肃顺(ᡠᡴᡠᠨ ᠰᡠᡧᡡᠨ|v=Uksun Sušūn|a=Uksun Suxvn;1816年11月26日 - 1861年),字
雨亭,爱新觉罗氏,清朝宗室,镶蓝旗人,郑献亲王
济尔哈朗七世孙,郑慎亲王
乌尔恭阿第六子,其兄端华袭郑亲王爵。
咸丰帝临终前指派的顾命八大臣之一,两宫太后会同恭亲王
奕欣发动祺祥之变,肃顺被拘捕,斩首于菜市口。
显示更多...: 生平 妻妾 4子 评价 相关影视作品 注释
生平
嘉庆二十一年(1816年11月26日)十月初八出生于郑亲王府,为郑亲王乌尔恭阿第六子,庶出,野史称其母是回人。道光年间,考封三等辅国将军,授委散秩大臣、奉宸苑卿。咸丰帝即位,擢内阁学士,兼副都统、护军统领、銮仪使。咸丰四年(1854年),授御前侍卫,迁工部侍郎,历礼部、户部。
咸丰七年(1857年),擢左都御史、理藩院尚书,兼都统。英法联军入侵广州,肃顺主战,反对恭亲王主和。咸丰八年,调礼部尚书,仍管理藩院事,又调户部。
咸丰九年,构陷科场主考、军机大臣、文渊阁大学士柏葰斩立决。肃顺监斩,自此以后,「司文衡者懔懔畏法,科场清肃」,整整三十年。
咸丰十年(1860年5月),太平军攻陷苏常,咸丰帝准备调湖北巡抚胡林翼为两江总督,肃顺认为:「胡林翼在湖北措注尽善,未可挪动,不如用曾国藩督两江,则上下游俱得人矣。」是年,英法联军来犯京师,力劝咸丰帝置国际公约于不顾,绑架外交使节巴夏礼,后随咸丰帝「北狩」热河(今河北省承德市),授御前大臣、内务府大臣,至是以户部尚书协办大学士,署领侍卫内大臣。咸丰十年(1860年)八月二十二日,英、法联军火烧圆明园。
咸丰十一年七月,上疾大渐,召肃顺及御前大臣载垣、端华、景寿,军机大臣穆荫、匡源、杜翰、焦佑瀛入见,受顾命。慈安、慈禧两宫太后意图垂帘听政,肃顺严加反对,慈禧太后与恭亲王等人发动祺祥之变夺权,慈禧命肃顺护咸丰帝梓宫回京,其实是牵制其行动。九月,肃顺在密云被捕,被斩杀于菜市口。肃顺曾经上奏咸丰帝,要求减免八旗子弟的俸饷,引来怨怼。就刑时,道旁观者争掷瓦砾,首都的百姓都纷纷称快。肃顺临刑时骂道,「想不到,受了小娘们的算计。」其馀痛骂甚多,「将行刑,肃顺肆口大骂,其悖逆之声,皆为人臣子所不忍闻。又不肯跪,刽子手以大铁柄敲之,乃跪下,盖两胫已折矣。遂斩之。」
妻妾
• 嫡妻刘佳氏,内务府大臣阿克当阿之女。
• 妾金氏,金福之女。
• 妾孟氏,孟升之女。
4子
• 长子熙善(1848-1870)无后。
• 次子征善(1853-1896)嗣端华。
• 三子承善(1854-1904)有1子。
• 四子同善(1856-1899)无后。
评价
肃顺是一个比较有争议的人物,《清史稿》对他颇有微词。但是近来研究发现肃顺有许多作为值得赞赏。铁腕吏治、整肃政风。果断处理戊午科场案、户部宝钞案,「求起积弊于衰靡之世」。主张发纸币、铸大钱,以通货膨胀,促进市场经济。
在满人之中,肃顺的民族主义非常特别,他有大中华思想,重视汉族,对满人贪婪慵懒的态度非常不屑,对外国势力非常排斥。肃顺自己是旗人皇族,却最早提出应停止对旗人的供养,尝曰「咱们旗人混蛋多」,也说「满人糊涂不通,不能为国家出力,惟知要钱耳!」用人不因民族,重视汉人,唯贤是尚,提拔重用郭嵩焘、尹耕云、王闓运、高心夔、曾国藩、胡林翼、左宗棠等汉族人才,「平时与座客谈论,常心折曾文正公之识量,故文忠公之才略。」。另外也有爱国主义精神,对外国列强为鹰派,不仅英法联军态度强硬,对俄国主官伊格纳提耶夫签订《瑷珲条约》的贪婪要求也给予痛斥,「才识在满大臣中实无其比」。
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注释
以上介绍摘自维基百科;若有错漏,敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。
Sushun (Manchu:
Uksun Sušun; 26 November 1816 – September 1861), courtesy name
Yuting, was a Manchu noble and politician of the
Qing dynasty. He was born in the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Qing dynasty, as the sixth son of Ulgungga. Ulgungga was distantly related to the Qing dynasty emperors and was the 12th heir to the
Prince Zheng line, one of the "iron-cap" princely peerages of the Qing dynasty. Since the line of Prince Zheng was in charge of the Bordered Blue Banner, Sushun was a member of this banner. Sushun was a supporter of
Zeng Guofan and
Li Hongzhang but also characterized by his firm
policy against the West.
Although Sushun was born into nobility, the size of his family meant that he received little attention during childhood, and little expectation from the family. He was neither well versed in literature nor exceptionally able in martial arts. Sushun became a military general during the late years of the Daoguang Emperor's reign. Following the death of Wenqing, one of the Xianfeng Emperor's closest aides, Sushun was increasingly consulted by the emperor on many important policy matters. His first position in the court was as a member of the Imperial Guard and he subsequently served in a number of senior positions in the government, including a term as the president of the Lifan Yuan. During the Second Opium War, he was one of the chief architects of Qing foreign policy and he repudiated many of the treaties that were concluded in the late 1850s, in particular the territorial concessions in the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aigun. In 1859 Sushun instituted draconian monetary reforms.
Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor in 1861, Sushun, his elder brother Duanhua, and Zaiyuan, along with five other prominent people in the Qing imperial court, were appointed regents to oversee administrative affairs during the young Tongzhi Emperor's minority. However, without obtaining the seals of the two empress dowagers (Ci'an and Cixi), the regency could not carry out any important policy decisions, which led to increased political friction in the imperial court. In November 1861, a triumvirate consisting of Prince Gong (the Xianfeng Emperor's brother) and the two empress dowagers staged the Xinyou Coup, establishing themselves as the only rightful regents of the Tongzhi Emperor. All the members of the eight-men council were arrested and Sushun was beheaded in public in 1861 on charges of treason.
显示更多...: Family
Family
Father: Ulgungga (乌尔恭阿), Prince Zhengshen of the First Rank
• Paternal grandfather: Jihana (积哈纳)
• Paternal grandmother: Mistress, of the Zheng clan (郑氏)
Mother: Mistress, of the Hui people
----Consorts:
• Primary wife, of the Liugiya clan (嫡妻 刘佳氏), daughter of the Minister of Internal Affairs Akdangga (阿可当阿)
• Wife, of the Jin clan (妻 金氏), daughter of Jin Fu (金福)
• Wife, of the Meng clan (妻 孟氏), daughter of Meng Sheng (孟升)
Issue:
• Xishan (熙善;1848-1870)
• Zhengshan (征善;1853-1896), adopted by Duanhua
• Chengshan (承善;1854-1904), had 1 son
• Tongshan (同善;1856-1899)
以上介绍摘自维基百科;若有错漏,敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。