生平

秃发傉檀机警有才略。太初三年（399年），自称武威王的秃发乌孤移都乐都（今青海乐都），以傉檀为车骑大将军、广武公，镇守西平（治今青海西宁），不久又改让秃发利鹿孤镇守西平，召还傉檀录府国事。同年去世，传位予利鹿孤。

掌军国事

建和元年（400年），后凉王吕纂进攻南凉，利鹿孤以傉檀抵抗，傉檀在三堆（大通河以南，今甘肃永登县境）击败后凉军队，杀二千多人。不久，吕纂又攻北凉王段业，傉檀闻讯就率一万骑兵进袭后凉都城姑臧（今甘肃武威市）。当时吕纂弟吕纬据北城防御，傉檀就置酒于姑臧南门朱明门，呜钟鼓，大宴将士并在东门青阳门展示兵力，终掠夺八千户回去。吕纂知姑臧受袭，亦得退兵撤还。

建和二年（401年），利鹿孤称河西王，以傉檀为都督中外诸军事、凉州牧、录尚书事。同年，后凉吕超攻击据有魏安的焦朗。焦朗派了侄儿焦嵩为质向南凉求援，利鹿孤就是派傉檀率军救援。但傉檀到后，吕超已撤退，焦朗却闭门拒守。傉檀因而大怒，打算攻城，但为镇北将军俱延所谏止，于是改与焦朗连和，接著又到姑臧展示兵力，并在姑臧西的胡坑驻防。傉檀知道吕超必定会来攻，于是准备好火把。吕超随后果然派了王集领二千精兵进攻傉檀，傉檀待王集闯进傉檀营垒中时命营垒内外将士都举起燃著的火把，令营中十分光亮，接著就命军队进攻王集军，络终斩杀王集及杀三百多人。后凉王吕隆闻讯恐惧，于是假意与傉檀通和，并请他到苑内结盟。傉檀于是派了俱延去参加结盟，但遭吕超伏兵袭击。傉檀因而大怒，进攻后凉昌松太守孟禕所驻的显美（今甘肃永昌县东南），吕隆虽派苟安国及石可救援，但二人都因表惧傉檀兵强而撤还。傉檀攻下显美后生擒孟禕，初怪扛他不早早投降，但孟纬辩解说他只是尽了为后凉吕氏守衞疆土的职责，令傉檀改以礼待。接著傉檀迁二千多户回国，想以孟禕为左司马，又因孟禕表示想为国尽忠到最后，不欲失守城池反获对方授予显职而将其送还后凉。建和三年（402年），北凉沮渠蒙逊进攻后凉，后掠因而向利鹿孤求援，利鹿孤就派傉檀领兵一万救援。傉檀到昌松时知沮渠蒙逊已退兵，就是迁凉泽、段冢五百多户人回国。不久又受命进攻魏安的焦朗，逼令其出降。

继位为王

傉檀父亲秃发思复鞬在傉檀年轻时就已喜爱他，更向其诸子说：「傉檀明识干艺，非汝等辈也。」因此其兄秃发乌孤以立长君为由命弟秃发利鹿孤继位，利鹿孤就在建和三年（402年）病逝前遗命傉檀继位，两兄皆传弟不传子，最终将君主之位传傉檀。而其实利鹿孤在位时，军国大事都交了给傉檀处理。傉檀继位后，自称凉王，改元弘昌，并把都城迁回乐都，并在次年正月大肆修筑乐都城。后秦王姚兴遣使拜傉檀为车骑将军、广武公。

暂事后秦

傉檀继位当年十月就率军进攻后凉，至次年（403年），吕隆因不堪沮渠蒙逊及傉檀的接连进攻，认为再难固守姑臧，决定投归后秦，向后秦请兵迎接。后秦王姚兴于是派了齐难等领兵迎接，并吞并后凉领地，设置守宰。傉檀则摄昌松及魏安二戍作回避。于傉檀进攻后凉时，其弟秃发文真曾魏安攻击后秦派往为后凉协防姑臧的王松怱军，并俘掳王松怱。傉檀得知后大怒，送王松怱回长安并恳切地向后秦道歉。及至弘昌三年（404年）二月，傉檀更因畏惧后秦强大，自去年号，罢去尚书各官，并派参军关尚出使后秦。姚兴当时曾经以傉檀擅兴战事及大筑城池而向关尚表示傉檀无为臣之道；关尚则答秃发傉檀有羌人及沮渠蒙逊等强敌在附近，这些举动都是为了守著后秦的门户，希望姚兴不要疑忌。姚兴也对这答覆甚为满意。后傉檀派秃发文支大破南羌、西虏，接著就上表求姚兴让他领凉州，但被拒绝。后获加官散骑常侍及增食邑二千户，更于后秦弘始八年（406年）率兵进攻沮渠蒙逊。沮渠蒙逊当时婴城固守，傉檀则割了其庄稼，攻至赤泉退兵。接著，傉檀又向后秦进献三千匹马及三万头羊。姚兴至此认为傉檀是忠心的，于是以傉檀为使持节、都督河右诸军事、车骑大将军、领护匈奴中郎将、凉州刺史，镇守姑臧，并召还凉州刺史王尚。傉檀终于得到凉州治权，但其时凉州人申屠英等派了主簿胡威力劝姚兴不要召还王尚，放弃河西土地，终令姚兴后悔，命车普阻止王尚离开，又派使者告知傉檀。傉檀率其三万兵到姑臧南的五涧时遇上车普并得知情况，于是立即逼走王尚，还是得以成功入主凉州。原凉州别驾宗敞送王尚回去，傉檀一直都很欣赏他，而临行前宗敞进荐了多位文武人材，亦得傉檀接纳。同年八月，傉檀命秃发文支留守姑臧，自回都城乐乡，至十一月正式迁都至姑臧。而傉檀当时虽然是受后秦任命的官员，但车驾、服饰及礼仪都是国王格式。

及后，傉檀进袭西平、湟河各个羌人部落，并迁他们到武兴、番禾、武威及昌松四郡。后又于弘始九年（407年）徵集士兵五万多人，在方亭阅兵后就进攻沮渠蒙逊。沮渠蒙逊率兵迎击，两军在均石（今甘肃张掖市东）交战，傉檀战败。接著傉檀率二万骑兵运四万石谷到西郡，但蒙逊就进攻西郡治所日勒（今甘肃山丹县东南），西郡太守杨统投降。

同年，夏国君主赫连勃勃因向傉檀求结姻亲不遂，自率二万兵进攻傉檀，进军至支阳（今甘肃会宁县）时已杀伤一万多人，并掠二万七千多人及数十万头牲畜回去。傉檀当时亲自率兵追击，焦朗认为赫连勃勃不可轻视，建议经温围水北渡黄河，夺万斛堆（今宁夏中衞县与甘肃靖远县交界），并阻水结营，扼其咽喉；不过将领贺连却以为赫连勃勃只是乌合之众，根本不需回避其军，应该快点追击。傉檀听从贺连所言但在阳武（今甘肃靖远县）遭赫连勃勃击败，更被追击了八十多里，死伤数以万计，损失了南凉六至七成的名臣勇将。傉檀自己就带著数个骑兵逃至枝阳以南的南山，差点还被追兵抓住。此战大败后，傉檀恐惧外离侵逼，于是逼迁方圆三百里以内所有平民到姑臧城内，此举令人民既惊且怨。故此屠各成七儿就乘著百姓混乱而起兵叛变，一夜之间部众增至数千人。其时殿中都尉张猛劝说众人，请其悬崖勒马，竟成功令众人散去，成七儿逃亡时间被杀。另一方面，军谘祭酒梁裒及辅国司马边宪等共七人亦谋反，被傉檀诛杀。

再称凉王

弘始十年（408年），姚兴见傉檀刚刚大败给赫连勃勃，又接连发生内乱，想乘机内忧外患的时机消灭他，于是就派了姚弼、敛成及乞伏乾归领兵三万进攻傉檀。其时姚兴也派了齐难进攻赫连勃勃，姚兴因而写信给傉檀，声称姚弼等军只是用来截击可能西逃的赫连勃勃。傉檀信以为真，没有对姚弼军设防。姚弼于是一直率大军进攻，俘杀了昌松太守苏霸并进攻至姑臧，屯兵西苑，傉檀只能婴城固守。当时凉州人王锺、宋锺及王娥等人偷偷去为后秦做内应，但东窗事发，傉檀原本只想杀主事的几个人，但终也接纳伊力延侯的建议，将涉及事件的共五千人全部杀害，并将他们的妻女赏给将士。傉檀又下令郡县都将牛羊放出城外，引诱了敛成出兵抢掠，傉檀将俱延及敬归于是趁机进攻，大败秦军，杀了七千多人。姚弼此时只得坚守营垒，傉檀主动进攻，但未能攻下。七月，领二万骑兵作为后援的姚显还在高平（今甘肃固原），知姚弼进攻失败，于是加速赶到姑臧。姚显派了孟钦等五个神射手在凉风门挑战，但箭还未射就被傉檀的材官将军宋益击杀。姚显见无法取胜，唯有将罪责推给敛成，派使者向傉檀道歉，并在安抚河西人民引兵退还。傉檀亦派使者徐宿到后秦谢罪。可是，同年十一月，傉檀就再度称凉王，并设年号「嘉平」，又设百官。

屡战蒙逊

及后，傉檀与沮渠蒙逊互相攻伐，至嘉平三年（410年），傉檀又自率五万骑进攻沮渠蒙逊，但在穷泉大败，只得只身骑马逃归姑臧；蒙逊更乘胜进攻姑臧。当时姑臧人仍想起两年前傉檀大杀王锺等五千人的事，都十分恐惧，于是汉、胡共一万多户人都向蒙逊投降。傉檀恐惧之下派了敬归及敬佗父子作为人质，向蒙逊请和。蒙逊走时虽然敬归逃回姑臧，但仍强迁八千多户人。另一方面，右衞将军折掘奇镇据石驴山（今青海西宁北川西北）叛变。傉檀害怕沮渠蒙逊进逼，又怕南部领地被折掘奇镇占领，于是迁都回乐都，让成公緖留守姑臧。可是傉檀甫出城，侯谌等人就闭门作乱，推了焦朗为主，向沮渠蒙逊投降。及后沮渠蒙逊于411年攻克姑臧。

沮渠蒙逊乘著取姑臧威势，于是进攻傉檀，傉檀派将段苟及云连出兵番禾袭其后方，迁了三千多户到西平，但蒙逊依然进围乐都。傉檀坚守三十日仍未失守，蒙逊就是派使者诱傉檀以宠爱的儿子作人质换取自己退兵，但遭傉檀拒绝。蒙逊愤怒之下决定建屋并进行耕作，预备持久围困乐都。群臣于是请傉檀考虑蒙逊的条件，最终傉檀被逼以儿子秃发安周为人质，蒙逊亦退兵。不久，傉檀不听孟恺谏言进攻沮渠蒙逊，五路俱进，掠番禾、苕藋两地共五千多户人回国。当时将军屈右顾虑蒙逊轻兵来袭，建议傉檀加快行军，早早回到险要能守之地。不过傉檀听伊力延所言，认为沮渠蒙逊的步兵赶不上傉檀的骑兵，且快速行军会丢损战利品，并非良策。可是一夜就遇上迷雾和风雨，沮渠蒙逊大军赶到，又打得傉檀大败。蒙逊再次围攻乐都，傉檀唯有再以儿子秃发染干为人质求和。

嘉平六年（413年），傉檀再攻蒙逊，在若厚坞兵败，蒙逊于是又再围攻乐都，攻了二十日未能攻克就退兵。但时为镇南将军、湟河太守的儿子秃发文支却向蒙逊投降。不久蒙逊再攻，傉檀只得以太尉俱延为质请和。

远征失国

嘉平七年（414年），乙弗部落叛变，傉檀坚持进攻乙弗，当时孟恺以当时南凉国内连年粮食失收，而且南有乞伏炽磐，北有沮渠蒙逊这些大敌，都令百姓不安，认为这次远征即使克捷，但也是后患无穷，建议与乞伏炽磐结盟，请其资给粮食以解厄困，并积聚实力，待合适时机才出兵。但傉檀并不听信。于是傉檀亲领七千骑大破乙弗部，夺得牛马羊共四十多万头。不过，临行前傉檀曾嘱咐留守的太子秃发虎台要小心的乞伏炽磐果然来攻，虎台试图据守城池但遭炽磐四面攻击，十日就已告失陷。

傉檀得知乐都陷落后，对部众说希望借著从乙弗部夺取的物资攻取契汗部，并赎回众人被乞伏炽磐俘掳的妻儿，否则投降乞伏炽磐就只成奴仆。接著傉檀就率众西进，但很多部众知乐都陷落都逃走了，连傉檀派去追回逃兵的段苟也逃了，于是傉檀部众几乎全部溃散。傉檀至此，唯有向乞伏炽磐投降。傉檀到西平时，乞伏炽磐遣使出城迎接，并以上宾之礼接待，又拜其为骠骑大将军，封左南公，南凉亡。

一年多后，乞伏炽磐毒死傉檀，当时身边的人都给傉檀找解药，但傉檀却说：「我的病哪该医治呀！」于是中毒去世，享年五十一岁。其死后获諡为景王。

家庭

妻子

• 折掘王后

子女

• 太子秃发虎台，王后所生，423年被乞伏炽磐所杀

• 秃发明德归

• 秃发安周

• 秃发染干

• 秃发破羌

• 秃发保周，后归北魏

• 西秦秃发王后，423年被乞伏炽磐所杀

• 秃发左夫人

During the reigns of Tufa Wugu and Tufa Lilugu

After Tufa Wugu founded Southern Liang in 397 by breaking away from Later Liang, Tufa Rutan immediately began to play a major role in the military and governmental affairs of the state. In 398, Tufa Wugu sent him to assist the Later Liang rebels Yang Gui (杨轨) and Guo Nen (郭黁). In spring 399, after Tufa Wugu moved the capital from Lianchuan (廉川, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) to Ledu (乐都, also in Haidong Prefecture) in a major realignment of his military strengths, Tufa Rutan was put in charge of the important city of Xiping (西平, in modern Xining, Qinghai), and by this time, he was referred to by the title of Duke of Guangwu, a title that Tufa Wugu himself had carried earlier. In summer 399, Tufa Wugu recalled him to Ledu to head his government, while replacing him at Xiping with Tufa Lilugu.

Later in 399, Tufa Wugu suffered a serious injury while horseriding when drunk, and, because his last words were that the state should be entrusted to someone old, was succeeded by Tufa Lilugu. Tufa Lilugu entrusted all important governmental matters to him and effectively designated him as the next prince.

In 400, when the Later Liang emperor Lü Zuan attacked Northern Liang, Tufa Rutan launched a raid at the Later Liang capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu), entering the city and, while not staying permanently in the city, held a feast in the city and forced 8,000 households to relocate back to Southern Liang with him.

Later in 400, when, in light of defeats by Later Qin, the Western Qin prince Qifu Gangui surrendered to Tufa Lilugu, Tufa Lilugu sent Tufa Rutan to welcome him. It might have been at this time that Tufa Rutan gave a daughter in marriage to Qifu Gangui's son Qifu Chipan, but it is not completely clear. What is clear is that later in the year, Qifu Gangui took flight again and surrendered to Later Qin, and when Qifu Chipan tried to join Qifu Gangui but was detained, it was at Tufa Rutan's suggestion that killing Qifu Chipan for wanting to join his father would appear narrow-minded that Tufa Lilugu did not execute Qifu Chipan.

It was around this time when Later Liang's general Jiang Ji (姜纪) surrendered to Southern Liang. Tufa Rutan, impressed by Jiang's talent, befriended him and spent much time with him, despite Tufa Lilugu's distrust of Jiang. Jiang, however, soon turned against Southern Liang and fled to Later Qin, offering its emperor Yao Xing strategies on conquering Later Liang and resisting Southern Liang.

Around the new year 402, the Later Liang rebel Jiao Lang (焦朗) sought aid from Southern Liang, and Tufa Lilugu sent Tufa Rutan to aid him, but when Tufa Rutan arrived, Jiao would not receive him. Tufa Rutan initially was angry and wanted to attack Jiao instead, but at the suggestion of his brother Tufa Juyan (秃发俱延) reconciled with Jiao and jointly attacked Guzang and, while not capturing the city at the time, dealt the Later Liang general Lü Chao (吕超) a major defeat. Later that year, however, when Later Liang was attacked by Northern Liang's prince Juqu Mengxun, Tufa Rutan came to Later Liang's aid. He soon arrested Jiao and delivered him to Tufa Lilugu as well.

Later in 402, Tufa Lilugu died from illness, and he left instructions that the throne be passed to Tufa Rutan. Tufa Rutan accepted, and moved the capital from Xiping (where Tufa Lilugu had moved it) back to Ledu.

Early reign

Tufa Rutan did not relent in his military pressure against Later Liang, and his attacks against Later Liang continued to have a destabilizing effect on Later Liang. He nominally agreed to be a Later Qin vassal, and was created the Duke of Guangwu, although he continued to internally use the title Prince of Hexi, which Tufa Lilugu used.

In summer 402, Qifu Chipan escaped and joined his father Qifu Gangui. Tufa Rutan delivered Qifu Chipan's wife (possibly Tufa Rutan's daughter) and children to him.

In 403, in light of pressure from Tufa Rutan and Juqu Mengxun, Lü Long decided to end his state, surrendering Guzang to Later Qin. Tufa Rutan, apprehensive of Later Qin's power, withdrew his troops to allow Later Qin forces through to Guzang to receive Lü Long and the city. In 404, he further ended his nominal independence (but not actual independence) by ending the use of his own era name and instead using Later Qin's to show allegiance to Later Qin. He stopped using his own princely title, and used only the Later Qin-created title of Duke of Guangwu. He also made a request to Yao Xing that he be allowed to have Guzang, but Yao Xing refused.

Middle reign

While Southern Liang and Northern Liang had both become Later Qin vassals, they started sporadic but incessant warring with each other after their joint enemy, Later Liang, ceased existence. In 406, Tufa Rutan attacked Northern Liang but after Juqu Mengxun refused to engage him, withdrew, and he made a tribute of 3,000 horses and 30,000 cattle to Yao Xing, greatly touching Yao Xing and making him believing in Tufa Rutan's loyalty, and so he commissioned Tufa Rutan with governorship of Liang Province (凉州, at that time only Guzang and its surroundings), giving him Guzang. Later that year, Tufa Rutan moved his capital from Ledu to Guzang. He also entered into an alliance with Western Liáng's duke Li Gao, aimed against Northern Liang.

While Tufa Rutan was nominally a Later Qin vassal, he did not actually wish to serve Yao Xing long, and in 407 he proposed to Qifu Chipan (who had then temporarily taken over his father Qifu Gangui's troops, since Qifu Gangui was detained at the Later Qin capital Chang'an) an alliance, but Qifu Chipan executed his messengers and delivered their heads to Yao Xing. Still, at this time, Southern Liang's power was at its apex.

At this time, though, a major defeat would cause Southern Liang's strength to begin to wane. In winter 407, the Later Qin rebel Liu Bobo, who had earlier that year broken from Later Qin and established Xia, requested to marry Tufa Rutan's daughter. Tufa Rutan refused, and in anger Liu Bobo launched a punitive raid against Southern Liang but then retreated. Tufa Rutan gave chase and, believing that he greatly outpowered Liu Bobo, was careless in his military actions. Liu Bobo led him into a canyon and then blocked the exit with ice and wagons, and then ambushed him—and the defeat was such that it was said that 60% to 70% of Southern Liang's famed officials and generals died in the battle. Tufa Rutan barely escaped capture. In fear, Tufa Rutan ordered that all of the people within 150 kilometers of Guzang be moved into the capital, which immediately led to mass panic and a rebellion by the Xiongnu chief Cheng Qi'er (成七儿). While Cheng's rebellion was defeated, Tufa Rutan's domain had been greatly wounded.

In light of Tufa Rutan's defeat, Yao Xing plotted his destruction, despite the advice of Wei Zong (韦宗), an official of his who had personal knowledge of Tufa Rutan's ability, against such action. In 408, he commissioned his son Yao Bi (姚弼) the Duke of Guangping to lead a large force with generals Lian Cheng (敛成) and Qifu Gangui to make a surprise attack on Southern Liang—tricking Tufa Rutan into initially not resisting by informing him that the army was intended to be part of a pincer movement against Xia. Only when the Later Qin forces reached Guzang's vicinity did Tufa Rutan realize what the purpose of the campaign was, and he defended the city against Yao Bi. When a rebellion inside the city itself, led by Wang Zhong (王锺), threatened to cause the city to fall, Tufa Rutan buried some 5,000 people alive, and he then defeated Yao Bi. When Yao Xing sent Yao Xian (姚显) the Duke of Changshan to aid Yao Bi, Tufa Rutan defeated him as well, and Yao Xian, in fear, blamed Lian for the entire campaign and apologized to Tufa Rutan, and then withdrew with Yao Bi. Tufa Rutan also sent a messenger to Chang'an to request forgiveness.

In winter 408, Tufa Rutan again declared independence, and claimed the title of Prince of Liang, in light of Later Qin's defeats at his own hands and at the hands of Liu Bobo. He created his wife Lady Zhejue princess, and his son Tufa Hutai (秃发虎台) crown prince.

Late reign

The redeclaration of independence might have been intended to show strength, but by this point Southern Liang was in definite trouble, being in constant draining warfare with Northern Liang and (after Qifu Gangui also redeclared independence from Later Qin in 409) Qifu Gangui's Western Qin, and historians generally view Tufa Rutan as responsible for the continued deterioration of Southern Liang's strength by continuing to initiate wars as well despite the obvious fatigue his state was suffering.

In 410, one of Tufa Rutan's campaigns would hurt him greatly. He attacked Northern Liang and forced 1,000 households to move to his state. In retaliation, Juqu Mengxun pillaged a larger number of households from his state, and when Tufa Rutan's brother Tufa Juyan responded, Juqu Mengxun defeated him. When Tufa Rutan himself followed with a larger force, Juqu Mengxun defeated him as well, and then advanced on Guzang and put it under siege. The residents of Guzang, remembering the massacre that Tufa Rutan carried out during Wang Zhong's rebellion, panicked, and a large number surrendered to Juqu Mengxun. With his general Zhequ Qizhen (折屈奇镇) also rebelling to the south, Tufa Rutan became apprehensive, and moved the capital from Guzang back to Ledu. The general Jiao Lang quickly rebelled and held Guzang, although Juqu Mengxun conquered it in 411, and then advanced on Ledu, sieging it for more than a month before Tufa Rutan submitted by sending his son Tufa Anzhou (秃发安周) to Juqu Mengxun as a hostage.

However, Tufa Rutan soon again planned revenge, and later that year he launched another attack on Northern Liang, which was initially successful, but his army withdrew at an overly leisurely pace, and when the weather turned against him, Juqu Mengxun caught him and defeated him, again sieging Ledu, forcing him to then send his son Tufa Rangan (秃发染干) as a hostage so that Juqu Mengxun would withdraw.

In 413, Tufa Rutan launched yet another campaign against Northern Liang, and was again defeated. Juqu Mengxun again put Ledu under siege but could not capture it. However, Tufa Rutan's general Tufa Wenzhi (秃发文支) then rebelled, encouraging Juqu Mengxun to launch a new attack. Tufa Rutan was forced to send his brother Juqu Juyan to Northern Liang as a hostage.

In 414, the Tuoqihan (唾契汗) and Yifu (乙弗) tribes rebelled, and despite the state of desperation Southern Liang was in, Tufa Rutan, leaving his crown prince Tufa Hutai in command at Ledu, launched an attack against Yifu—which was quite successful. However, Qifu Chipan, who had by this point succeeded Qifu Gangui as Western Qin's prince, launched an attack on Ledu, sieging it. Tufa Hutai panicked, and forced the Han in the city into the inner citadel because he distrusted them, greatly weakening his own defense force, and Ledu fell. Tufa Hutai was captured.

Tufa Rutan's nephew Tufa Fani (秃发樊尼, Tufa Wugu's son) escaped and informed Tufa Rutan what had happened. Tufa Rutan informed his troops that his plans were then to attack the Tuoqihan tribe, and then use the proceeds from the pillaging to ransom the people of Ledu from Western Qin. However, the troops, upon hearing the news, collapsed and deserted him. Tufa Rutan was forced to surrender to Western Qin as well.

After end of Southern Liang

Qifu Chipan initially treated Tufa Rutan as an honored guest. He created Tufa Rutan the Duke of Zuonan and Tufa Rutan's daughter (whom he might have married far earlier, but could have also married at this time) his princess. However, in 415, he secretly had Tufa Rutan poisoned. After he was poisoned, Tufa Rutan realized what was happening, and refused all treatment. He died soon thereafter. In 423, Tufa Hutai and Princess Tufa, who plotted to try to avenge him, were discovered and executed by Qifu Chipan as well.

Era names

• Hongchang (弘昌 hóng chāng) 402–404

• Jiaping (嘉平 jiā píng) 409–414

Personal information

• Father

　• Tufa Sifujian (秃发思复犍), Xianbei tribal chief

• Wife

　• Princess Zhejue (created 408)

• Children

　• Tufa Hutai (秃发虎台), the Crown Prince (killed by Qifu Chipan 423)

　• Tufa Mingdegui (秃发明德归)

　• Tufa Anzhou (秃发安周)

　• Tufa Rangan (秃发染干)

　• Tufa Baozhou (秃发保周)

　• Tufa He (秃发贺), later changed name to Yuan He (源贺)

　• A daughter, later Princess Tufa of Western Qin (killed by Qifu Chipan 423)

　• A daughter, later Qifu Chipan's Left Consort