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马隆[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]ctext:62685
关系 | 对象 | 文献依据 |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 马隆 | |
name-style | 孝兴 | 《晋书·列传第二十七 罗宪{{兄子尚}} 滕修 马隆 胡奋 陶璜 吾彦 张光 赵诱》:马隆,字孝兴,东平平陆人。 |
authority-wikidata | Q10801543 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 马隆 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Ma_Long_(Jin_dynasty) |
显示更多...: 生平 早年义举 自荐西征 讨平叛胡 安守凉州 子女 评论 相关文献
生平
早年义举
马隆年少而有智勇,好立名节。起初是兖州的一名武官,王凌于嘉平三年(251年)起义失败后,与王凌合谋的令狐愚虽已于两年前逝世,但都要被开棺曝尸三日,事后全个兖州都没有人敢收葬他。马隆于是假称是令狐愚的门客领去令狐愚的遗骸,后用私财为他殓葬,更加在墓地侧列植松树和柏树,甚至为他服丧三年。马隆的行为在当时成为全兖州的美谈。后署任武猛从事。西晋泰始年间,朝廷打算征伐东吴,统一中国,下诏州郡举荐一些强壮勇猛、有出色才智和气力的优秀特出人士到朝廷。兖州就推举马隆,后被调任司马督。
自荐西征
咸宁四年(278年),马隆上言说凉州刺史杨欣与羌人失和,必定会失败。后杨欣果然被鲜卑首领秃发树机能的支党若罗拔能于武威击败并杀害。因为杨欣的失败,河西地区与西晋就道路断绝,而且令西晋有西顾之忧,无法专心对付东吴。司马炎因而在朝会上感慨地说:「谁人能够为我讨平这些叛胡,开通凉州?」当时其他官员都不能应对,马隆则自荐能够讨伐,并要求招募三千勇士与他西进;司马炎于是命马隆为讨虏护军,武威太守。此时有官员反对,说司马炎应以国家既有军队讨伐,不应另行赏募,乱了常规,但司马炎不听。
马隆后就选拔勇士,合格的人要能拉起三十六钧(约238公斤)的腰张弩和四钧(约26公斤)的弓。到中午时选得三千五百人,马隆即要到武具库选杖,但武库令与马隆有积怨,只以一些已腐朽的杖给马隆,马隆不满而遭御史中丞弹劾,马隆力争后,司马炎下令依从马隆的意思,又给马隆三年的军需品。
讨平叛胡
马隆于次年正月出发西行。在要渡过武威以东的温水时,秃发树机能率数万部众据险抵御,马隆见山路狭窄,于是依八阵图制作了偏箱车,设木屋放在车上,一边战斗一边前进,沿途箭无虚发;另又在道路两边放置大量磁石,因为对方穿著铁制铠甲,会被磁石吸引,故此受制于磁石阵;但马隆部众却穿犀甲,经过磁石时无任何影响,于是能够有效打击对手。《晋书·列传第二十七》(卷五十七):「或夹道累磁石,贼负铁铠,行不得前,隆卒悉被犀甲,无所留碍,贼咸以为神。」司马光在《资治通鉴考异》中认为过于荒诞,并不可信。胡三省作注时则认为磁石吸引铁铠这是合乎常理的。类似用磁石于军事目的还有相传秦朝阿房宫。宋敏求《长安志》:「东西有阁道,垒磁石为之,著铁甲入者,磁石吸之,不得过。」后魏郦道元《水经注》亦有同样记载:「又经磁石门西,门在阿房前,悉以磁石为之,故专其目。令四夷朝者,有隐甲怀刃入门而胁之以示神,故亦曰却胡门也。」行军千馀里后,秃发树机能部队伤亡惨重。
自马隆西行凉州以后,朝廷都没有他的音讯,有人以为他已经战死,而马隆在大败秃发树机能后派使者报告,司马炎极为高兴,加命马隆为假节、宣武将军。马隆到武威后,鲜卑大人猝跋韩、且万能等万馀落归降西晋。不久更率领没骨能等与秃发树机能决战,最终斩杀秃发树机能,平定凉州。
安守凉州
太康初年,朝廷又命马隆为平虏护军、西平太守,给予一支牙门军和率领手下精兵到因战乱而荒废的西平郡驻屯,以大军稳定并重建当地。当时外族成奚经常侵扰边境,马隆率兵讨伐,成奚于是据险而守。马隆见此,并士兵都带著农耕工具,好像要耕作田地般,成奚以为马隆没有进一步征伐的意思,于是稍为松懈,马隆则看准这个时机,攻其不备,击破成奚部众。而马隆治理当地其间,成奚都没有再侵扰当地。
太熙元年(290年),马隆因功封奉高县侯,加授东羌校尉。马隆在陇右地区驻守了十多年,已经在当地建立了一定的威信,当地大致稳定。此时略阳郡太守严舒恃著与外戚杨骏通婚,图谋取得马隆西平太守的职位,于是谤毁马隆年老昏惑,不再适合在当地镇守。朝廷于是徵还马隆,严舒得以接任。但严舒接任后,当地氐族和羌族人又开始大举集结,当地的人民都十分畏惧,而朝廷又怕当地胡人再次叛变,于是罢免严舒,再次派马隆任原职。马隆最终亦在任内逝世。
子女
• 马咸,嗣子。为人骁勇,效命于成都王司马颖,后在八王之乱中被长沙王司马乂部将王瑚击败,马咸战死。
评论
• 《晋书》史臣曰:「忠为令德,贞曰事君,徇国家而竭身,历夷险而一节。……孝兴之智勇……灭丑虏于河西……审杨欣之必败。」
• 《晋书》赞:「孝兴、玄威,操履无违。」
• 陈頵:「马隆、孟观虽出贫贱,勋济甚大。」
相关文献
• 《晋书·列传第二十七·马隆传》(卷五十七)
• 《资治通鉴》(卷八十)
• 《晋书·武帝纪》
• 《三国志·魏书·王淩传》
显示更多...: Early career Tufa Shujinengs Rebellion Later career
Early career
Ma Long was a native of Pinglu County (平陆县; in present-day Wenshang County, Shandong), Dongping State (东平国). From a young age, he was described as both wise and strong, and he liked to conduct himself with honor and integrity. He began his career as a minor officer in Yan province.
In 251, after the failure of Wang Ling's Rebellion, the coffin of Linghu Yu (令狐愚), a co-conspirator of Wang Ling who died two years before the rebellion, was opened for his body to be displayed in the marketplace. No one in Yan province dared to bury his body, but after three days, Ma Long, who falsely claimed that he was a retainer of Linghu Yu, spent his wealth to have him reburied. He then mourned Linghu Yu for three years, even planting pine and cypress trees on the side of his grave. After he completing his mourning period, Ma Long returned home and became a subject of praise in Yan.
Ma Long was later appointed as Assistant Officer for Military Affairs. In 269, Emperor Wu of Jin sent out edicts to every province looking for talents to help in his subjugation of the Western Jin's rival state, Eastern Wu. The people of Yan recommended Ma Long, and he grew to become a Marshal-Commander.
Tufa Shujinengs Rebellion
In 270, a tribal revolt led by the Xianbei chieftain, Tufa Shujineng broke out in Qin and Liang provinces. In 278, Ma Long submitted a petition warning that the Inspector of Liang, Yang Xin, had lost the support of the Qiang and Rong tribes and was going to be defeated. As Ma Long predicted, Yang Xin was defeated and killed by Shujineng and his tribal allies at Wuwei Commandery (武威郡; in present-day Jingyuan County, Gansu). At the beginning of 279, Shujineng captured Liang, causing much worry for Emperor Wu.
Emperor Wu held a court session where he asked if anyone could solve the crisis in Liang, but none of the ministers could provide an answer. Just then, Ma Long, only a junior general at this point, stepped forward and volunteered. When Emperor Wu asked about his plans, Ma Long only requested to be allowed to recruit around 3,000 strong men, no matter their background. The emperor agreed and appointed Ma Long as Protector-General Who Campaigns Against The Caitiffs and Administrator of Wuwei, despite objections from his ministers due to Ma Long's lowly status.
Ma Long sought out men who were able to draw bows that were four juns (approx. 26 kilograms) and use 'waist-spun crossbows' (腰引弩) that were 36 juns (approx. 238 kilograms). He set up targets for the men to practice their accuracy, and in the end, he found around 3,500 recruits. Ma Long also wanted to have access to the military arsenal. However, the Prefect of the Arsenal disliked him, so he was only provided with worn-out equipments. The two argued with each other, and the Palace Assistant of the Imperial Secretaries sent a petition blaming the incident on Ma Long. Ma Long explained the actual situation to Emperor Wu, and the emperor ordered for Ma Long to be given a three-year supply of military equipments. In November 279, Ma Long set out west and crossed the Wen River (温水; east of present-day Jingyuan County, Gansu).
When Shujineng heard that Ma Long was attacking, he led tens of thousands of his soldiers to occupy the passes to block Ma Long's front while the others set up ambushes to block Ma Long's rear. During his battles with Shujineng, Ma Long employed a number of unorthodox and questionable tactics. In accordance with Zhuge Liang's 'Eightfold Battle Formations' (八阵图), he built 『flat box carts』 (偏箱车; a cart with a board on one side which acts like a shield) for his soldiers. When fighting in the open, he employed 'deer-antlered carts' (鹿角车; a cart with spears and halberds on the front, giving it an antler-like shape), and when passing through narrow roads, he built wooden roofs over the carts. His soldiers were able to move while fighting, and the enemies' arrows were unable to hit them. Another tactic that he allegedly used was placing down large amounts of 'magnetic stones' on the ground to slow down the enemy advances, the reason being that the rebels and their horses often wore iron armor while Ma Long's men wore armor made of rhinoceros hides. The rebels were taken by surprise and thought of the Jin soldiers as divine beings.
For a while, the imperial court did not receive any news from the west, and there were speculations that Ma Long was dead. However, on one night, Ma Long's messenger arrived at the court, dispelling the rumours of his death. The next morning, Emperor Wu summoned his ministers and said to them, "If I had listen to your words, we would have lost Liang". Emperor Wu then granted Ma Long a staff of authority and appointed him General Who Exhibits Might.
Ma Long and his men travelled a long distance, killing and wounding many rebels as they marched. When they reached Wuwei Commandery, the chieftains, he received the surrender of Cubahan (猝跋韩) and Zuwanneng (且万能) along with 10,000 soldiers under them. In December 279, Ma Long, with the help of Meiguneng (没骨能) and other friendly tribal leaders, ended the rebellion after a great victory over Shujineng. Shujineng was killed in battle, although another account states that after Shujineng was defeated, he was assassinated by his subordinates, who then submitted to Ma Long.
Later career
In 280, the court appointed Ma Long as Protector of the Army Who Pacifies the Barbarians and Prefect of Xiping Commandery. He was given his own General of the Standard and elite troops to stabilize and rebuild Xiping, which had been abandoned during the rebellion. At the time, a foreign barbarian, Chengxi (成奚), had a stronghold south of Xiping and would constantly attack Jin's border. Ma Long led his troops to attack him, and Chengxi held fast to his defences. In response, Ma Long ordered his soldiers to carry farming tools and plough the fields. Chengxi thought that Ma Long had no intention in subjugating him and so relaxed his guard. Ma Long capitalized on Chengxi's mistake by quickly attacking and defeating him. For the rest of Ma Long's tenure in Xiping, the foreign barbarians did not threaten the border.
In 290, Ma Long was awarded the title of Marquis of Fenggao County and appointed Colonel of the Eastern Qiang for his services. Ma Long was stationed in Longyou region (陇右, modern southern Gansu) for more than ten years, and during that time, he established a highly respected reputation in the area. The Prefect of Lüeyang, Yan Shu (严舒), wanted to have Ma Long's position as Prefect of Xiping. Using his close connection to the powerful minister, Yang Jun, he slandered Ma Long to Yang Jun, claiming that he was too old and senile, and thus no longer fit for his position. He was recalled to the capital while Yan Shu was given his position. However, the Qiang and Di people soon began gathering in large numbers. The inhabitants of Longyou were startled, and the court feared that another rebellion was going to break out. Therefore, Ma Long was reinstated as Prefect of Xiping, and he would hold the office up to his death.
文献资料 | 引用次数 |
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王隐晋书 | 2 |
御定渊鉴类函 | 4 |
山东通志 | 2 |
万姓统谱 | 2 |
大清一统志 | 2 |
通志 | 2 |
御批历代通鉴辑览 | 2 |
白孔六帖 | 2 |
晋书 | 2 |
名贤氏族言行类稿 | 2 |
册府元龟 | 2 |
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