生平

原为徐州叛首庞勋部下裨将，咸通十年（869年）降唐，为邠州戍将，后邠宁节度使李侃调任河东，朱玫随行，为马步都教练使。乾符六年（879年），河东军乱，朱玫被任为三城斩斫使，捕杀乱兵。改河东马步军都虞候。同年十二月，诏以为代州刺史。次年，僖宗诏河东节度使郑从谠将河东军给夏绥节度使诸葛爽以便其南讨农民变军黄巢，郑从谠派牙将论安和时任后院军使朱玫率步骑五千前去，论安擅归，郑从谠斩之，将五千军全部交给朱玫勤王。881年，朱玫为邠州通塞镇将，假装效力黄巢所任邠宁节度使王玫，乘机起兵杀之，以别将李重古为留后，约定合兵讨黄巢。他袭击黄巢军，战于开远门，被枪洞穿咽喉，不死。以功升晋州刺史、邠宁节度副使，合泾、原、岐、陇兵八万屯兴平，号定国砦，为黄巢将王播所围，战于涝上，败走邠州，退屯奉天及龙尾陂，诏命灵、盐军相助。同年升邠宁节度使。882年被任为河南都统。引兵屯中桥，列五壁，进西北面都统。883年春唐僖宗重返长安后，授朱玫同中书门下平章事，封吴兴侯。次年，僖宗改邠宁为静难。中和五年（885年）三月，田令孜与河中节度使王重荣交恶。光启二年（886年），王重荣上书列举田令孜十大罪状。田令孜调拨禁军，引鄜州（今陕西富县）、延州（今陕西延安）、灵州（今宁夏灵武）诸道军，令朱玫、凤翔节度使李昌符讨伐王重荣。朱玫反而联合李克用、王重荣、李昌符反抗田令孜。令孜乃纵火焚烧坊市和宫室，挟僖宗逃往凤翔（今陕西凤翔）。朱玫拥李煴为帝，他则自任侍中，专断朝政，又派王行瑜追击僖宗，王行瑜倒戈杀朱玫。

Background

It is not known when Zhu Mei was born. Both his biography in the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang indicated that he was from Bin Prefecture (邠州, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), the capital of Binning Circuit (邠宁). The Old Book of Tang further indicated that when he was young, he served in the Tang Dynasty border army and eventually became a prefectural prefect, while the New Book of Tang indicated that he served as an army officer at a prefecture (implying that it was Bin Prefecture). There were records of an officer named Zhu Mei who served at Hedong Circuit (河东, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), who, as of 879, was serving under the military governor (Jiedushi) Li Kan (李侃), who was ordered by Li Kan to arrest and kill soldiers who had previously been under the executed officer He Gongya (贺公雅) who, after He Gongya's death, were creating disturbances in the Hedong capital Taiyuan Municipality, claiming to be trying to allege He Gongya. That Zhu Mei was later, in late 880, under the command of the military governor Zheng Congdang, given the command of Hedong soldiers (along with Zhuge Shuang) and ordered to aid the imperial capital Chang'an, then under the impending attacks by the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao. It is not completely clear that this referred to the same Zhu Mei here.

In any case, as of summer 881, Zhu Mei was serving as the defender of Tongsai (通塞, in modern Xianyang), when Huang, who had by that point captured Chang'an (forcing the Tang Emperor Xizong to flee to Chengdu) and declared himself emperor of a new state of Qi, sent his general Wang Mei (王玫) to Binning to serve as its military governor. Zhu attacked and killed Wang, and then, yielding the military governor position to another officer, Li Chonggu (李重古), took his forces toward Chang'an, ready to attack Huang in coordination with other Tang generals Tang Hongfu (唐弘夫), Wang Chongrong, Wang Chucun, Tuoba Sigong, and Zheng Tian. After joint Tang forces briefly recaptured Chang'an but then were forced to abandon it again in light of a major defeat at the hands of Qi forces, Zhu, who by that point carried the title of deputy military governor of Binning, stationed his own troops at Xingping (兴平, in modern Xianyang). The Qi general Wang Bo (王播) put Xingping under siege, and Zhu retreated to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang) and Longwei Slope (龙尾陂, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi).

As military governor of Binning/Jingnan

In fall 881, Zhu Mei was made Binning's military governor, and, yet later in the year, was made the commander of the Tang forces south of the Wei River. After joint Tang forces recaptured Chang'an in spring 883, Emperor Xizong bestowed on him the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi. In 884, Emperor Xizong, apparently to commemorate the contributions of the Binning soldiers, renamed the circuit Jingnan (静难, meaning "disaster-quieting").

In 885, by which time Emperor Xizong had returned to Chang'an, the powerful eunuch Tian Lingzi became embroiled in a dispute with Wang Chongrong, then the military governor of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) over Tian's attempt to seize control of salt ponds at Hezhong from Wang. Tian tried to neutralize Wang by transferring him to Taining Circuit (泰宁, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong), but Wang refused, and Wang and his ally Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong prepared to resist. Tian, in turn, allied himself with Zhu and Li Changfu the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (凤翔, headquartered in modern Baoji). Zhu, in order to further instigate Emperor Xizong into ordering a campaign against Li Keyong, several times sent covert operatives into Chang'an to set fire to imperial storages or to assassinate Emperor Xizong's attendants, to blame this on Li Keyong. Tian thereafter gathered his own forces (the imperial Shence Armies) and rendezvoused with Zhu and Li Changfu. They engaged those of Li Keyong and Wang, but around the new year 886 were crushed by Li Keyong and Wang. Li Keyong then approached Chang'an, causing Tian to take Emperor Xizong to first flee to Fengxiang, and then to Xingyuan (兴元, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi).

Support of Li Yun as emperor

Most imperial officials accompanied Emperor Xizong to Fengxiang, but did not follow him to Xingyuan when Tian Lingzi took him there. While Emperor Xizong was still at Fengxiang, apparently to try to pry him from Tian's influence, the chancellor Xiao Gou summoned Zhu Mei and his troops to Fengxiang, but when Zhu arrived at Fengxiang with 5,000 soldiers, Emperor Xizong had already fled. Zhu and Li Changfu, turning against Tian, launched troops to try to chase down Emperor Xizong and Tian, but even though they initially had successes against Tian's troops, they were unable to catch up with Emperor Xizong and Tian. Zhu, however, captured Emperor Xizong's distant relative Li Yun the Prince of Xiang; he took Li Yun and returned to Fengxiang.

Zhu, concluding that Emperor Xizong could never be pried away from Tian's influence, resolved to support a new emperor, with Li Changfu's concurrence. He tried to get Xiao to cooperate with him. However, he was able to force the other imperial officials into supporting Li Yun as regent. Zhu had himself named the commander of the imperial guards, and subsequently accompanied Li Yun back to Chang'an. The chancellor Pei Che remained chancellor, while Zheng Changtu was also made chancellor to replace Xiao. Once Zhu and Li Yun arrived at Chang'an, Zhu had Li Yun bestow him the chancellor title of Shizhong (侍中, the head of the examination bureau of government (门下省, Menxia Sheng)), as well as making him the director of the salt and iron monopolies. It was said that some 60-70% of the regional governors agreed to support Li Yun as emperor. Li Changfu, however, angry that Zhu made himself chancellor and did not grant Li Changfu the same honors, refused to support Li Yun and instead resubmitted to Emperor Xizong. Wang Chongrong and Li Keyong also submitted petitions pledging allegiance to Emperor Xizong, despite Zhu's attempts to win them over. Li Yun nevertheless claimed the imperial title in winter 886, and honored Emperor Xizong as Taishang Huang (retired emperor).

Death

Zhu Mei subsequently sent his officer Wang Xingyu, with 50,000 soldiers, to try to attack Xingyuan to capture Emperor Xizong. However, although Wang was initially able to defeat Tian's subordinate Yang Sheng, he was subsequently repelled by Man Cun (满存), and was unable to advance. He thus became fearful that Zhu would punish him for his failures. Further, the eunuch Yang Fugong, who had succeeded Tian by this point (as Tian had fled to Chengdu to be under the protection of his brother Chen Jingxuan the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu)), issued a declaration that anyone who killed Zhu would be given Jingnan Circuit. Wang therefore decided to turn against Zhu. Around the new year 887, he returned to Chang'an without first receiving permission from Zhu. Zhu, in anger, summoned him, stating, "You returned without permission. Are you planning to commit treason?" Wang responded, "I am not committing treason. I am trying to capture the treasonous Zhu Mei!" He seized Zhu and executed him. Pei Che and Zheng Changtu escorted Li Yun and fled to Hezhong, hoping that Wang Chongrong would protect them, but Wang Chongrong instead executed Li Yun and arrested Pei and Zheng. Both Zhu's and Li Yun's heads were delivered to Xingyuan and presented to Emperor Xizong.

Notes and references

• Old Book of Tang, vol. 175.

• New Book of Tang, vol. 224, part 2.

• Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 253, 254, 255, 256.