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中國哲學書電子化計劃 數據維基
-> 元

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typedynasty
namedefault
name大元
authority-wikidataQ7313
link-wikipedia_zh元朝
link-wikipedia_enYuan_dynasty
元朝(中古蒙古語:,現代蒙古語:,1271年12月18日-1368年9月14日),漢語國號全稱為大元,蒙古語國號為大元大蒙古國(中古蒙古語:),又稱蒙元,是中國歷史上由蒙古族所建立的王朝。1260年,忽必烈稱帝,自立為第五代大蒙古國大汗,後於1271年取儒士劉秉忠建議,取《易經》「大哉乾元」之意,定漢文國號為「大元」,改蒙古語國號「大蒙古國」為「大元大蒙古國」,定都於漢地大都(今北京市),建立元朝。1279年元軍攻滅南宋殘餘勢力,統一整個中國。

元朝的基礎為乞顏部族的首領鐵木真于1206年統一漠北諸部族後建立的大蒙古國,鐵木真被稱為「成吉思汗」。當時蒙古諸部受金朝統轄,然而由於金朝與西夏均走向衰落,成吉思汗先後攻打西夏與金朝,並於西元1227年8月攻滅西夏、1234年3月攻滅金朝,取得中國華北地區和黃土高原地區。同一時間,大蒙古國在西方不斷擴張,先後發動三次西征,形成稱霸歐亞大陸的國家,被歐洲稱為蒙古帝國(Mongol Empire)。

1259年,第四代蒙古大汗蒙哥拖雷長子)於征伐南宋的戰爭中去世後,領有漢地、主張漢化、陪同主持對南宋戰爭的忽必烈拖雷第四子)與受漠北蒙古貴族擁護的阿里不哥拖雷第七子)為了爭奪汗位而發生戰爭,最後忽必烈於1264年獲勝,而蒙古帝國也趨向分裂出四大汗國,時而完全獨立自理,時而承認宗主自治。1260年忽必烈召集擁護自己的蒙古宗王,在開平府召開忽里勒台大會,即位大汗,建號「中統」,意即「中原正統」。1271年,忽必烈取《周易》「乾元」之語,公佈《建國號詔》,建立漢語國號為大元,史稱元朝,忽必烈即元朝的開國皇帝,廟號元世祖。1279年元朝攻滅南宋,統治全中國地區,結束自窩闊台攻宋以來40多年的蒙宋戰爭。元世祖元武宗期間元朝國力鼎盛時期,軍事上平定西北,但在侵略日本、東南亞諸國卻屢次失利,其中在元日戰爭戰敗。元中期皇位之爭愈演愈烈、政治動蕩不安,諸帝施政亦不甚如意。元惠宗晚期,由於怠于政事、濫發紙幣導致通貨膨脹、為了治理氾濫的黃河又加重徭役,最後導致1351年爆發紅巾軍起事。1368年朱元璋建立明朝後,派徐達北伐攻陷大都,元朝在漢區的統治結束。元廷退居漠北,史稱北元。北元後主天元十年(1388年)去大元國號(一說1402年元臣鬼力赤篡位建國韃靼),北元亡。

元朝建立後,承襲了蒙古帝國在中國北方、蒙古高原以及西伯利亞的領土,蒙古帝國西征而來的土地卻不在元朝統治範圍之內。元朝領土經過多次擴展後,於1310年元武宗時期達到全盛,西到吐魯番,西南包括西藏、雲南及緬甸北部,東到日本海,北至都播南部與北海、鄂畢河東部,被譽稱「東盡遼左西極流沙,北逾陰山南越海表,漢唐極盛之時不及也」。元朝至元成宗時,經過一系列戰爭和協商,獲得欽察汗國、察合台汗國、窩闊台汗國與伊兒汗國等四大汗國承認為宗主國,並且元朝皇帝為名義上的「蒙古大汗」繼任者;其藩屬國涵蓋高麗與東南亞各國。

元朝在經濟方面仍以農業為主,整體生產力向前發展,尤其是邊陲地區的經濟發展最為顯著,在生產技術、墾田面積、糧食產量、水利興修以及棉花廣泛種植等方面仍然取得一定進步。蒙古人是遊牧民族,草原時期以畜牧為主,經濟單一,無所謂土地制度。攻滅金朝後,在耶律楚材勸諫下,窩闊台汗同意復甦農業,鼓勵漢人墾殖以期長治久安。元世祖即位之後,實行些鼓勵生產、安撫流民的措施。到元朝時,由於經濟作物棉花不斷推廣種植,與棉紡織品在江南一帶都比較興盛。經濟作物商品性生產的發展,就使當時基本上自給自足的農村經濟,在某些方面滲入商品貨幣經濟關係。但是,由於元帝集中控制大量的手工業工匠,經營日用工藝品的生產,官營手工業特別發達,對民間手工業則有限制。

元朝對中國傳統文化的影響大過對社會經濟的影響。不同於中國曆史上其他征服王朝為了提升本身文化而積極吸收中華文化,元朝皇室對于宗教興趣濃厚,極力推崇伊斯蘭教與藏傳佛教乃至景教,對中華文化則採取與西亞文化並重的模式進行發展。在政治上,政府大量使用色目人。雖然元朝前期沒有系統性舉辦科舉,但對儒家文化有著應有的尊重,並且將儒家推廣至邊遠地區,元朝創建了24400所各級官學,使全國平均每2600人即擁有一所學校的政績,創造了「書院之設,莫盛于元」的歷史記錄。由於士大夫文化式微,意味宋朝顯貴的傳統社會秩序已經崩潰。這使得在士大夫文化底下,屬於中下層的庶民文化反而有機會迅速的抬頭並普及。這個現象在政治方面是重用胥吏,在藝術與文學方面則是發展以庶民為對象的戲劇與藝能,其中以元曲最為興盛。

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以上介紹摘自維基百科;若有錯漏,敬請在維基百科上修改來源條目
The Yuan dynasty (元朝 Yuán Cháo), officially the Great Yuan (大元 Dà Yuán; , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division and a ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongol Borjigin clan, lasting from 1271 to 1368. In Chinese historiography, this dynasty followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty.

Although Genghis Khan (an uprising ex-subject of the Jin Empire) had been enthroned with the Chinese title of Emperor in 1206 and the Mongol Empire had ruled territories including modern-day northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia. It was the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of China proper and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces. Following that, the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty.

Some of the Yuan emperors mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native Mongolian language and the 'Phags-pa script.

After the division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the temple name Taizu. In the edict titled Proclamation of the Dynastic Name, Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty.

In addition to Emperor of China, Kublai Khan also claimed the title of Great Khan, supreme over the other successor khanates: the Chagatai, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate. As such, the Yuan was also sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan. However, while the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was at times recognized by the western khans, their subservience was nominal and each continued its own separate development.

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以上介紹摘自維基百科;若有錯漏,敬請在維基百科上修改來源條目

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元仁宗ruled1312/2/8皇慶元年正月丁酉1321/1/28延祐七年十二月甲戌
元英宗ruled1321/1/29至治元年正月乙亥1324/1/26至治三年十二月丁亥
元泰定帝ruled1324/1/27泰定元年正月戊子1328/10/3致和元年八月己未
元天順帝ruled1328/10/4天順元年九月庚申1328/11/13天順元年十月庚子
元文宗ruled1328/10/16天曆元年九月壬申1332/9/2至順三年八月己酉
元明宗ruled1329/2/27天曆二年正月丙戌1329/8/26天曆二年八月丙戌
元寧宗ruled1332/9/3至順三年八月庚戌1332/12/14至順三年十一月壬辰
元順帝ruled1332/12/15至順三年十一月癸巳1370/5/23至正三十年四月丙戌
元史work-subject

文獻資料引用次數
金史147
四庫未收書提要21
宋史紀事本末2
四庫全書總目提要429
清實錄雍正朝實錄3
海寇記1
遼史8
宋史78
四庫全書簡明目錄238
怡賢親王疏鈔3
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