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秦二世[查看正文] [修改] [查看歷史]ctext:430503
關係 | 對象 | 文獻依據 |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 二世 | |
name | 秦二世 | default |
name | 胡亥 | |
ruled | dynasty:秦 | |
from-date 秦二世三十七年七月丁酉 -210/8/12 | ||
to-date 秦二世三年八月丁巳 -207/10/15 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q7196 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 秦二世皇帝 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Qin_Er_Shi |
顯示更多...: 生平 年齡問題 紀年 家庭 動漫 影視形象
生平
胡亥奉始皇帝敕令,從中車府令趙高學習法律。秦始皇三十七年十月癸丑,秦始皇出遊。左丞相李斯陪同皇帝。胡亥受到秦始皇寵愛,要求同行,皇帝同意了胡亥的請求。秦始皇三十七年(前210年)夏六月,始皇崩於沙丘平台,丞相李斯恐天下有變,乃秘不發喪,棺載轀輬車中。所至,百官奏事如故,宦者輒從車中可其奏事,獨胡亥、趙高及宦者五六人知。秦始皇臨死讓趙高傳旨由長子扶蘇繼位,趙高沒有傳達,勸胡亥代兄繼位,胡亥說秦始皇傳位扶蘇的意圖很明顯,不願越兄而立,但最終還是被趙高說服。趙高又說服丞相李斯,詐稱受始皇遺詔于沙丘,立胡亥為太子,再矯秦始皇詔賜死扶蘇、蒙恬,是為沙丘之變。夏八月,從直道至咸陽,發喪。太子胡亥襲位,為二世皇帝,時年二十一歲。
秦二世即位後,於明年秦二世元年十月四日戊寅(儒略曆前210年11月21日),大赦天下。二十日甲午(儒略曆前210年12月7日),頒布登基文告。任命趙高為郎中令,決斷政事。春季,二世開始全國巡遊之旅,至四月結束。二世即位之初,認為不宜放始皇的後宮妃嬪出宮,就下令秦始皇後宮無子者皆令殉葬,在埋葬秦始皇時封死了墓穴,將全部工匠悶死在驪山陵墓裏。徵調武士五萬人屯衛咸陽,令教射狗馬禽獸。當時天空曾出現「日月薄食」的天文景象。趙高告訴二世,諸公子和大臣心中不服,應該殺死他們。二世聽從趙高建議, 將十二個公子在咸陽街頭斬首示眾,並將十個公主在杜縣肢解,場面極其殘忍。
二世不聽丞相李斯等人的建議,繼續修建阿房宮,又修建直道和馳道,這些工程直到秦朝滅亡都沒有完工。二世繼續大規模役使百姓,徭役和兵役比秦始皇時期更加繁重,導致當時各地民怨四起,民不聊生。二世時期,法律愈加殘酷,以各種罪名殺死大臣,大肆屠戮近侍官員,中郎、外郎、散郎無一倖免。當時大臣進諫就被認為是誹謗,官員為保住官位和性命,只得屈從討好,老百姓個個恐慌不已。這些暴政加速了秦朝的滅亡。
秦朝的暴政在當年七月激起了陳勝、吳廣的大澤鄉起義。左丞相李斯與右丞相馮去疾、大將軍馮劫上書請求停止修建阿房宮,減輕各種苛捐雜稅,二世沒有同意。秦二世聽信趙高讒言,誅殺李斯,賜死馮去疾和馮劫。李斯死後,秦二世拜趙高為中丞相,事無巨細皆決於趙高。
秦二世三年七月,章邯投降西楚軍項羽,劉邦攻下武關,趙高惶恐。八月己亥(前207年9月27日),中丞相趙高欲為亂,恐群臣不聽,乃先設驗,持鹿獻于秦二世曰:「馬也。」秦二世笑曰:「丞相誤邪,謂鹿為馬!」群臣皆畏趙高,莫敢言其過。成語「指鹿為馬」由此而來。之後,秦二世乃出居望夷宮。過三日,因秦二世派使者責問趙高關東盜賊的事情,趙高心中大為恐懼,遂與其婿咸陽令閻樂以及弟弟趙成合謀,決定殺死二世,立子嬰為帝,遂派弟弟趙成作為內應,聲稱有盜賊作亂,命閻樂發兵抓捕盜賊。閻樂率吏卒一千多人包圍望夷宮,殺死衛令後攻入宮中,逼胡亥自殺,史稱望夷宮之變。臨死前秦二世說寜願只當一位萬戶侯或平民百姓,閻樂皆不准,秦二世只可自殺,時年24歲,以平民之禮葬於杜南宜春苑中。墓地在今西安市雁塔區曲江鄉曲江池村南緣台地上,稱胡亥墓。二世死後僅四十六天,劉邦就攻入咸陽,子嬰向劉邦投降,秦朝滅亡。秦二世是秦朝最後一個皇帝(子嬰僅稱秦王,未稱帝)。
年齡問題
秦二世即位年齡有兩種說法:
• 一是《史記·秦始皇本紀》云「二世皇帝元年,年二十一」,即秦王政十八年(前230年)出生。
• 二是《秦記》云「二世生十二年而立」,以始皇三十七年八月立,即始皇二十六年(前222年)出生。
時至今日,秦二世二十一歲即位說影響甚廣,馬非百、王蘧常,英人杜希德等均從此說,杜希德還明確考辨「他當時二十一歲,《史記》卷六的結尾誤作十二歲」。
紀年
家庭
• 父親秦始皇帝。
• 母親,不詳,野史記載為胡姬。
• 妻子秦二世皇后,姓名不詳。
• 兒子,名字不詳。
• 大哥:扶蘇。
• 其他兄弟:公子將閭、公子高。秦二世將兄長十二名公子戮死于咸陽;公子榮祿等六名公子、十名公主皆被戮死于杜。
動漫
• 《天子傳奇3流氓天子》
影視形象
• 1974年台灣中視的古裝連續劇《一代暴君》劇中,由蕭堯飾演胡亥。
• 2010年中國古裝科幻歷史劇《神話》由彭大雄飾演。
顯示更多...: Personal life Ascension to throne: Second Emperor conspiracy Second Emperor of Qin dynasty Revolts Death of ministers and generals Horse and deer test Qin dynasty collapse Death and burial In popular culture
Personal life
Huhai (胡亥) was the personal name of the Second Emperor. Its Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *Ga-gə′. Although his parentage was questioned by many historians including Sima Qian, they accepted Qin Er Shi as a member of the Kingdom of Qin's House of Ying. Huhai is the eighteenth son of Qin Shi Huang. As the youngest son, he was doted on by his father. It is not clear who his mother was, although some said that she is Lady Hu (胡姬). The clan name of their branch of the dynasty was Zhao (趙). Although he is sometimes known as "Ying Huhai" according to the practice of modern Chinese names, the ancient custom was not to combine the names in this way: his personal name never appears in combination with Ying, Zhao, or Qin. From an early age, Huhai was apprenticed to the minister Zhao Gao to learn Legalism, by the decree of Qin Shi Huang.
Ascension to throne: Second Emperor conspiracy
The First Emperor Qin Shi Huang died during one of his tours of Eastern China, on September 10, 210 BCE (Julian Calendar) at the palace in Shaqiu prefecture (沙丘平台). The announcement of his death was withheld until the entourage, which was accompanied by Premier Li Si and the imperial court, returned to the capital Xianyang two months later. Nevertheless, Huhai and Zhao Gao were aware of Qin Shi Huang's death and began plotting an internal intrigue.
The eldest son Fusu was supposed to be elected as the next emperor. However, Premier Li Si and the Chief Eunuch Zhao Gao conspired to kill Fusu in order to get rid of Fusu's favourite General Meng Tian, who was their court rival. They were afraid that if Fusu was enthroned, they would lose their power. Li Si and Zhao Gao forged a fake edict by Qin Shi Huang ordering both Fusu and General Meng to commit suicide. Their plan worked, and the younger son Huhai acceded the throne to become the Second Emperor later known as Qin Er Shi (秦二世). Although, recent findings of bamboo strips dating from the time of the intrigue note that Huhai wouldn't wait and killed his brother. This would indicate that the fake edict, in the case of Fusu, was an imperial cover story.
Second Emperor of Qin dynasty
In the first year of reign in 210 BCE, Huhai was made the Second Emperor of Qin at the age of 19. His regnal name Qin Er Shi means "Second Generation of the Qin". It is a contraction of Qin Ershi Huangdi, the "Second-Generation Emperor of the Qin". The name followed the nomenclature established by the First Emperor, who envisioned an empire that would last for ten thousand generations and for his successors to bear the aspiration in their reign names. The practice ended abruptly with the third emperor Ziying, when Qin dynasty was overturned by Chu and Han.
Qin Er Shi depended on eunuch Zhao Gao so much so that he acted as a puppet emperor, with the eunuch as puppeteer. Zhao Gao was made the Prime Minister of the Qin empire during Qin Er Shi's reign. His reign was cruel and brought much suffering to the people. From his reign onwards, the Qin empire slid to a decline.
After one of the tours, Zhao Gao suggested he examine the governors and military commandants and punish those guilty of some crime. By doing so he could do away with those who disapprove of the emperor's actions. Six imperial princes were killed at Tu (杜). The emperor then went on further to punish people for petty crimes. The emperor's brother Jianglu (將閭) and two other brothers were imprisoned. A messenger was then sent to read them a death sentence. Jianglu looked to the heavens, and cried out loud three times that he did not commit any crime (天乎! 吾無罪!). All three brothers cried and drew their own swords to commit suicide. Zhao Gao said that the Second Emperor was young, and as the Son of Heaven, his own voice must never be heard and his face must never be shown. Accordingly, the emperor remained in the inner palaces, and consulted only with Zhao Gao. Because of this, the high ministers rarely had the opportunity to see the emperor in court.
Revolts
Bandits and brigands grew in numbers from different directions to attack the Qin. Military leaders such as Chen Sheng de-legitimized the rule of Qin Er Shi by claiming Fusu should have been the one made ruler. One of the immediate revolt attempts was the 209 BCE Dazexiang Uprising. They rebelled in the territory that was formerly Chu state, claiming they were restoring Chu to greatness.
Overall Qin Er Shi was not able to contend with nationwide rebels. He was not as capable as his father. Many revolts against him quickly erupted. His reign was a time of extreme civil unrest, and everything that worked for the First Emperor had crumbled away within a short period. Later an envoy reported about the rebellion in court. The emperor was enraged, and the envoy was punished. After this, all other envoys reporting about uprisings would later say the bandits were being pursued and captured. Without any need to worry, the emperor was pleased.
Death of ministers and generals
The bandits and brigands continued to grow in numbers. Chancellor Feng Quqi, Li Si and general Feng Jie came forward to complain that the Qin military could not hold off the increasing number of revolts. They suggested the construction of Epang Palace be suspended lest the burden of tax should be too heavy. The emperor then questioned their loyalty. All three of them were handed to law officials who subjected them to examinations to see if they were guilty of other crimes. Feng Quqi and Feng Jie committed suicide so they would not have to endure the disgrace. Li Si was put in prison, and then killed via the five pains punishment. Zhao Gao continued to push the emperor to find associates with loyalty and punish those who show disloyalty with more severe penalties. Meng Yi and other chief ministers were executed. Twelve of the princes were executed in a market place in Xianyang. Ten princesses in Du were executed and their bodies were torn apart.
Horse and deer test
On 27 September 207 BC, eunuch Zhao Gao tested his power against the emperor's. He presented a deer to the Second Emperor, but called it a horse. The emperor laughed and said "Is the chancellor perhaps mistaken, calling a deer a horse?" Then the emperor questioned those around him. Some remained silent, some aligned with Zhao Gao, and said it was a horse. Zhao Gao executed every official who called the deer a deer. This incident provides the modern Chinese chengyu (idiomatic expression) "point to a deer and call it a horse" (指鹿為馬 zhǐlù-wéimǎ); (see Zhao Gao § Calling a deer a horse).
Qin dynasty collapse
Although Qin was able to suppress most of the nationwide rebellions, they still caused serious damage. Qin's manpower and supplies were greatly reduced. Finally Qin was decisively defeated in the Battle of Julu. Qin Er Shi foolishly tried to have the Qin general responsible Zhang Han killed, which led to the surrender and later live burial of 200,000 Qin troops. In total, Qin lost over 300,000 men. Even then, Qin Er Shi didn't take the defeat seriously, as he thought Qin had many more spare troops. Finally, a daring and loyal eunuch told Qin Er Shi the truth. In shock, Qin Er Shi tried to capture Zhao Gao and hold him responsible.
Zhao Gao however had expected that Qin Er Shi would ask him to take the blame. Therefore, Zhao Gao conspired with his loyal soldiers to force the emperor to commit suicide. Surrounded and with no means of escape, Qin Er Shi asked the loyal eunuch why he didn't speak the truth earlier. The eunuch replied that it was Qin Er Shi himself who decided to execute anyone who would tell him the truth.
In 207 BC, the Qin dynasty collapsed fifteen years after its establishment. A son of Fusu (allegedly; there is no firm consensus on what his relationship to the Qin royal family really is), Ziying, was made "king of Qin state", a reduced title. Ziying soon killed Zhao Gao and surrendered to Liu Bang one year later.
Death and burial
Qin Er Shi reigned only for three years and was forced to commit suicide eventually by his most trusted minister Zhao Gao at the age of 24. Qin Er Shi was condemned by the Eunuch Chancellor Zhao Gao after his death and was denied a royal burial. He was buried in today's Xi'an, near the Wild Goose Pagoda. Compared to his father, his tomb is much less elaborate and does not have a terracotta army. Qin Er Shi did not have a temple name.
In popular culture
The name of the emperor, Er Shi (二世), is included in the popular Cantonese term 二世祖. The phrase is a negative term describing spoiled children raised by wealthy parents, growing up with little or no moral values, or any forms of necessary daily life skills.
The incident of the horse-deer has been cited as the etymology of the Japanese word baka, "fool".
文獻資料 | 引用次數 |
---|---|
大越史記全書 | 3 |
漢書 | 6 |
四庫全書總目提要 | 2 |
資治通鑑 | 20 |
史記 | 65 |
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