏，輕車都尉雅克泰之女。康熙四十五年丙戌六月二十五日寅時薨，年六十。

嫡福晉博爾濟吉特氏，內大臣額爾克岱清之女；庶福晉赤舍里氏，塞勒之女；庶福晉富察氏，富翰之女；妾王氏，王達玉之女；妾王氏，王邇之女；妾王氏，塞勒之女；妾赫舍里氏，安達禮之女；妾伊爾根覺羅氏，托穆布祿之女；妾宋氏，宋山之女；妾烏蘇氏，桑格之女；妾宋氏，達賴之女；妾王氏，三格之女；妾赫舍里氏，雅古之女；妾瓜爾佳氏，索庫之女；妾薩克罕氏，呼他之女。

• 子十八人：長子奉國將軍鄂齊禮；次子鄂奇；三子都禮；四子告退宗學副管綽木濟；五子阿爾坦；六子得名；七子已革三等侍衛伊林；八子成珠；九子宗學副管扎錄；十子扎勒明；十一子愛星阿；十二子查賴；十三子提督彰格；十四子扎克坦；十五子巴泰；十六子已革奉國將軍查庫齊；十七子務裕齊；十八子專齊。

第八子 費揚古

已革奉恩輔國公。順治六年己丑二月初八日亥時生。母庶福晉佟佳氏，參領索達塞之女。自三等奉國將軍進封輔國公，坐事，奪爵。雍正元年癸卯八月初十日未時卒，年七十五。

嫡福晉兆佳氏，副都統公圖之女；妾何氏，豪善之女；妾鄧氏，鄧雲之女；妾王氏，王永之女；妾夏氏，夏二之女。

• 子十三人：長子費雅傅哈；次子奉恩將軍畢喇席；三子尼馬喇；四子畢爾圖；五子奉恩將軍詹布；六子奉恩將軍遙努；七子莽堪；八子望洪；九子吉祿；十子已革三等侍衛務爾渾；十一子蟾德宜；十二子昭拉詩；十三子玖詩。

注釋

Family background

Dodo was born in the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan as the 15th son of Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing dynasty. His mother was Nurhaci's primary spouse Lady Abahai, who also bore Dodo's full brothers Ajige and Dorgon.

Career

Hong Taijis reign

In 1620, Dodo was conferred the title of an ejen. He became a beile at the age of 13 and was put in charge of the Plain White Banner, and started administrating affairs in the Ministry of Rites and Ministry of War. In 1628, Dodo followed Hong Taiji on the conquest of Chahar, Mongolia, and was granted the title of eerkechuhuer (額爾克楚虎爾) for his achievements. The following year, he followed Hong Taiji again on the conquest of the Ming dynasty, crossing the Great Wall and closing in on the Ming capital Beijing.

In 1631, Dodo was involved in besieging the Ming army at Dalinghe. He lost his footing and fell from his horse during a battle and almost died at Jinzhou. The following year he participated in a campaign against Ligdan Khan of Chahar. In 1635 he was appointed commander-in-chief for the first time at the Battle of Dalinghe.

In 1636, Dodo was promoted to qinwang under the title "Prince Yu of the First Rank". He followed Hong Taiji on the campaign against the Joseon dynasty of Korea and defeated the enemy at Mount Nanhan. Two years later, he was demoted two grades to beile for bringing prostitutes with him in his army. In 1641, Dodo participated in the Battle of Songjin and led the Qing army in besieging Jinzhou in the first part of the battle. He led an ambush to wipe out the remnants of the enemy at Mount Song in the final battle and joined Hooge's forces in besieging Mount Song and captured the Ming general Hong Chengchou. He was promoted one grade to junwang for his achievement.

Shunzhi Emperors reign

In 1644, Dodo entered Ming territory after the Ming general Wu Sangui opened Shanhai Pass for the Qing armies. They defeated rebel forces under Li Zicheng at Shanhai Pass and occupied the Ming capital Beijing, after which Dodo was reinstated as a qinwang and appointed "Great General Who Pacifies the Nation" (定國大將軍). Together with Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming, Dodo led an army of 200,000, comprising both Manchu and Han Chinese soldiers, to attack the remnants of Li Zicheng's rebel army, defeating and driving the enemy from Henan to Shaanxi.

In the first month of 1645, Dodo conquered Tong Pass and Xi'an, and in the second month he attacked the Southern Ming dynasty (remnants of the fallen Ming dynasty). In the fourth month, Dodo captured the city of Yangzhou and executed its defending official Shi Kefa, after which he ordered the Yangzhou massacre. By the following month, Dodo's army had crossed the Yangtze River and occupied the Southern Ming capital Nanjing and captured the Southern Ming ruler, the Hongguang Emperor. In the sixth month, Dodo conquered Zhejiang and returned to Beijing, after which he received the title "Prince Deyu of the First Rank" (和碩德豫親王).

Dodo berated and attacked the Southern Ming Hongguang Emperor (Prince of Fu, Zhu Yousong) over his battle strategy in 1645, telling him that the Southern Ming would have defeated the Qing if only the southern Ming assaulted the Qing military before they forded the Yellow river instead of tarrying. The Prince of Fu could find no words to respond when he tried to defend himself.

In 1646, Dodo was appointed "Great General Who Spreads Might" (揚威大將軍) and emerged victorious from suppressing a rebellion by the Sonid Mongols. A year later, he was conferred the title "Uncle Who Assists in Governance and Prince Deyu of the First Rank" (輔政叔和碩德豫親王).

Death

Dodo died of smallpox in 1649 at the age of 36. Dodo was said to have a very close relationship with his brother Dorgon. Dorgon was attacking Jiang Xiang (姜瓖) in Shanxi when he heard that Dodo was severely ill, so he immediately turned and rushed back to Beijing, but when he arrived at Juyong Pass, he received news that Dodo had died. Dorgon was so grieved that he changed into plain robes and cried as he raced back to Beijing.

Posthumous demotion and restoration

In 1652, the Shunzhi Emperor posthumously demoted Dodo to the status of a junwang for his affiliation with Dorgon, whom the emperor perceived to have had the intention of usurping the throne. In 1671, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, Dodo was granted a posthumous name "Tong" (通), so his title became "Prince Yutong of the Second Rank" (多羅豫通郡王). In the first lunar month of 1778, the Qianlong Emperor posthumously restored Dodo to the status of a qinwang and created a place for Dodo in the Qing ancestral temple. Seven months later, a shrine was built for Dodo in the Mukden Palace.

Family

Consorts and Issue:

• Primary consort, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏)

　• First daughter

　　• Married Zhemen (輒門) of the Barin in January/February 1645

　• Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; d. 1649), third daughter

　　• Married Haoshan (豪善) in 1646

• Primary consort, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏), personal name Dazhe (達哲)

　• Duoni, Prince Yuxuanhe of the First Rank (豫宣和親王 多尼; 15 November 1636 – 2 February 1661), second son

　• Duo'erbo, Prince Rui of the First Rank (睿親王 多爾博; 19 February 1643 – 7 February 1673), fifth son

• Primary consort, of the Nara clan (嫡福晉 那拉氏)

• Secondary consort, of the Tunggiya clan (側福晉 佟佳氏)

　• Cani, Duke Kexi of the Second Rank (輔國恪僖公 察尼; 17 April 1641 – 15 October 1688), fourth son

　• Dongge, Prince Xin of the Second Rank (信郡王 董額; 9 February 1647 – 3 August 1706), seventh son

　• Princess of the Fourth Rank (縣主), eighth daughter

　　• Married Eqi'er (鄂齊爾) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1663

• Mistress, of the Nara clan (那拉氏)

　• Zhulan (珠蘭; 1 December 1635 – 13 April 1665), first son

• Mistress, of the Gūwalgiya clan (瓜爾佳氏)

　• Bakedu (巴克度; 3 June 1640 – 14 April 1668), third son

• Mistress, of the Gūwalgiya clan (瓜爾佳氏)

　• Zhakedu (扎克度; 24 May 1644 – 21 February 1689), sixth son

• Mistress, of the Tunggiya clan (佟佳氏)

　• Fiyanggū, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公 費揚古; 20 March 1649 – 9 September 1723), eighth son

• Unknown

　• A daughter who married Shi Huashan (石華善; d. 1695)

Ancestry