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袁崇焕于万历四十七年(1619年)中进士。授职兵部,守卫山海关及辽东;曾指挥宁远之战、宁锦之战,大力构筑「关宁锦防线」,多次和后金部队在该防线交战,期间对崇祯皇帝有「五年平辽」的承诺,得言听计从,支给钱粮。后因诛杀毛文龙、在己巳之变护卫不力以及擅自与后金议和等罪,清朝记录称明帝中反间计(见《明史》本传,《明季北略》《石匮书后集》等言之详),被明廷判以凌迟(下狱在崇祯二年十二月,皇帝十八岁。杀害在次年八月,断罪历时九个月,其间崇祯两次亲自提审袁崇焕,问以借上意杀毛文龙及己巳不力事,皆不能对答)。十四年后,明亡于李自成,吴三桂为「报君父仇」借清兵入关,天下易主。清乾隆年间,清政府为袁崇焕平反,但史学界对其事仍有争议。北京市东城区(原属崇文区)有袁督师祠墓,庙在龙潭公园内,袁崇焕纪念馆今存。
显示更多...: 生平 早年生涯 领兵辽东 宁远之战 关宁锦防线 后金和议 宁锦之战 再次复出 诛杀毛文龙 己巳之变 下狱磔杀与影响 后世与纪念 评价与争议 历史评价 影视形象 电影 电视剧 舞台剧 相关条目 注释 参考书籍
生平
早年生涯
袁崇焕幼年为人慷慨,富于胆略,好与人谈论军事。遇到退伍士卒,每每请教边疆军事情况,并有志于边疆事务。他还喜欢远游,上京应试时,常顺便游历,足迹几遍天下。途中,他常与友人彻夜长谈,内容亦多涉及军事。
万历四十七年(1619年),袁崇焕中式三甲第四十名进士,任福建邵武知县。天启二年(1622年)到京述职时,因御史侯恂举荐其有军事才能,升任兵部职方司主事。当时,后金兵势正盛,王化贞大军在广宁覆没,朝廷惊惶失措;对于是否能够镇守住山海关,朝臣议论纷纷。袁崇焕却在此时单骑出关考察局势,兵部、家人都不知其踪影。不久,他返回北京,上书报告关上局势,并称:「只要给我兵马粮草,我一人足以守住山海关。」其胆识得到朝臣交口称赞,他也因此升任兵备佥事,负责助守山海关,且获朝廷批准,招募兵卒。
袁崇焕到达山海关后,成为辽东经略王在晋下属。当时,关外已被蒙古哈剌慎诸部控制,袁崇焕最初仅在关内驻守,很快即因任事干练得到王在晋倚重,奉其命移驻中前所,随即又得令前往前屯卫,安置辽东难民。袁崇焕连夜出发,四更时分即进入前屯城内,将士无不佩服。事成后,王在晋上奏题名袁崇焕为宁前兵备佥事,负责宁远、前屯卫二城防卫,形成保护山海关外围工事。宁远在最前线,前屯卫稍后。然而在防事安排中,两人产生分歧。王主张在山海关外八里处的八里铺筑城守御,袁则认为该外围阵地太窄,并非良策,在争辩无果之后,袁越级奏请首辅叶向高。经左光斗提议,大学士孙承宗以阁臣掌兵部事,巡视辽东。
当时后金攻破广宁后,又强令锦州、义州等处民众东迁。其中义州一部占领十三山,并多次击败后金部队进攻。后金久攻不下,筑长围困。十三山领袖杨三、毕麻子派人突围并向明军求援。袁崇焕请命:「派五千人镇守宁远,以壮十三山气势,并派遣其他部队参与营救。宁远距离十三山有二百里,进可占领锦州,退可坚守宁远,何必对十万人置之度外呢?」孙承宗向总督王象乾请教,王象乾认为关上军方无士气,请派遣关内三千人前往,孙承宗认为可行,于是告诉王在晋。王在晋则不同意营救,致使十三山民兵只有六千人脱逃。
孙承宗经过考察,认为王在晋在八里铺建重城的意见不可取,于是召集将吏商议。阎鸣泰主张在觉华岛,袁崇焕主张在宁远,王在晋和张应吾、邢慎言则坚持己见;最后,孙承宗采用了袁崇焕的意见。不久,孙承宗回京后上书明熹宗,请免王在晋的辽东经略职位,自任督师,镇守山海关,且更加倚重袁崇焕。袁对内安抚军民,对外整饬边防战备,成绩显著;且严厉执法,军纪大有改观。
领兵辽东
宁远之战
天启三年九月,孙承宗决意坚守宁远(今辽宁兴城),当时佥事万有孚、刘诏虽力劝而不听,并命令袁崇焕与满桂镇守宁远,袁崇焕开始领兵辽东。在宁远时,袁崇焕率领祖大寿、高见、贺谦等进行城墙修筑工程,次年工程结束,宁远城遂成山海关外重镇。当时城内士兵士气高昂,商旅昌盛。此时,袁崇焕父丧,其守丧的请求却被朝廷拒绝,而命其在职守制。
天启四年(1624年),袁崇焕与马世龙、王世钦等率领一万二千名部队东巡广宁(今北镇市),其位于锦州以北,相距后金重镇渖阳不远。其大军经大凌河的出口十三山,从海道还宁远。其胆识得到孙承宗赞赏,袁崇焕亦因功升为兵备副使,再升右参政。次年夏,孙承宗根据袁崇焕的策划,派遣诸将分屯锦州、松山、杏山、右屯、大凌河、小凌河各要塞,又向北推进了二百里,几乎完全收复了辽河以西的旧地。而此时后金大汗努尔哈赤亦将京城南移至辽宁渖阳,双方摆出进攻姿态,剑拔弩张,局势一触即发。
当时明朝朝廷内部魏忠贤等阉党大肆屠杀东林党人,其中杨涟、左光斗、魏大中、袁化中等大臣被诛杀,而在辽东边防立功的熊廷弼亦遭牵连。孙承宗亦被阉党人高第取代辽东经略职位。高第继任后,立即要求袁崇焕将辽东部队全部撤入山海关(一说撤入部队不包括宁远),袁崇焕与督屯通判金启倧认为城池已收复,无理放弃撤退,于是极力反对,并抗命拒绝在宁远、前屯卫的部队撤退,高第下令放弃粮食十馀万石,撤退途中死伤甚多,军民纷纷气愤难当,许多物资在撤退过程中既没有撤离,也没有销毁,最终尽为后金所得,明军物资损失惨重。之后,锦州、右屯、大小凌河、松山、杏山等部队被撤去。袁崇焕请求回家守父丧,未被批准。同年十二月晋升按察使,依然守卫辽东。
天启六年(1626年)正月,努尔哈赤率领后金部队渡过辽河,二十三日抵达宁远城下(一说正月初十抵达宁远,未予马上攻城)。当时,明朝朝廷得到急报,兵部尚书王永光等廷臣讨论战时,各个束手无策。辽宁经略高第、山海关总兵杨麒则拥兵山海关,不去援救。《明史》记载当时朝野上下皆认定宁远肯定守不住。而宁远城中,袁崇焕则与大将满桂、副将左辅、朱梅,参将祖大寿、何可纲等将士誓死守卫城池。他甚至写血书告示传阅,并向士卒下拜,全军上下士气高昂,决意死战。袁崇焕还下令前屯守将赵率教、山海关守将杨麒,凡有宁远城的逃兵回去,一概斩杀。二十四日,后金部队开始进攻宁远城,其先锋围城部队为两万铁甲骑军,其用铁裹车撞击城墙,并用铁锹挖掘墙脚,城墙被挖成凹龛;明军则采用阶石碾压城外后金部队。袁崇焕还使用红衣大炮,重创城外后金兵。次日,后金军因当时天气过于寒冷,宁远的城墙虽然被挖了不少洞,但却始终没有坍塌,再攻未能攻下城池。后金军之后撤退,改道离城五里的龙宫寺扎营,改为攻击觉华岛,觉华岛上的军民被屠戮一空,伤亡万馀,岛上粮食、房屋、船只的损失也非常大。宁远之战为后金军的首败,努尔哈赤亦因此耿耿于怀宁远解围后,明熹宗采纳兵部尚书王永光的建议,不追究觉华岛惨败一事,将此一役称为「大捷」,以激励士气。明熹宗嘉奖广宁军功劳。袁崇焕随即升任右佥都御史,而满桂等大将也纷纷升职。而高第、杨麒因不援宁远和觉华岛而免职,以王之臣、赵率教取代。
关宁锦防线
天启六年(1626年)三月,袁崇焕因功升至辽东巡抚,负责辽东及山海关等地,并开始经营关宁锦防线。袁起初辞赏,后明熹宗坚持原意。然而,魏忠贤见其地位上升,于是增加提防,并派遣其亲信太监刘应坤、纪用到宁远监军。袁崇焕上疏反对,但不被采纳。后朝廷为安抚袁崇焕,提升其为兵部右侍郎,并赏银币,子孙世袭锦衣千户。在此时,满桂因为宁远之战中赵率教未能亲自援救而互相指责,袁崇焕与满桂之间产生激烈冲突,袁上奏请求遣其镇守其他城镇,于是满桂被召还北京。而当时经略王之臣极力反对,并请求朝廷命其镇守山海关。朝廷为了缓和各方矛盾,命令王之臣专守关内,而关外士兵将领皆由袁崇焕派遣。之后袁崇焕自悔,请求朝廷依照王之臣建言。满桂遂被调遣镇守山海关,并持尚方宝剑、统领关内外部分军队。
基于对廷臣诽谤的担心,袁崇焕上了一道奏章,提出守辽的基本战略。其主张:一、用辽人守辽土;二、屯田,以辽土给养军队,可以减少海运;三、以守为主,等待机会再出击。他担心立功之后,清兵必定会使反间计,散播谣言,而本国必定有人妒忌毁谤。此奏摺得到明熹宗的嘉许。同年冬天,袁崇焕率领赵率教以及两名特务太监刘应坤、纪用,兴办防御工事及屯田,逐渐收复高第此前放弃的土地。事后,袁崇焕上奏赞许这两名太监的功劳,魏忠贤、刘应坤、纪用三人都得到了封赏。袁崇焕还上奏进言:明朝部队不善于野战,只能凭藉固守和大炮防御的策略。并要求增加四万部队去修筑松山城等防御设施。后都得到明熹宗的批准。
后金和议
因为宁远之战后,明朝急于修建防御工事;而后金则急需军需补给,巩固统治。天启六年八月,后金首领努尔哈赤病逝,袁崇焕派遣使者去悼念,以窥视其虚实。后金政权的继任者皇太极派遣使者到袁崇焕处,双方欲议和,皇太极甚至自降身份称臣。议和同时,后金部队趁机进攻朝鲜。天启七年一月,皇太极在遣使答覆的同时,渡过鸭绿江。当时明朝朝廷议论议和之事,王之臣以宋朝与金朝的议和历史附议而弹劾袁崇焕。朝廷召还王之臣回京,并取消辽东经略职位不再设,而山海关内外部队皆由袁崇焕调遣。之后袁崇焕趁后金部队主攻朝鲜时,派兵修建锦州、中左、大淩的防御工事。皇太极因此抗议其缺乏和平诚意,并提议划定疆界。当时朝鲜受困、驻守朝鲜的毛文龙告急,于是明朝朝廷命令袁崇焕发兵救援,其用海军援助毛文龙,又派遣左辅、赵率教、朱梅等九名将领率领精兵九千进攻三岔河,形成牵制局势。不过当时朝鲜已经被后金部队占领,于是诸将返回辽东。
袁崇焕议和之初,明朝朝廷并不所知。当时奏报时,明熹宗起初赞许其方,后改变看法认为并非良策,于是频繁下旨禁止。袁崇焕则因为要修筑防御工事而坚持己见。当时朝鲜与毛文龙部队被后金进攻,朝廷中言官认为是因议和所招致的。同年四月,袁崇焕上书道:「关外四城有四十里地,有屯兵六万,商民数十万,现在地少人多。必须修筑锦州、中左、大淩三城,才能转移商民、大量屯田。如果城墙在修筑前敌兵入侵,届时势必撤退,那么此前的努力都失败了。现在趁后金进攻朝鲜,于是用缓兵计为上。当敌方得知消息后,城防已成,于是关外四百里地则可固若金汤了。」之后明熹宗得报后嘉奖。虽然朝廷议论纷纷,不过袁崇焕的山海关-宁远-锦州(关宁锦防线)防线基本构建完成。
宁锦之战
天启七年(1627年)五月,朝廷命令尤世禄代替赵率教守卫锦州,尤世禄尚未抵达时,皇太极亲率正黄旗、镶黄旗、正白旗、镶白旗精兵,进攻辽西,攻陷明朝大凌河、小凌河两个要塞,随即进攻宁远的外围要塞锦州。五月十一日,后金部队抵达锦州,并四面围城。赵率教率部环城而守,并以缓兵计派遣使者求和,使者三次返回并未成功,而皇太极攻城愈急。袁崇焕于是派遣祖大寿和尤世禄带了四千精兵,绕到清军后路去包抄,又派水师去攻东路作为牵制,并请求关内部队救援。当时明朝朝廷命山海关的满桂移师前屯,而驻守三屯的孙祖寿移师山海关,宣府的黑云龙移师一片石,蓟辽总督阎鸣泰移师山海关;又派遣昌平、天津、保定兵驰援上关;并命山西、河南、山东的部队进行备战。
锦州城内,赵率教与前锋总兵左辅、副总兵朱梅等率兵奋勇死战,和后金部队从五月十一打到二十八日,之后皇太极久攻不下,转而去分兵攻宁远。当时袁崇焕与中官应坤、副使毕自肃督军并在城上进行炮击;而驰援的满桂、尤世禄、祖大寿等在城外大战,后双方死伤惨重,满桂身负数箭。后金部队见无法攻下宁远,于是改为进攻锦州。六月初四,皇太极增兵猛攻锦州,锦州城中使用大炮、火炮、火弹和矢石等武器,清兵受创极重。于是次日皇太极退兵,并拆毁大凌河、小凌河两个要塞,史称「宁锦之战」,为明朝与后金交战的第二次大胜,而满桂、赵率教功劳最大。
虽然袁崇焕带兵辽东大战后金,明朝内部阉党魏忠贤则控制朝廷,朝廷内部阿谀奉承,当时各地巡抚官员纷纷为其修建生祠。天启七年四月,袁崇焕上奏摺,称颂魏忠贤的功德,并要求在宁远、前屯两地为魏忠贤修建生祠。尽管如此,宁锦之战后,当时朝廷论功行赏,受赏者数百人,廷臣纷纷赞许此战功劳为魏忠贤调度有方,其中魏忠贤的义子亦因此封侯,然而袁崇焕只升一级。当时兵部尚书霍维华认为不公,上疏请求让荫,魏忠贤亦拒绝其请求。相反,魏忠贤派使其党羽以袁不救锦州为由,弹劾袁崇焕。袁崇焕不得已请求辞职告老还乡,同年七月获准,而王之臣代为督师兼辽东巡抚,满桂镇守宁远。
再次复出
熹宗去世,思宗即位,建立东林党内阁,魏忠贤被诛,朝臣纷请召袁崇焕还朝。崇祯元年(1628年)任命袁崇焕为兵部尚书兼右副都御史,督师蓟、辽,兼督登、莱、天津军务。七月,思宗召见袁崇焕。期间,袁崇焕慷慨陈词,计划以五年复辽,并疏陈方略。袁崇焕表示其在边关立功,唯恐朝廷人士妒功中伤。思宗请袁无须疑虑,其自有主持。大学士刘鸿训上书请思宗收回王之臣、满桂的尚方宝剑。崇祯皇帝即赐崇焕尚方宝剑,在复辽前提下,可以方便行事。此外,皇帝再加奖勉,赐他蟒袍、玉带与银币。袁崇焕领了银币,但以未立功勋,不敢受蟒袍玉带之赐,上疏辞谢。
袁崇焕还未到任,已发生宁远兵变。起因是公家欠饷四月,四川与湖广军人于是先行哗变。士兵把巡抚毕自肃、总兵官朱梅等缚在谯楼上。兵备副使郭广于是把官衙库房中所有的二万两银钱拿出发饷,并向宁远商民借五万两,哗变始解。毕自肃引罪自杀。同年八月,袁崇焕到达辽东,逮捕张正朝、张思顺等十五人并斩首于集市,此外,斩杀中军吴国琦、惩罚参将彭簪古,并罢免都司左良玉等四人,兵变始定。
哗变改变辽东部队的驻守布局:祖大寿仍镇守锦州;何可刚升任都督佥事,代替解任后的朱梅,宁远、锦州合镇;赵率教则转移至山海关;而袁崇焕亲自镇守宁远。因为毕自肃已死,袁崇焕上奏请撤消辽东巡抚职位,并罢免登莱巡抚孙国桢、取消该巡抚职位,崇祯皇帝均批准。此外,袁崇焕又抚慰哈剌慎三十六家,稳定边疆安定。崇祯二年,明思宗加封其为太子太保,并赏赐蟒衣、银币。
诛杀毛文龙
崇祯二年(1629年)袁崇焕与内阁辅臣钱龙锡谈到平辽事宜时,提及其欲除去毛文龙。天启四年至七年中,毛文龙多次袭击清军,都遭失败,此后在皮岛驻扎。因此东林党人工科给事中潘士闻、尚宝卿董茂忠上书弹劾请撤毛文龙。兵部商议时,袁崇焕提议派遣官员至皮岛管理兵饷核查银钱帐用,而遭到毛文龙抵制,因此招致袁崇焕不悦。
崇祯二年一月,袁崇焕要求东江镇的粮食必须由他来发送,但是依然保持东江镇的补给,并禁止商船卖走私的枪炮给东江镇。并在同时卖粮食给归降明朝的蒙古部落,进而让明军内招募蒙古士兵。
同年六月初一,袁崇焕与毛文龙在旅顺附近的岛山会见,并商议军事。经过连续三日的谈判,毛文龙始终不接受袁崇焕主张的「皮岛设文官监军;粮饷由宁远转发;改编部队」等建议,谈判失败。之后袁崇焕劝其归乡,而毛文龙则称自己了解辽东局势,并能解决满洲、顺势攻占朝鲜。此后,袁传副将汪翥上船密议,通宵部署诛杀毛文龙。初五,袁崇焕邀毛文龙一起检阅将士比赛射箭,但袁提出几件事来责问毛文龙,毛文龙抗辩。袁崇焕命人除下其衣冠并捆绑,毛文龙仍称自己无罪有功。袁于是宣布毛的「十二大罪状」,祭出尚方宝剑、诛杀同样有尚方宝剑的毛文龙。毛文龙有部下为其求情,称毛没功劳也有苦劳,被袁崇焕斥退。
袁虽然诛杀了毛文龙,但虑其部属有变,于是谕示只诛杀毛文龙一人,其馀免罪,并命原皮岛副总兵陈继盛继任。此外,并增加兵饷至十八万两白银。此后的奏摺中,袁崇焕上疏陈述毛文龙因拒绝设文官监军、粮饷由宁远转发、瞒报兵力、杀良冒功等罪恶,而决议谋杀毛。明思宗以兵减饷增而生疑,不过仍然接受袁崇焕的提议。此后,袁崇焕整顿全部辽东及登莱、天津部队,共有士兵十五万三千馀人、马匹八万一千馀等。
己巳之变
崇祯二年(1629年),蒙古与女真发生严重饥荒,蒙古诸部请求袁崇焕开粜互市,后崇祯严令只准按口换粮。同年六月,翰林院编修陈仁锡出使辽东,认为这是偷袭女真的最佳时机,同时,王怀达、陈国威二人又预料到了指出了皇太极的军事行动,但袁崇焕虽然没能采取行动,仍上奏称及后金会绕道蒙古进攻明朝。
同年十月二十七日,皇太极联合喀喇沁,绕境蒙古朵颜部地盘破长城喜峰口而入。十月二十八日,袁崇焕在宁远得警,马上令山海关总兵入援遵化,锦州总兵祖大寿入关后继。十一月初四,赵率教战死于三屯营,袁崇焕率兵至山海关。十一月初五,袁崇焕率军进入蓟镇。十一月初六,袁崇焕到达永平,得报遵化已于十一月初三被攻陷,巡抚王元雅被杀。袁崇焕在榛子镇接到崇祯圣旨,获得调度指挥各镇援兵之权。
十一月初九,袁崇焕到达顺天府蓟州。十一月初十,袁崇焕进入蓟州,以关宁兵布防蓟州西部各地,。而当时孙承宗指出应该守蓟州三河一线,否则皇太极越蓟州三河则可直扑北京。十一月十四,袁崇焕获报,后金军已经蓟州穿越而过,袁崇焕被动急追。十一月十六夜,袁崇焕赶在后金部队前到达北京左安门,在广渠门外驻营。明思宗迅速召见袁崇焕,并深加慰劳并谈论战事。袁以士兵疲劳为由请求入城休整,但未得到批准。十一月二十日,袁崇焕、祖大寿领关宁兵九千人和莽古尔泰、阿巴泰、阿济格、多尔衮、多铎、豪格带领的后金左翼大军、护军及蒙古兵大战于广渠门,双方互有死伤,后金军伤亡数百后退去。
下狱磔杀与影响
当时后金所入隘口乃蓟州太守刘策所辖,而袁崇焕一得到消息立刻千里赴救,自谓有功无罪。然而都人突然遭到兵灾,谣言纷起,说崇焕纵敌拥兵。而大臣也因为从前和议的事情,称其引敌胁和,将为城下之盟。此外,清军设反间计,传闻袁崇焕与清军定有密约,并纵放捉获的宦官听闻后遣返回明廷去。其宦官告诉明思宗,加重了明思宗的疑心。
同年十二月,明思宗召袁崇焕、满桂、祖大寿入殿质证,袁崇焕不能对证,明思宗于是下诏逮捕袁崇焕入锦衣狱。在一旁的祖大寿战栗失措,出殿后即刻带兵返回山海关,直到后来接到崇祯要求袁崇焕写的信才返回。之后,满桂被拜为武经略,赐尚方剑,指挥来援各部。而当时已经退到良乡的皇太极听闻袁崇焕下狱事后,亲帅大军再次进逼京城。明思宗要求满桂出兵对敌,满桂则以「敌劲援寡,未可轻战」为由,坚持防守。然而在多次催促下,同月十五日满桂还是不得已,领黑云龙、麻登云、孙祖寿诸大将,移营永定门外二里,十六日被后金军以精骑四面包围,大败,满桂及孙祖寿战死,黑云龙、麻登云被擒。这时距离袁崇焕下狱才半个月。
祖大寿被袁崇焕修书召回后,欲以战功救袁崇焕,收复了永平、遵化一带,皇太极退回辽东。然而,崇祯三年(1630年),经过半年多的审判,袁崇焕仍被以「通虏谋叛」、「擅主和议」、「专戮大帅」的罪名遭判凌迟,死于北京甘石桥,并流放其妻妾、子女及兄弟等人两千里,其馀不予究问。
崇焕伏刑之惨情,令人毛骨悚然。当时北京百姓都认为袁通敌,恨之入骨,纷纷生吞其肉。崇焕死后,佘氏义仆为其收敛骸骨,葬于北京广渠门内广东义园,并从此世代为袁守墓。平民程本直为袁向崇祯帝上书争论,两年后于西巿斩首。皇室特务锦衣卫又指一木匠为袁的奸细,后者不久被残酷杀害。
乾隆四十九年(1772年),清高宗下诏为袁崇焕平反。不过,整起事件有些地方还有不同看法,有待未来进一步厘清。
后世与纪念
按《清史稿》,袁崇焕死后,其遗腹子袁文弼被编入宁古塔汉军正白旗,改姓「袁佳氏」。其后清末著名的富明阿、寿山等俱是袁崇焕后裔。但按《明史》本传,袁崇焕无子,《清实录》更记载袁崇焕以堂弟袁文炳之子为嗣。
袁崇焕处死当晚,一佘姓义士冒死将朝廷打算「传视九边」的袁首级偷葬于家中,被称为「冒死葬忠魂」,临终前给后世子孙留下了遗训:一不许再回广东老家,要世世代代为其守墓,二不许做官,三不许不读书。自此,佘家后人秘密守护,直到乾隆年间,守墓才转为公开。1992年,在原址重建袁崇焕墓。2002年,开始全面整修袁祠向游人开放。从1630年至今,佘家的后代为袁守墓近四百年。2020年8月12日,袁崇焕墓第17代守墓人佘幼芝去世。袁崇焕纪念馆位于北京东城区花市斜街广东义园旧址,包括原来的袁崇焕祠墓,袁崇焕手迹《听雨》以及康有为题写的「明袁督师庙记」手书等珍贵文物将珍藏于该纪念馆。原墓堂廊柱曾悬有康有为所书对联。
此外,在广东东莞有袁崇焕纪念公园,位于广东省东莞市石碣镇水南村。由该镇村民与海外袁氏宗亲捐资1点2亿元人民币,在明代袁氏故居遗址兴建,占地共11万平方米。包括袁故居、袁督师祠、雕像、衣冠冢、三界庙等。
2010年7月,原位于袁崇焕雕像的基座、刻有「掉哪妈!顶硬上!」的袁氏金句,因为其是粗口,被当地政府凿去,事件引起广州市舆论和民众强烈不满,最终导致广州市民组织捍卫粤语行动。
评价与争议
袁崇焕是一位极具争议的历史人物,关于其事迹、评论几百年来一直争论不休,正如孟森在《明本兵梁廷栋请斩袁崇焕原疏附跋》中提及,明末时期历史记载十分混乱,即使是与其耳目相关的人,其恩怨纠葛也尤其复杂。其中,主要争议的集中点是袁崇焕杀死毛文龙、是否背叛明朝政府等。
袁崇焕在辽东时的同事王在晋在《三朝辽事实录》中表示,袁崇焕虽然死于国法,但是其在宁远之战等战绩功劳不应埋没。作为敌对政权的清朝政府,对袁崇焕赞赏有加。张廷玉等在官方史书《明史》中主张袁崇焕妄杀毛文龙,而崇祯帝误杀袁崇焕。此指使自毁长城,加速了明朝的灭亡。而乾隆皇帝亦表示,袁崇焕虽然与清朝为难,但是忠于职守,只是因为明朝皇帝昏庸,以至于被斩杀,值得怜悯。则对于明末时期大将徐石麒则认为袁崇焕表面主战而实际主和,并以杀毛文龙示信后金。
而在文人学术中,相关的争议则更为突出。明末清初文人计六奇在《明季北略》主张袁崇焕以尚方宝剑诛杀毛文龙,如同宋朝时期秦桧用十二道金牌矫诏杀岳飞,但是认为崇祯皇帝杀死袁崇焕为冤。中华民国初年,梁啓超在《袁督师传》则赞赏袁崇焕在历史中的重要作用为「以一身之言动、进退、生死,关系国家之安危、民族之隆替者」。中华人民共和国时期,毛泽东也主张袁崇焕为「爱国领袖」,并要求北京政府保护其祠庙。
部分学者认为袁崇焕杀毛文龙为泄私愤。也有说有证据毛文龙当时要降女真,袁崇焕杀毛文龙的事情「一无错处」。按袁崇焕上疏,毛文龙死前六个月早已无生(除非完全接受袁崇焕控制,而非名义服从),并不是因为毛文龙叛国。毛文龙被杀后有徐尔一等人上疏为其鸣冤。三个月后就发生了「己巳之变」,清军兵临北京城下,明廷大臣们多归因于毛文龙死后女真无后顾之忧所致。
历史评价
• 生卒明代
• 王在晋:「毛文龙径袭辽阳,旋兵相应,宁锦之围解,文龙与有力焉。此出于崇焕之自陈,剧称其牵制之功,则文龙何可杀耶?文龙杀而虏直犯京城,明知而故悖之,崇焕之祸,其真自取耳!」(王在晋明末高官,天启间官南京兵部尚书,崇祯初于袁崇焕之后转任兵部尚书)
• 余大成:「力捍危疆,而身死门灭,其得罪大略相似。但武穆有子霖、孙珂,能白其冤。而督师竟允绝,圣世谁复为《金陀粹编》者?可叹也!」(见《剖肝录》,作者万历进士,供职兵部,崇祯初参与保卫京师,安抚袁崇焕部下的关宁军)
• 杨惟和:「十馀年奴氛孔炽,士卒畏敌,不畏将帅。袁崇焕一振起之,而将士始用其命,军民始安其生,天下壮之,真今之方叔也」(天启中都察院右副都御史杨惟和疏略,见朱长祚《玉镜新谭》卷之四)
• 夏允彝:「自有辽事,所用人,鲜能有胜任者。当时所望成功,惟熊廷弼、袁崇焕、孙承宗为庶几;而武臣如刘綎、杜松、满桂、祖大寿、吴三桂,其最著也。」(《幸存录》)
• 明遗民未应清朝科举者
• 谈迁:「初,虏势张甚。人心惶骇欲遁。自崇焕坚拒,气始振。……藤县(袁崇焕)之于东陲,亦勋劳多矣!初,经略高第议弃宁前锦右。果如其说,则辽西将非国之有也。赖藤县力持,成宁远之功,士气少奋。」(《国榷》)
• 朱舜水:「奴虏种类,原自不蕃。先年李宁远以奴隶儿子畜之,玩之掌股,使其长养内地,知我虚实情形;又加以龙虎将军名号,使得控崇别部,狡焉启疆,失于防御,遂灭北关、白羊骨诸种,益致彼猖。又贼臣杨镐、袁崇焕前后卖国,继丧辽阳、广宁,滋蔓难图;然犹二十年蹂躏,三韩、燕云屹然无恙。即曾两入朔易山东,未敢公然盘踞。祗因流寇攻陷京城,惨杀文武。吴三桂愚呆竖子,失于较计,欲报家仇,勾引入寇;逆虏遂令三桂为导,乘机掩袭北京。」(《阳九叙略》)
• 清廷君臣
• 努尔哈赤:「朕用兵以来,未有抗颜行者。袁崇焕何人,乃能尔耶!」(《清史稿·本纪一》)
• 乾隆帝:「袁崇焕督师蓟辽,虽与我朝为难,但尚能忠于所事,彼时主暗政昏,不能罄其忱悃,以致身罹重辟,深可悯恻。」(《大清高宗纯皇帝实录》)
• 张廷玉:「崇焕智虽疏,差有胆略,庄烈帝又以谗间诛之。」(语出《明史·列传第一百四十七》,乾隆时钦定明史,以张廷玉兼国史馆总纂,张廷玉即张英子)
• 晚清
• 康有为:「夫袁督师之雄才大略,忠烈武棱,古今寡比。其遗文虽寥落,而奋扬蹈厉,鹤立虹布,犹想见鲁阳挥戈、崆峒倚剑之神采焉。」「若吾粤袁督师之丧于谗间也,天下震动,鬼神号泣,明社遂屋,余祸烈烈,波荡至今。呜呼,天下才臣名将多矣,谗死亦至伙,而恻恻于人心,震惕于敌国,非止以一身之生死系一姓之存亡,实以一身之生命关中国之全局,则岂惟杜邮、钟室、凉风、金牌之凄感也。……假若间不行而能尽其才,明或不亡。」(《袁督师遗集序》)
• 韩文举:「以叔季衰亡之国,撄犬羊暴起之众,自有历史以来,未有能取胜者,能取胜自督师始。且不徒取胜而已,实足制敌死命而无难,是中经营惨澹,殆非寻常英雄所能胜任。夫知敌所长而避之,侦敌所短而乘之,难矣;然犹非至难也。大败之后,人无固志,胡尘乍起,望风而逃,于此而欲振作士气,俾将卒去其畏敌之心,起其灭敌之望,宁非难中之至难者哉?以此而论督师,殆天人不可及欤!」(见《清代通史》第一卷第一篇,作者为康有为门下)
• 梁啓超:「使督师以前而有督师其人者,则满洲军将不能越辽河一步,使督师以后而能有督师其人者,则满洲军犹不能越榆关一步,故袁督师一日不去,则满洲万不能得志于中国,后金军之处心积虑,以谋督师宜也。而独怪乎明之朝廷自坏长城,为敌复仇,以快群小一日之意见,而与之俱尽,古今冤狱虽多,语其关系之重大,殆未有袁督师若者也。」「若夫以一身之言动、进退、生死,关系国家之安危、民族之隆替者,于古未始有之。有之,则袁督师其人也。」
• 汪荣宝:「明自用兵以来,督师者如熊廷弼、袁崇焕、孙承宗辈,皆以盖世之才,能称其职;而诸将委身许国,效死不屈者亦前后相望。」(《清史讲义选录》,原名《本朝史讲义》,成书于清末执教译学馆时)
• 民国
• 孟森:「庶知三百年公论不定,一翻明末人当时之记载,愈坠云雾中。论史者将谓今日之人不应妄断古人之狱,惟有求之故纸,凭耳目所及者之言以为信。岂知明季之事,惟耳目相及之人,恩怨是非尤为纠葛。」(见《明本兵梁廷栋请斩袁崇焕原疏附跋》,孟森以研究满清开国史名世)
• 萧一山:「熊廷弼、袁崇焕、孙承宗,皆以盖世之才,治辽事而有馀,然或内毁于阉党,外罹于反间,不终其位。」(《清代通史》第一卷第二篇)
• 金庸:「袁崇焕真像是一个古希腊的悲剧英雄,他有巨大的勇气,和敌人作战的勇气,道德上的勇气。他冲天的干劲,执拗的蛮劲,刚烈的狠劲,在当时猥琐萎靡的明末朝廷中,加倍的显得突出。」(《袁崇焕评传》,附武侠历史小说《碧血剑》后)
• 大陆政治人物
• 李济深:「论明清间事者,佥以为督师不死,满清不能入主中原。」(见《重修明督师袁崇焕词墓碑》,民革主要领导人之一)
• 迟浩田:「袁崇焕是我们中华民族的一个伟大英雄,我们岳飞、袁崇焕都是在中华民族历史上有褒有贬,经历坎坷,但是最终一条,人民的眼睛是雪亮的,历史是公正的。」
影视形象
电影
• 1969年电影《龙胆》:黄新
电视剧
• 1985年电视剧《碧血剑》:曾江
• 1987年电视剧《袁崇焕》:张孝中
• 1987年电视剧《狂龙》:黎汉持
• 1988年电视剧《牢》:郑少秋
• 1999年电视剧《袁崇焕传》:莫少聪
• 2000年电视剧《碧血剑》:王志华
• 2002年电视剧《孝庄秘史》:王岗
• 2003年电视剧《江山风雨情》:张孝中
• 2005年电视剧《明末风云》:王建国
• 2015年电视剧《大玉儿传奇》:陈玥
• 2017年电视剧《超时空男臣》:萧正楠
• 2018年电视剧《袁崇焕》:邵兵
舞台剧
• 香港「致群剧社」于2001年3月上演《袁崇焕之死》,于西湾河文娱中心首演三场均座无虚设,并于2002年在寿臣剧院重演。编剧白耀灿,并由陈恒辉导演,余世腾担任监制及副导演,张秉权为戏剧文学指导;主要演员有冯禄德、欧燕文、麦洛新等。剧中的主角并非袁崇焕,而是冒死为他收尸的佘义士(陈敏斌饰)及其后人,佘家一代复一代,在北京市内东城区守护著袁崇焕之墓。剧本于2012年获香港政府教育局课程发展处收录在其出版的《中学中国语文戏剧教材系列(二)》之「剧本选辑及导赏」,当中共收录了12个本地原创剧,除提供剧本外,亦附导赏及教学建议。教材套已派发全港中学,并上载教育局网页,教师可考虑选为教材,将戏剧元素融入中国语文或文学教学之中。
相关条目
• 明朝
• 明熹宗
• 明思宗
• 毛文龙
• 满桂
• 努尔哈赤
• 广宁之战
• 皇太极
• 祖大寿
注释
参考书籍
;官修史书:
• 《明实录》之《明熹宗实录》、《崇祯实录》、《明熹宗七年都察院实录》
• 《清实录》之《清太祖实录》、《清高宗实录》
• 议和史料:《太宗与袁崇焕书》、《袁崇焕复书》、《李喇嘛书》、《太宗答袁崇焕书》、《答李喇嘛书》、《太宗又致袁崇焕书》、《明使喇嘛吊丧》、《太宗致书袁崇焕议和》、《太宗致书明执政议和》、《袁崇焕复议和书》、《太宗答袁崇焕议和书》、《续致袁崇焕书一》、《袁崇焕书覆书二封》、《太宗再答袁崇焕书》、《袁崇焕再复书》
;文人观点:
• 明朝:朱长祚《玉镜新谭》、黄宗羲《弘光实录抄》、王在晋《三朝辽事实录》、张岱《石匮书》等
• 清朝:计六奇《明季北略》、汪楫《崇祯长编》、谈迁《国榷》、谷应泰《明史纪事本末》等
• 民国:梁啓超《袁崇焕传》、孟森《明史讲义》等
• 共和国:金庸《袁崇焕评传》、樊树志《崇祯传》、阎崇年《袁崇焕传》等
• 松浦章:〈袁崇焕与朝鲜使节〉。
Yuan's military career reached its height when he defeated the Jurchen ruler, Nurhaci, and his army in the first Battle of Ningyuan. Later on, Yuan also defeated Nurhaci's son and successor, Hong Taiji, and his 200,000-strong army composed of mostly Mongol soldiers at the second Battle of Ningyuan. Yuan met his end when he was arrested and executed by lingchi ("slow slicing") on the order of the Chongzhen Emperor under false charges of treason, which were believed to have been planted against him by the Jurchens.
显示更多...: Early life Early military career Later military career and death Legacy Physical appearance In popular culture
Early life
Yuan was born in Dongguan, Guangdong. During his adolescence, he spent time traveling from town to town. Although he took the imperial examination repeatedly with little success, he gained a lot of practical experience during his travels to the capital. It is said that he befriended several Jesuits during this time and spent much time working on modifying European cannons.
Early military career
Yuan passed the imperial examination in 1619 and was appointed as the magistrate of a remote county. In 1619, the Ming imperial army was defeated by the Jurchens in the Battle of Sarhu. Ming forces suffered successive defeats and in 1622 they were forced to retreat to Shanhai Pass, abandoning all of Liaoning to the Jurchens. After a visit to the front, Yuan was appointed as a second-class secretary in the Ministry of War, then promoted almost immediately to full secretary and supplied with funds for enlisting troops. Yuan's rapid promotion was quite notable at the time as he did not have any formal military training at all, save for studying the Confucian classics in order to pass the imperial examination.
Yuan cooperated with the commander-in-chief Sun Chengzong in pushing the frontiers steadily northward, fortifying Ningyuan in 1623. The elderly Sun was an able commander but refused to bribe Wei Zhongxian, an influential court eunuch under the Tianqi Emperor. Consequently, Sun was recalled in 1625 and replaced by Gao Di, who ordered a general retreat to Shanhai Pass. However, Yuan flatly refused to leave Ningyuan.
Early in the next year, Nurhaci led the Jurchens back across the Liao River. Yuan and his deputies successfully held Ningyuan with the newly mounted and modified "hongyipao" and only 9,000 militiamen against Nurhaci's 130,000-strong army. The victory at Ningyuan prevented immediate advances by the Jurchens.
Yuan was said to have studied every aspect of the cannon for it to fire accurately at the position he wanted, and this is given as the reason why Nurhaci, although well-protected by his elite guards in a safe position, was wounded by cannon fire. After the battle, Yuan sent letters to ask the well-being of Nurhaci, as traditionally done by Chinese generals, but Nurhaci returned an insult by calling him duplicitous.
As a result of this victory, the Ming imperial court in Beijing appointed Yuan as the Governor of Liaodong on 27 February 1626, with full authority to handle all forces outside the passes.
During this time, Yuan executed Mao Wenlong, a Ming general regarded as ruthless but talented. Various texts have different opinions of his actions. Many stated this was a mistake since Mao could still be used against the Jurchens. However, Yuan took into account how Mao conducted his battles: Mao's tactics usually involved using civilian settlements as a shield for his troops, and during the occupation the civilians suffered tremendously. Mao also used the Joseon kingdom, Ming's ally, as a base to launch expeditions against the Jurchens. When the Jurchens entered Joseon, Mao ordered a general retreat of Ming forces. This angered many merchants in the Beijing area who traded in the Korean Peninsula. In addition, Mao was known to have bribed many corrupt eunuchs and officials. Consequently, by executing Mao, Yuan made enemies with some of the most influential people in China.
Taking advantage of Nurhaci's death later in the year, Yuan reoccupied Jinzhou. The Jurchens reappeared in June and withdrew after a series of indecisive battles. Yuan was criticised by the partisans of Wei Zhongxian, who stated that he took too long to fight off the Jurchens. Shortly thereafter Yuan was forced into retirement.
Later military career and death
In 1628, under the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor, Yuan was reinstated as the field marshal of all the Ming forces in the northeast. He embarked on an ambitious five-year plan for the complete recovery of Liaodong. The Chongzhen Emperor had begun his reign in 1627 at the age of 16, and in 1629 (at the age of 18) he appointed Yuan. In 1629, Yuan was granted the title of "Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent". The emperor gave Yuan his Imperial Sword and stated that he would fully support Yuan's decisions.
This time Yuan had to face again a larger Jurchen force of over 200,000 troops under Nurhaci's successor, Hong Taiji. The Jurchens had incorporated more men into their army, including the newly surrendered Mongols and Ming rebels. They conquered various small tribes in northern China, and defeated Joseon in order to secure it as a tributary. However, the Jurchens never attacked Jinzhou or Ningyuan again. Instead, they bypassed Jinzhou, Ningyuan and Shanhai Pass altogether. They broke through the Great Wall west of Shanhai Pass and reached the north of Beijing in the winter of 1629. Yuan rushed back with a selected veteran force from Ningyuan to defend the capital. He reached Beijing just days before the Jurchens. Outside the city wall of Beijing, he defeated the Jurchen Eight Banners which numbered around 100,000 men, but failed to destroy the Jurchen army. The Jurchens' surprise attack on Beijing was foiled. Despite the fact that Yuan prevented the Jurchens from even reaching the city wall, Yuan was heavily criticized when he arrived in Beijing, and some eunuchs even accused Yuan of collaborating with the enemy.
The Chongzhen Emperor ordered Yuan's arrest during an audience on 13 January 1630. Despite little evidence, Yuan was accused of collusion with the enemy and sentenced to death by lingchi ("slow slicing") at Ganshiqiao in Beijing. When Yuan was asked for last words before his execution, he produced the following poem: "A life's work always ends up in vain; half of my career seems to be in dreams. I do not worry about lacking brave warriors after my death, for my loyal spirit will continue to guard Liaodong." Imperial records showed he took half a day to die.
Yuan was mourned throughout most of the country outside Beijing and even in the kingdom of Joseon. After his death, many took note of the Ming and their allies's weak position as favorable conditions for another Jurchen invasion.
It was said that upon hearing of his apparent "betrayal", many Beijing residents hated Yuan so much that they rushed to buy his body parts so they could eat them as soon as they were sliced off his body. He was left there after the torture, shouting for half a day before stopping. His head, the only recognisable part after the execution, was taken outside the Inner City Wall by a city guard, whose surname was She (佘), and buried in Huashi near Guangqumen. The guard's family have guarded it for generations since. His tomb was recently renovated and renamed the Yuan Chong huan Memorial, located at Longtan Park.
Legacy
Yuan's name was cleared nearly a century later by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, after conclusive evidence was found in old archives of the Qing imperial court supporting his innocence. The Qianlong Emperor tried to express his kindness by searching for and rewarding Yuan's direct descendants, but failed to find any.
Physical appearance
Ming dynasty scholars described Yuan as a short-tempered person with a tiny body frame, and because of his appearance, the Chongzhen Emperor was highly doubtful about his abilities when he first met Yuan.
In popular culture
In the wuxia novel Sword Stained with Royal Blood by Jin Yong, Yuan is survived by a fictional son, Yuan Chengzhi, the protagonist of the novel. Yuan Chengzhi was saved by his father's subordinates after his father was executed and taken to the Mount Hua Sect, where he learnt martial arts. Several years later, when he had grown up, he left Mount Hua and traveled around in search of adventure and to redress his father's legacy.
Celebrated as a Cantonese hero, during a 2010 rally, protesters in Guangzhou used Yuan's battle cry against his Jurchen enemies during the Battle of Ningyuan: "Fuck his mom! Hit them hard!" (掉哪妈! 顶硬上!) as a chant.
In the 2017 TVB drama A General, a Scholar and a Eunuch, Yuan Chong huan was portrayed by Edwin Siu.
文献资料 | 引用次数 |
---|---|
清史稿 | 43 |
清史纪事本末 | 8 |
广东通志 | 2 |
大清一统志 | 2 |
明史 | 53 |
四库全书总目提要 | 2 |
御批历代通鉴辑览 | 2 |
御定资治通鉴纲目三编 | 2 |
崇祯实录 | 9 |
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