生平

東山再起

初隱居東山，清談吟詩，昇平四年（360年），謝安之弟謝萬兵敗，被廢為庶人，陳郡謝氏一族再無重要的人物在朝。謝安不得不「東山再起」，入桓溫幕府為司馬。謝安與桓溫雖然政治立場不一致，但仍然非常相得，彼此都很推崇對方。後來桓溫到了因立場相左而打算殺掉謝安的時候，仍然對旁人稱讚謝安不已。

謝安在桓溫幕府不久，謝萬去世，謝安以服喪為由辭職，不久又被丞相司馬昱推薦為吳興太守，任內百姓安居樂業。幾年後，升為侍中。

太和六年（371年），桓溫廢司馬奕，改立司馬昱為帝，族誅陳郡殷氏、潁川庾氏兩家三支士族，貶斥武陵王為庶人，實際控制了東晉的所有州府，聲勢如日中天。謝安與另外兩家大士族——太原王氏和琅琊王氏的王坦之、王彪之等人聯合，與之周旋，並于咸安元年（372年）七月簡文帝病重之時，逼簡文帝改寫遺詔，阻止了簡文帝打算將政權拱手讓給桓溫的打算。桓溫得知以後，大怒，率軍入京，欲「誅王謝，移晉鼎」，太后褚蒜子命謝安與王坦之去新亭迎接，王坦之慌亂不已，以至于在見到桓溫以後倒持笏版，汗濕重衣；謝安卻很鎮定，不僅在臨行前安慰王坦之說「晉祚存亡，在此一行」，並在見到桓溫以後，從容就席，問桓溫：「安聞諸侯有道，守在四鄰，明公何須壁後置人邪？」桓溫笑答：「正自不能不爾耳。」二人笑著談了很久，一場大禍化解于無形。桓溫後來病重，想讓朝廷給他加九錫，讓袁宏起草。謝安見了以後，總是藉故修改，拖延時間，沒幾天，桓溫病故，加九錫的事情也就不再被提起了。

桓溫死了以後，謝安為了調和晉室與桓氏的矛盾而頗費苦心。寧康二年（374年），謝安先以王坦之出領徐兗二州刺史而從桓氏取回徐州和兗州，然後又迫使桓溫之弟桓衝出讓揚州，轉而任命其領荊州，謝安自領揚州（非今日之揚州市），終于達到「荊揚相衡，則天下平」的目的，並取得了桓氏的諒解與合作，建立起一個相對牢固的防禦陣線，共同對付北方的前秦苻堅。

淝水之戰

太元元年（376年），孝武帝司馬矅開始親政，謝安升中書監、錄尚書事，總攬朝政，陳郡謝氏成為東晉的最後一個「當軸士族」。同年，苻堅統一了中國北方，前秦與東晉的戰爭已經臨近。當時的東晉，長江上游由桓氏掌握，下游則屬于謝氏當政，謝安盡力調和桓謝兩大家族關係，以為即將爆發的戰爭作準備。

戰前準備

太元二年（377年），廣陵缺乏良將防守，謝安不顧他人議論，極力舉薦自己的侄子謝玄出任兗州刺史，鎮守廣陵，負責長江下游江北一線的軍事防守。謝安則自己都督揚州、豫州、徐州、兗州、青州五州軍事，總管長江下游。謝玄不負叔父重託，在廣陵挑選良將，訓練精兵，選拔了劉牢之、何謙等人，並訓練出了在當時的整個中國最具戰鬥力的精兵——北府兵。

第一階段：淮南之戰

太元三年（378年）四月，前秦征南大將軍苻丕率步騎7萬人進攻襄陽。苻堅又另派10萬多人，分三路合圍襄陽，總計投入兵力17萬。襄陽守將朱序死守近一年後，于太元四年（379年）二月城破被俘。苻堅又派彭超圍攻彭城，秦晉淮南之戰爆發。謝安在建康布防，又令謝玄率5萬北府兵，自廣陵起兵應敵。謝玄四戰四勝，全殲秦軍。戰後，謝安因功晉封建昌縣公，謝玄晉封東興縣侯。

第二階段：淝水之戰

太元八年（383年）五月，桓衝傾10萬荊州兵伐秦，以牽制秦軍，減輕對下游的壓力，苻堅派苻睿、慕容垂、姚萇和慕容暐等人迎戰，自己親率步兵60萬，騎兵27萬，以弟苻融為先鋒，于八月大舉南侵。謝安臨危受命，以謝石為前線大都督，謝玄為先鋒，並謝琰、桓伊等人，領8萬兵馬，分三路迎擊秦軍。十一月，謝玄遣劉牢之以5千精兵奇襲，取得洛澗大捷，秦軍折損10名大將，5萬主力。十二月，雙方決戰淝水，謝玄、謝琰和桓伊率領晉軍7萬戰勝了苻堅和苻融所統率的前秦15萬大軍，並陣斬苻融。淝水之戰以晉軍的全面勝利告終。

戰後影響

淝水之戰的巨大勝利，謝安的事先籌劃功不可沒。而且謝安從戰前的「圍棋賭墅」到戰後的「小兒輩大破賊」，自始至終一直採取極為冷靜的態度，對于穩定當時建康的人心起到了關鍵的作用。此次戰爭的前線將領也是謝家嫡系子弟的謝石、謝玄、謝琰等人，謝家的聲望達到頂峰，引起了司馬氏皇室的戒備，以至于淝水戰功，竟然沒有封賞，直到兩年後的謝安死後，司馬曜方才因淝水戰功追封謝安以廬陵郡公。

北伐、去世

桓衝在淝水之戰之後不久去世，臨死前將桓氏子弟託付謝安。謝安為了安定「荊揚相衡」的局面，放棄了以謝玄任荊江兩州刺史的機會，改以桓氏子弟出任，緩和了桓謝兩大士族的關係，為東晉接下來的大規模北伐穩定了後方。

太元九年（384年）八月，謝安起兵北伐。東路的謝玄領北府兵自廣陵北上，一路收複了兗州青州司州豫州，中路和西路的桓氏則出兵攻克了魯陽和洛陽，並收複了梁州和益州。至此，淝水之戰前秦晉以淮河－漢水－長江一線為界的局面改成了以黃河為界，整個黃河以南地區重新歸入了晉朝的版圖，見右圖。

北伐節節勝利以後，司馬氏和部分朝臣對謝安非常猜忌，世人也有懷疑謝安會像王莽那樣篡位奪權。

謝安「素退為業」，主動交出手上權力，于太元十年（385年）四月自請出鎮廣陵，都督北伐軍事。不久，劉牢之于鄴城被慕容垂擊敗，謝安不得不調整部署，將進攻轉為調整以鞏固黃河防線。

8月，謝安病重，自廣陵還京醫治，由西州門入建康，不久，于8月22日，病逝建康，享年66歲，謚號曰文靖。

謝安葬禮同霍光、王導以及桓溫等人同規格，有「九旒鸞輅，黃屋左纛，縕輬車，輓歌二部，羽葆鼓吹，武賁班劍百人」，為皇帝級別的葬禮。後謝安妻劉氏去世，也用同等葬儀。

到了兩百年後的陳朝，謝氏家族勢力沒落，陳宣帝陳頊的次子始興王陳叔陵竟挖開了謝安的墳墓，扔掉了謝安的靈柩，用謝安的墓穴安葬自己的母親彭氏。

詩作

蘭亭詩（其一）

伊昔先子，有懷春遊。

契茲言執，寄傲林丘。

森森連嶺，茫茫原疇。

逈霄垂霧，凝泉散流。

蘭亭詩（其二）

相與欣佳節，率爾同褰裳。

薄雲羅陽景，微風翼輕航。

醇醑陶丹府，兀若游羲唐。

萬殊混一理，安複覺彭殤。

與王胡之詩

鮮冰玉凝，遇陽則消。素雪珠麗，媽的擁抱

膏以朗煎，蘭由芳凋。哲人悟之，和任不摽。

外不寄傲，內潤瓊瑤。如彼潛鴻，拂羽雲霄。

內潤伊何，亹亹仁通。拂羽伊何，高棲梧桐。

頡頏應木，婉轉蛇龍。我雖異跡，及爾齊蹤。

思樂神崖，悟言機峰。繡雲綺搆，丹霞增輝。

濛汜仰映，扶桑散蕤。吾賢領雋，邁俗鳳飛。

含章秀起，坦步遠遺。余與仁友，不塗不笱。

默匪岩穴，語無滯事。櫟不辭社，周不駭吏。

紛動囂翳，領之在識。會感者圓，妙得者意。

我鑒其同，物睹其異。往化轉落，運萃勾芒。

仁風虛降，與時抑揚。蘭棲湛露，竹帶素霜。

蕊點朱的，熏流清芳。觸地儛雩，遇流濠梁。

投綸同詠，褰褐俱翔。朝樂朗日，嘯歌丘林。

夕玩望舒，入室鳴琴。五弦清激，南風披襟。

醇醪淬慮，微言洗心。幽暢者誰，在我賞音。

名言

• 「晉祚存亡，在此一行。」

• 「小兒輩大破賊。」

• 「可將當軸，了其此處。」

• 「見之乃不使人厭，然出戶去，不複使人思。」

• 「天地無知，使伯道無兒。」

• 「顧長康畫，有蒐?來所無。」

與之相關的成語

書法

謝安曾從王羲之學行書，其書法非常出色，後世米芾曾稱讚他的書法「山林妙寄，岩廊英舉，不繇不羲，自發淡古。」

趣聞

• 謝安曾聽人說梁山伯與祝英台的故事，深受感動，上奏請求表其墓為「義婦塚」。

• 謝安的表字與宋朝王安石的名正好相同，後來王安石退居金陵，買的宅院正好在謝安的府邸舊址，宅內有以謝安命名的「謝公墩」。王安石于是戲作詩道：「我名公字偶相同，我屋公墩在眼中。公去我來墩屬我，不應墩姓尚隨公。」時人評曰：「與死人爭地。」

• 謝安與王導皆居秦淮河畔，乃三國時代孫權舊部禁軍駐地，當時禁軍身穿黑衣，因而世稱烏衣巷。

• 謝安的鑑賞力不同一般，他曾評「劉牢之不能獨任」，「王味之不宜專城」，均先後應驗；他評顧愷之的畫為「有蒼生來所無」。

• 謝安欣賞真性情的女子，他的嫂嫂王夫人曾經不顧禮節，親自出面從席上帶走其子謝朗，謝安不以為忤，反而讚嘆王夫人情辭慷慨，可惜不能讓朝中大臣們一見。

• 謝安為吏部尚書的時候，王導的嫡孫王珣娶謝萬的女兒為妻，王氏娶謝安的女兒為妻，均夫妻不和。謝安鄙薄王珣為人，不惜與琅琊王氏嫡系一支交惡，徑自讓侄女和女兒離婚改嫁。雙方因此不通往來許多年。謝安死後，王珣雖政治上一直打壓謝氏以求報複，但仍然從會稽專程趕到建康去哭喪，禮畢，連手也不和謝琰握就徑自離去。

後世評價

學者

• 《晉書》評價：

:「建元之後，時政多虞，巨猾陸梁，權臣橫恣。其有兼將相于中外，系存亡于社稷，負扆資之以端拱，鑿井賴之以晏安者，其惟謝氏乎！」

:「文靖始居塵外，高謝人間，嘯詠山林，浮泛江海，當此之時，蕭然有陵霞之致。暨于褫薜蘿而襲朱組，去衡泌而踐丹墀，庶績于是用康，彞倫以之載穆。苻堅百萬之眾已瞰吳江，桓溫九五之心將移晉鼎，衣冠易慮，遠邇崩心。從容而杜奸謀，宴衎而清群寇，宸居獲太山之固，惟揚去累卵之危，斯為盛矣。」

:「太保沈浮，曠若虛舟。任高百闢，情惟一丘。」

• 唐人李白在安史之亂中有詩曰：

「三川北虜亂如麻，四海南奔似永嘉。但用東山謝安石，為君談笑靜胡沙。」

• 宋人蘇軾亦有詞水調歌頭，其上闋曰：

:「安石在東海，從事鬢驚秋。中年親友難別，絲竹緩離愁。一旦功成名遂，準擬東還海道，扶病入西州。雅志困軒冕，遺恨寄滄洲。」

• 南宋陳亮將王導、謝安並提：

「導、安相望于數十年間，其端靜寬簡，彌縫輔贊，如出一人，江左百年之業實賴焉。」

• 明末清初王夫之《讀通鑑論》評曰：

「安之宰天下，思深而道盡，復古以型今，豈一切茍簡之術所可與議短長哉！」

• 范文瀾《中國通史》曰:

:「東晉朝內部出現前所未有的和睦氣象，是和謝安完全繼承王導力求大族間勢力平衡的作法分不開的。」

:「東晉朝建立以來，這是最大的一次戰勝擴地。取勝的重要原因之一就是內部和睦，有些力量可以對外。」

民間信仰

謝安逝世之後，民間尊奉為神祇，尊為「護國廣惠靈應顯濟尊王」，或稱為「謝千歲」、「謝聖王」、「謝王公」、「謝府王公」、「謝府太傅」、「護國尊王」等，閩南語稱之為「王公祖」，漳州以十一月廿七為生日，臺灣以十一月廿六為生日。唐代陳元光將軍率領官兵入漳州時，攜帶謝安之香火，並尊奉謝安為「廣惠王」。而廣惠王的信仰，也隨著漳州人到廈門、溫州、南洋、臺灣等地，如中國福建廈門正順宮，而在臺灣較為著名的廟宇則是高雄林園區廣應廟（俗稱王公廟）、臺南永康區大灣廣護宮、彰化花壇鄉花壇福延宮，彰化和美埤仔頭慶安宮，皆是以謝安為主神。臺灣澎湖縣便有尖山顯濟殿，主祀謝安，但尊稱為「顯濟靈王」。江淮人認為謝安、謝玄生前精通音樂，甚至能指揮戰士擊鼓，死後，成為軍樂之神，最後傳入民間，成為戲神、音樂神；謝安稱老郎神，謝玄稱二郎神。

家族成員

兄弟

謝安在他的兄弟裡面排行第三，

• 長兄謝奕，字無奕，為人不拘小節，有「方外司馬」之稱。

• 次兄謝據，字據石，早亡。

• 四弟謝萬，字萬石，好虛名，曾兵敗被廢為庶人，以散騎常侍卒。

• 五弟謝石，字叔石，名將，淝水之戰的主帥。

• 六弟謝鐵，字鐵石，永嘉太守，生平不詳。

夫人

• 沛國相縣劉氏，劉惔之妹，機智幽默，謝安和她感情很好，常和她一起議論時事人物。她性格剛強，不許謝安納妾，有名言「周姥撰詩，當無此語」。

子女

• 謝瑤，東晉琅邪王友、廬陵郡公

• 謝琰，東晉衛將軍、徐州刺史、會稽內史、都督五郡軍事、假節、望蔡忠肅公

• 謝氏，嫁王氏

• 謝氏，嫁王國寶

參考文獻與注釋

外部鏈接

• 《晉書·列傳七十九 謝安傳》

• 《世說新語》作者：劉義慶

• 台南縣永康大灣廣護宮

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Early career

Xie An's father Xie Pou (謝裒) was a minister in the Jin government. When Xie An was a child, he had already impressed the Jin officials Huan Yi (Huan Wen's father), Wang Meng, and Wang Dao with his talent. He later served as a low-level assistant to the chancellor, but he later quit from governmental service and effectively became a hermit, and he repeatedly rejected governmental commissions. However, by popular reputation, the people had great expectations of him.

He taught his children and the children of his siblings literature, philosophy and debate. His favourite niece was Xie Daoyun, who would become famous as a writer and debater. She would later defend him against criticism from Huan Xuan.

It was not, however, until his brother Xie Wan, a governor and a general, was defeated in battle in 359 and reduced to commoner status, that Xie An considered reentering governmental service. He went to see the general Huan Wen, who had been impressed with him previously, and Huan took him in as an assistant. However, he did not share in Huan's plan to take over imperial title. When Emperor Jianwen died in 372, Huan recommended Xie to be one of the key officials in the imperial government, but instead of controlling the imperial government on Huan's behalf, Xie soon joined forces with Wang Tanzhi to deny Huan the official title of regent for Emperor Jianwen's 10-year-old son Emperor Xiaowu, instead inviting Emperor Xiaowu's cousin, Emperor Kang's wife Empress Dowager Chu to serve as regent. Huan therefore resented Xie and Wang.

In 373, when Huan visited the capital, Wang and Xie were sent to welcome him, and there were rumors that Huan was going to execute Xie and Wang and then usurp the throne. Wang was very fearful, while Xie calmly stated, "Our journey will determine whether the empire survives or not." As Huan arrived, he put on a great display of his army, and Wang was so anxious that his clothes were wet from his sweat, and the writing tablet he held in his hand was upside down. Xie, however, was very calm in seating himself, and then persuaded Huan to put away his display of army. After Huan died later that year, Xie came up with a plan to keep Huan's clan satisfied yet weakening them—he divided Huan's military command into three and gave them to Huan's brothers Huan Chong and Huan Huo and nephew Huan Shixiu (桓石秀). The fears of a Huan usurpation dissipated, particularly because Huan Chong was committed to the survival of the imperial government.

In the start of Emperor Xiaowu's reign, Xie shared power with Wang Tanzhi and Wang Biaozhi. However, Wang Tanzhi soon became a military commander and governor, and then died in 375. Xie An became effectively the sole prime minister.

As prime minister

Prior to the Battle of Fei River

As prime minister, Xie tried to show leniency to people, and that was manifested by a number of general pardons that the Jin imperial government declared. He also changed the tax system from based on land ownership to a head tax in 376.

Meanwhile, Jin's rival Former Qin was expanding itself in the north, destroying Former Yan in 370, seizing Jin's Liang (梁州, modern southern Shaanxi) and Yi (益州, modern Sichuan and Chongqing) Provinces in 373, and destroying Dai and the nominal Jin vassal Former Liang in 376. In 378, Former Qin launched attacks on the key Jin cities of Xiangyang, Weixing (魏興, in modern Ankang, Shaanxi), and Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu). While Xie An's nephew, the general Xie Xuan, was able to repel the Former Qin attack on Pengcheng, Xiangyang and Weixing fell in 379, and Jin's position appeared even more desperate. However, it was said that Xie, through his calmness, calmed the hearts of the people. In 383, Huan Chong launched a counterattack to try to recapture Xiangyang, but after some inconclusive battles, Huan withdrew.

The Battle of Fei River

In fall 383, Former Qin's emperor Fu Jiān launched a major attack, hoping to destroy Jin and unite China. Xie sent his younger brother Xie Shi (謝石) to command the forces resisting Former Qin. As Xie Xuan, the advance general under Xie Shi's command, was ready to depart for the frontlines, he sought further instruction from Xie An, who only stated, "I will have additional instructions later." Xie Xuan did not dare to ask anything further. They then went to Xie An's vacation home, where they played Go—a game that Xie Xuan was typically far better than Xie An at, but Xie Xuan, anxious about the coming battle, lost to the far calmer Xie An. Meanwhile, Huan, believing that the capital Jiankang needed additional defenses, sent several thousand elite soldiers to help the capital defense; instead, Xie sent them back to Huan, stating that the capital was already well-guarded and that the troops would be better off defending the western provinces (under Huan's command).

The Former Qin forces quickly captured the important city of Shouyang. However, after the armies stalemated at the Fei River (which no longer exists, but probably flowed through Lu'an, near the Huai River), Former Qin forces, in an effort to try to draw Jin forces across the river, retreated—and then oddly enough panicked and collapsed. When news of the victory arrived at Xie An's headquarters, he was playing Go with a guest, but did not display particular emotion, but only stated, "The kids won a battle." However, his excitement became evident when, after the game, he was going back to his bedroom, and he forgot about the threshold to his bedroom and broke his wooden sandal without realizing it.

After the Battle of Fei River

After the battle, however, Xie's power began to wane. Part of it was that his son-in-law Wang Guobao, a son of Wang Tanzhi, whose behavior Xie disapproved of, began to attack him before both Emperor Xiaowu and his brother Sima Daozi the Prince of Kuaiji, leading to the emperor no longer trusting Xie An as much, although he remained prime minister.

In 384, Huan Chong died, and initially most officials favored having Xie Xuan replace Huan, but Xie An, not wanting his own clan to wield too much power and also apprehensive that the Huan clan may feel slighted, declined, and divided Huan Chong's domain between his nephews Huan Shimin (桓石民) and Huan Shiqian, and another member of the Huan clan, Huan Yi.

Later that year, Xie An requested permission to lead an army north to try to regain territory in light of Former Qin's collapse. However, while Xie Xuan recovered the territory south of the Yellow River, and other generals regained the Liang and Yi Provinces, Xie An himself did not appear to actually carry out a campaign, although he did leave the capital to avoid confrontation with Sima Daozi, who wanted to take over as prime minister. When he grew ill in fall 385, he required permission to return to the capital, and he died soon thereafter. Emperor Xiaowu posthumously created him the Duke of Luling (a greater dukedom than Jianchang, which he was previously the duke of) and buried him with the same honors that Huan Wen was given.

Family

Elder Brothers

• Xie Yi (謝奕)

• Xie Ju (謝據), died early and his children were adopted by Xie An

Younger Brothers

• Xie Wan (謝萬)

• Xie Shi (謝石), military commander of Battle of Feishui

• Xie Tie (謝鐵)

Elder Cousin

• Xie Shang (謝尚)

Wife

• Lady Liu, younger sister of Liu Tan (劉惔), disallowed Xie An of having concubines

Sons

• Xie Yan (謝琰), second son

Niece

• Xie Daoyun (謝道韞), debater, calligrapher and writer

Newphew

• Xie Xuan, military commander of Battle of Feishui