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明英宗[查看正文] [修改] [查看歷史]ctext:535722
關係 | 對象 | 文獻依據 |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 明英宗 | default |
name | 英宗 | |
died-date | 天順八年正月 1464/2/7 - 1464/3/7 | 《明史·本紀第十三 憲宗一》:天順八年正月,英宗崩。 |
father | person:明宣宗 | 《明史·本紀第十 英宗前紀》:英宗法天立道仁明誠敬昭文憲武至德廣孝睿皇帝,諱祁鎮,宣宗長子也。 |
ruled | dynasty:明 | |
from-date 宣德十年正月丙子 1435/2/1 | ||
to-date 天順八年正月庚午 1464/2/23 | ||
authority-wikidata | Q9983 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 明英宗 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming |
顯示更多...: 人物生平 早年 即位 土木堡之變 正面功績 漠北生活 南宮幽禁 奪門之變 遺言 遺詔 評價 任用官員 明朝首輔列表|內閣首輔 正統時期 天順時期 太監 家庭成員 妻妾 子女 子 女 藝術形象 注釋
人物生平
早年
宣德二年(1427年)十一月十一日,貴妃孫氏為明宣宗朱瞻基產下長子朱祁鎮(但《明史》記孫氏生平則說她暗中取宮女之子為己子)。十五日,宣宗皇帝賜名祁鎮。祁字為燕王世系中的輩分字,寓意至大。鎮則意為皇長子是國家根本,未來安重撫定天下之意。在賜名的璽書中,宣宗對此作了具體的解釋:
朕為天下之君,爾為朕長子。所以正國家之大本,承萬年之天序,皆在于爾。今賜爾名為祁鎮,夫祁者至大之義,鎮者安重撫定之道。宗社之尊、海宇之廣、民庶之繁,所系甚重。必有至大之德,用能膺之。惟誠、惟敬、永奉宗廟社稷。惟寬、惟仁、弘福海宇民庶。道德功用,斯為至大,而上天之眷祐,下民之歸戴,皆本于斯。爾其敬之,服膺惟永。
出生四個月的朱祁鎮隨即被立為皇太子,其母孫氏為皇后。
即位
宣德十年(1435年)正月,宣宗崩,時年7歲的朱祁鎮即位,是為英宗,改次年為正統元年。英宗在位初期由太皇太后張氏輔政,內閣由三楊(楊士奇、楊榮和楊溥)主持,仁宣之治得以延續。
正統六年(1441年),正式親政,同年定首都為北京,結束南京名義上的首都地位。
正統七年(1442年),張太皇太后卒,三楊以年老淡出政壇,宦官王振開始專權,其黨羽遍天下,百官為之側目,這是明朝第一次宦官專權。
土木堡之變
正統十四年(1449年),瓦剌大舉南侵,英宗以五十萬大軍親征,沿途鋪張。返師途中,八月十五日(1449年9月1日)行至土木堡被瓦剌太師也先所敗,明軍「死者數十萬」,英宗被俘虜,附和英宗的太監王振被英宗之護衛將軍樊忠殺死,樊忠殺死王振前曰:「吾為天下誅此賊!」以所持棰擊殺王振,力圖突圍,殺數十人後戰死。史稱土木堡之變。
隨後,也先挾持英宗南下進攻北京,孝恭章皇后命英宗之弟郕王朱祁鈺監國。九月初,群臣請皇太后立郕王朱祁鈺為帝,以安人心,孫太后准議,郕王即皇帝位,是為景泰帝,于翌年改元景泰,尊英宗為太上皇。
正面功績
明英宗在去世前夕,廢除了自明太祖以來宮妃殉葬制度,並且恢復了胡皇后的封號。此外,又在今庫頁島地區烏蘇里江以東地區,設立波羅河衛與忽魯木衛,拱衛了明朝東北邊疆的統治力。
漠北生活
正統十四年八月二十一日(1449年8月21日),郭登等營救明英宗未果。8月22日,也先帶著明英宗開始由今大同市出發北行。
被俘生活中,袁彬與哈銘對明英宗的悉心照顧緩解了英宗的窘迫。也先兩天向英宗進獻一隻羊,七天進獻一頭牛,每五天、七天、十天擺一次筵席,每天供應牛乳、馬乳,並安排瓦刺婦人打掃送給英宗的帳篷。英宗在行營坐暖或騎馬途中,瓦刺男女都會叩頭。英宗還險些與也先的妹妹結婚。
南宮幽禁
于謙領導的北京保衛戰勝利後,瓦剌倡議和談,欲送還英宗。景泰帝不欲英宗還鑾。景泰元年(1450年),鴻臚卿楊善變賣家產,孤身出使瓦剌,又在景泰帝不同意的情況下,說服瓦剌太師也先,將英宗迎回燕京。
英宗回朝後,景泰帝怕失去即位不久的皇位,將其兄長英宗軟禁於南內崇質宮,令錦衣衛防守嚴密。英宗被囚南宮期間,生下了四子六女,其中三子夭折。景泰三年,又廢原立為太子的英宗長子朱見深為沂王,另立己子朱見濟為儲君。朱見濟在次年去世,但景泰帝仍不同意復立朱見深為太子。
奪門之變
景泰八年正月十七日(1457年2月11日),趁景泰帝病重不能臨朝之機,手握重兵的武清侯石亨、副都御史徐有貞等人聯合太監曹吉祥,率死士攻入南宮,擁立英宗復位。當天凌晨,英宗自東華門進入奉天殿復位,同日黎明時打開宮門諭令百官,正月二十一日改元天順,史稱「奪門之變」。景泰帝被移駕于西內,旋即被廢為郕王,不久後去世,死後被謚為郕戾王,葬於西郊金山(玉泉山北)。英宗讓其後宮嬪妃殉葬。
英宗發動奪門之變成功復位後,大規模清洗朝堂,殺害眾多京師保衛戰的有功朝臣。 以謀逆罪將兵部尚書于謙及大學士王文等人下獄,初尚言「于謙實有功」,徐有貞言「不殺于謙,今日之事無名」,遂於五日後斬殺于謙和王文於西市。並將于謙棄尸街頭,並登記查抄了他的家產,把他的家人全部發配去守邊疆。 天下冤之。英宗將抗敵有功將領都督范廣的妻兒宅邸賜給了投降的敵虜,史家提及此事,皆羞慚言。 英宗下詔,以香木為王振雕像,祭葬招魂,並在京城智化寺為王振建立旌忠祠,「賜祠曰精忠」。 英宗為感謝瓦剌太師也先,為其在京中立廟。 大學士李賢告知英宗背後秘密,「奪門之變」沒有用處。因為景泰帝無子,擁立朱祁鎮的孝恭章皇后仍在世上,所以皇位遲早是英宗的,不需要奪門。奪門只是小人們的一齣戲,目的是求自己的升官發財。英宗下令宮中不得再使用「奪門」一詞,並且罷除因奪門之變而晉升的一切官職(計四千餘人),疏遠了徐有貞等,後來曹吉祥與石亨等人勾結,先設法中傷徐有貞,讓徐被流放。而後石亨與曹吉祥因圖謀叛亂發動曹石之變,石亨被囚至死,曹吉祥則被凌遲處死。
天順一朝,英宗勤於理政,並任用李賢、彭時等賢臣,先後懲治石亨、徐有貞、曹吉祥等人,政治尚算清明。又不顧左右反對,釋放建庶人(明惠宗幼子朱文圭,明成祖發動靖難後被幽禁宮中逾五十年,已豬狗不識),並提供飲食住行;聽錢皇后之言恢復前朝胡廢后的位號;病危遺言,取消了自明太祖以來的宮妃殉葬制度。《明史》讚譽道:「罷宮妃殉葬,則盛德之事可法後世者矣。」王世貞在《弇州山人別集》中亦稱:「此誠千古帝王之盛節。」
天順八年正月(1464年2月)英宗駕崩,享年36歲。葬入明十三陵中的裕陵。英宗與錢皇后感情頗深,錢皇后無子;因周妃專橫,英宗擔心死後嗣子明憲宗(周妃所生)不尊崇她的地位,所以遺命「皇后他日壽終,宜合葬」後來錢皇后死時,周太后果然不欲其祔葬裕陵,由於有英宗的遺詔,經過大臣力爭方得與英宗合葬。此後,在周太后的壓力下,不得已改變英宗的陵寢設計,周太后也得以附葬裕陵,開始出現一帝兩后或多后的格局。
遺言
遺詔
評價
明史紀事本末:然則挾天子者,挾一匹夫耳!邀利之心懈,而好義之心萌,郭登之言決,而楊善之說行,英皇自此生入玉門矣。故漢高分羹之語,乃孝子之變聲;郭登有君之謝,實忠臣之苦節。英宗不感生還,反疑予敵。謙死東曹,登貶南都,忠臣義士所以仰天椎心而泣血也。
明史:英宗承仁、宣之業,海內富庶,朝野清晏。大臣如三楊、胡濙、張輔,皆累朝勳舊,受遺輔政,綱紀未弛。獨以王振擅權開釁,遂至乘輿播遷。乃復闢而後,猶追念不已,抑何其惑溺之深也。前後在位二十四年,無甚稗政。至於上恭讓後諡,釋建庶人之繫,罷宮妃殉葬,則盛德之事可法後世者矣。
任用官員
明朝首輔列表|內閣首輔
正統時期
• 楊士奇
• 楊榮
• 楊溥
• 馬愉
• 曹鼐
• 陳循
• 苗衷
• 高穀
• 張益
天順時期
• 徐有貞
• 許彬
• 薛瑄
• 李賢
• 呂原
• 岳正
• 彭時
• 陳文
太監
• 金英:正統時期掌刑部、都察院、大理寺。景泰時,同于謙、石亨等,總理軍務。
• 興安:金英失寵後,明代宗所信任。有廉操,且知于謙賢,力護之。
• 阮安:正統時,重建三殿,治楊村河,並有功。景泰中,治張秋河,道卒,囊無十金。
• 阮浪:被英宗追贈浪太監。
• 王振:英宗稱之為先生(老師)。時稱翁父。導致英宗親征,土木之變的始作俑者。
• 曹吉祥:王振門下。英宗復位,與石亨把持朝政,並掌京營,司禮監,總督三大營。
• 劉永誠:永樂時,嘗為偏將,累從北征。曾出擊兀良哈。後監鎮甘、涼,戰沙漠,有功。助英宗復闢。
家庭成員
妻妾
• 孝莊睿皇后錢氏,皇后
• 靖莊安穆宸妃萬氏
• 端靖安和惠妃王氏
• 莊靜安榮淑妃高氏
• 恭端莊惠德妃魏氏
• 恭和安靜順妃樊氏
• 莊僖端肅安妃楊氏
• 昭肅靖端賢妃王氏父徵錦衣衛千戶,母李氏。宣德庚戌生,甫三歲選入內庭,天順元年冊封賢妃。稟性柔和,為英廟所倚重。成化十年正月薨年,四十五。輟朝五日,謚曰昭肅靖端。
• 貞順懿恭敬妃劉氏
• 安和榮靖麗妃劉氏
• 端莊昭妃武氏錦衣衛百戶武寬的女兒。宣德六年生,八年選入內庭.天順改元冊為昭妃。成化三年二月薨年三十七謚曰端莊。
• 恭安和妃宮氏
• 昭靜恭妃劉氏
• 昭懿賢妃李氏
• 恭靖莊妃趙氏
• 恭僖成妃張氏
• 僖恪充妃余氏
• 惠和麗妃陳氏
• 榮靖貞妃王氏父曰清。天順丁丑冊封貞妃,正德二年薨。年八十一。輟朝一日,祭葬如例,謚榮請。
子女
子
• 長子,朱見濬(1447年-1487年,40歲)天順元年改名朱見深 明憲宗 母貴妃周氏
• 次子,朱見潾(1448年-1517年,69歲)德莊王 母宸妃萬氏 初名見清
• 三子,朱見湜(1449年-1451年,2歲)(未受封)母宸妃萬氏
• 四子,朱見淳(1450年-1453年,3歲)許悼王(無子國除)母惠妃王氏
• 五子,朱見澍(1452年-1472年,20歲)秀懷王(無子國除)母淑妃高氏
• 六子,朱見澤(1455年-1505年,50歲)崇簡王 母貴妃周氏
• 七子,朱見浚(1456年-1527年,71歲)吉簡王 母宸妃萬氏
• 八子,朱見治(1458年-1472年,14歲)忻穆王(無子國除)母宸妃萬氏
• 九子,朱見沛(1462年-1505年,43歲)徽莊王 母德妃魏氏
女
• 有史可查者十人,隆慶公主被稱第十一女。嘉祥公主婚年晚于隆慶公主,英宗至少有十二個女兒。
• 重慶公主,母孝肅皇后周氏。1446年生,天順五年,下嫁周景。
• 嘉善公主,母惠妃王氏。成化二年,下嫁王增,兵部尚書王驥孫也。弘治十二年薨。
• 淳安公主,母宸妃萬氏。成化二年,下嫁蔡震。
• 崇德公主,母安妃楊氏。成化二年,下嫁興濟伯楊善孫楊偉。弘治二年薨。
• 廣德公主,名朱延祥,母宸妃萬氏。第五女,1454年生,成化八年下嫁樊凱。二十年八月薨。
• 宜興公主,母德妃魏氏。成化九年下嫁馬誠。正德九年薨。
• 隆慶公主,母淑妃高氏。第十一女,1455年生,成化九年下嫁游泰。十五年薨。
• 嘉祥公主,母妃劉氏。成化十三年下嫁黃鏞。後六年薨。
• 公主,母德妃魏氏,早殤。
• 公主,母順妃樊氏,早夭。
藝術形象
• 1984年香港邵氏公司出品電影《錦衣衛》。
• 1985年香港亞洲電視電視劇《萍蹤俠影錄》唐品昌 飾。
• 1987年香港電視劇《龍庭爭霸》 歐陽震華 飾。
• 1990年中國大陸武俠科幻劇《小俠龍旋風》。
• 2003年中國大陸電視劇《萍蹤俠影》, 張國立 飾。
• 2003年中國大陸電視劇《大明王朝1449》 嚴屹寬 飾。
• 2004年中國大陸電視劇《正義令天下》,顧海濱 飾。
• 2006年中國大陸電視劇《英雄志》,張鐵林 飾。
• 2007年中國大陸電視劇《君子好逑》,陳睿羲 飾。
• 2008年韓國KBS電視台電視劇《大王世宗》,伍勝倫 飾。
• 2008年韓國電影《神機箭》,金明國 飾。
• 2011年中國大陸電視劇《後宮》,周浩東 飾。
• 2016年中國大陸電視劇《女醫·明妃傳》,霍建華 飾。
• 2019年台灣電視歌仔戲《忠孝節義》,王婕菱飾。
• 2019年中國大陸電視劇《大明風華》,張藝興 飾。
• 2020年中國大陸電視劇《成化十四年》雖無實質登場,但在劇情中多次提起。
注釋
顯示更多...: First reign Imprisonment by the Mongols House arrest and second reign Family Ancestry
First reign
Zhu Qizhen was the son of the Xuande Emperor and his second wife Empress Sun. At the beginning of the Zhengtong reign, the Ming dynasty was prosperous and at the height of its power as a result of the Xuande Emperor's able administration. The Zhengtong Emperor's accession at the age of eight made him the first child emperor of the dynasty – hence the Zhengtong Emperor was easily influenced by others, especially the eunuch Wang Zhen. At first, Wang Zhen was kept under control by his father's mother, Grand Mother Empress Zhang, the unofficial regent, who collaborated closely with three ministers, all with the surname Yang (hence the common name "Three Yangs"), thus the good administration continued. In 1442 though, Empress Zhang died, and the three Yangs also died or retired around that time. The emperor began to completely rely on Wang Zhen for advice and guidance.
Imprisonment by the Mongols
At the age of 21, in 1449, the Zhengtong Emperor, advised by Wang Zhen, personally directed and lost the Battle of Tumu Fortress against the Mongols under Esen Taishi (d.1455). In one of the most humiliating battles in Chinese history, the Ming army, half million strong, led by Zhengtong, was crushed by Esen's forces, estimated to be 20,000 cavalry. His capture by the enemy force shook the empire to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian.
Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of Tàishàng Huángdi (emperor emeritus).
Historians at the time, in an effort to avoid what is an obvious taboo of the country's head of state becoming a prisoner of war, referred to this chapter of Yingzong's life as the "Northern Hunt" (c=北狩).
House arrest and second reign
The Zhengtong Emperor was released one year later in 1450, but when he returned to China, he was immediately put under house arrest by his brother for almost seven years. He resided in the southern palace of the Forbidden City, and all outside contacts were severely curtailed by the Jingtai Emperor. His son, who later became the Chenghua Emperor, was stripped of the title of crown prince and replaced by the Jingtai Emperor's own son. This act greatly upset and devastated the former Zhengtong Emperor, but the heir apparent died shortly thereafter. Overcome with grief, the Jingtai Emperor fell ill, and the former Zhengtong Emperor decided to depose his brother by a palace coup. The emperor emeritus was successful in seizing the throne from the Jingtai Emperor when the latter was ill, after which he changed his regnal name to "Tianshun" (lit. "obedience to Heaven") and went on to rule for another seven years. Jingtai Emperor was demoted to Prince of Cheng and put under house arrest and soon died, probably murdered.
On 6 August 1461, the Tianshun Emperor issued an edict warning his subjects to be loyal to the throne and not to violate the laws. This was a veiled threat aimed at the general Cao Qin (d. 1461), who had become embroiled in a controversy when he had one of his retainers kill a man whom Ming authorities were attempting to interrogate (to find out about Cao's illegal foreign business transactions). On 7 August 1461, Cao Qin and his cohorts of Mongol descent attempted a coup against the Tianshun Emperor. However, during the first hours of the morning of 7 August, prominent Ming generals Wu Jin and Wu Cong, who were alerted of the coup, immediately relayed a warning to the emperor. Although alarmed, the Tianshun Emperor and his court made preparations for a conflict and barred the gates of the palace. During the ensuing onslaught in the capital later that morning, the Minister of Works and the Commander of the Imperial Guard were killed, while the rebels set the gates of the Forbidden City on fire. The eastern and western gates of the imperial city were only saved when pouring rains came and extinguished the fires. The fight lasted for nearly the entire day within the city; during which three of Cao Qin's brothers were killed, and Cao himself received wounds to both arms. With the failure of the coup, in order to escape being executed, Cao fled to his residence and committed suicide by jumping down a well within the walled compound of his home.
The Tianshun Emperor died at the age of 36 in 1464 and was buried in the Yuling (裕陵) mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty Tombs. Before he died, he had given an order, which was rated highly as an act of imperial magnanimity, that ended the practice of burying alive concubines and palace maids (so that they could follow emperors to the next world).
Family
Consorts and Issue:
• Empress Xiaozhuangrui, of the Qian clan (孝莊睿皇后 錢氏; 1426–1468), personal name Jinluan (錦鸞)
• Empress Xiaosu, of the Zhou clan (孝肅皇后 周氏; 1430–1504)
• Princess Chongqing (重慶公主; 1446–1499), first daughter
• Married Zhou Jing (周景) in 1461, and had issue (one son)
• Zhu Jianshen, the Chenghua Emperor (憲宗 朱見深; 9 December 1447 – 9 September 1487), first son
• Zhu Jianze, Prince Chongjian (崇簡王 朱見澤; 2 May 1455 – 27 August 1505), sixth son
• Consort Jingzhuangchen, of the Wan clan (靖莊宸妃 萬氏; 1432–1468)
• Zhu Jianlin, Prince Dezhuang (德莊王 朱見潾; 7 May 1448 – 7 September 1517), second son
• Zhu Jianshi (朱見湜; 2 August 1449 – 30 August 1451), third son
• Princess Chun'an (淳安公主)
• Married Cai Zhen (蔡震) in 1466, and had issue (four sons, two daughters)
• Princess Guangde (廣德公主; 1454–1484), personal name Yanxiang (延祥)
• Married Fan Kai (樊凱; d. 1513) in 1472, and had issue (four sons, two daughters)
• Zhu Jianjun, Prince Jijian (吉簡王 朱見浚; 11 July 1456 – 16 August 1527), seventh son
• Zhu Jianzhi, Prince Xinmu (忻穆王 朱見治; 18 March 1458 – 2 April 1472), eighth son
• Consort Duanjinghui, of the Wang clan (端靖惠妃 王氏; 1429–1485)
• Princess Jiashan (嘉善公主; d. 1499)
• Married Wang Zeng (王增) in 1466, and had issue (two daughters)
• Zhu Jianchun, Prince Xudao (許悼王 朱見淳; 6 April 1450 – 3 January 1453), fourth son
• Consort Zhuangxi'an, of the Yang clan (莊僖安妃 楊氏; 18 July 1414 – 2 November 1487)
• Princess Chongde (崇德公主; d. 1489)
• Married Yang Wei (楊偉) in 1466, and had issue (one son)
• Consort Zhuangjingshu, of the Gao clan (莊靜淑妃 高氏; 1429–1511)
• Zhu Jianshu, Prince Xiuhuai (秀懷王 朱見澍; 12 March 1452 – 13 October 1472), fifth son
• Princess Longqing (隆慶公主; 6 November 1455 – 18 December 1480), 11th daughter
• Married You Tai (遊泰; 1458–1533) in 1473, and had issue (one daughter)
• Consort Gongduande, of the Wei clan (恭端德妃 魏氏; 1426–1469)
• Princess Yixing (宜興公主; d. 1514)
• Married Ma Cheng (馬誠) in 1473
• Unnamed daughter
• Zhu Jianpei, Prince Huizhuang (徽莊王 朱見沛; 2 March 1462 – 13 June 1505), ninth son
• Consort Gongheshun, of the Fan clan (恭和順妃 樊氏; 1414–1470)
• Unnamed daughter
• Consort Anheli, of the Liu clan (安和麗妃 劉氏; 1426–1512)
• Consort Zhaosuxian, of the Wang clan (昭肅賢妃 王氏; 1430–1474)
• Consort Duanzhuangzhao, of the Wu clan (端莊昭妃 武氏; 1431–1467)
• Consort Gong'anhe, of the Gong clan (恭安和妃 宮氏; 1430–1467)
• Consort Rongjingzhen, of the Wang clan (榮靖貞妃 王氏; 1427–1507)
• Consort Gongjingzhuang, of the Zhao clan (恭靖莊妃 趙氏; 1446–1514)
• Consort Zhenshunjing, of the Liu clan (貞順敬妃 劉氏; d. 1463)
• Consort Zhaojinggong, of the Liu clan (昭靜恭妃 劉氏; d. 1500)
• Consort Zhaoyixian, of the Li clan (昭懿賢妃 李氏)
• Consort Gongxicheng, of the Zhang clan (恭僖成妃 張氏; d. 1504)
• Consort Xikechong, of the Yu clan (僖恪充妃 余氏; d. 1503)
• Consort Huiheli, of the Chen clan (惠和麗妃 陳氏; d. 1500)
• Consort, of the Liu clan (妃 劉氏)
• Princess Jiaxiang (嘉祥公主; d. 1483)
• Married Huang Yong (黃鏞; d. 1510) in 1477
Ancestry
主題 | 關係 | from-date | to-date |
---|---|---|---|
明憲宗 | father | ||
宣德 | ruler | 1435/2/1宣德十年正月丙子 | 1436/1/17宣德十年十二月丙寅 |
正統 | ruler | 1436/1/18正統元年正月丁卯 | 1449/9/1正統十四年八月壬戌 |
天順 | ruler | 1457/2/15天順元年正月丙戌 | 1464/2/23天順八年正月庚午 |
文獻資料 | 引用次數 |
---|---|
明史 | 42 |
大越史記全書 | 7 |
四庫全書總目提要 | 14 |
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