历史

第一段介绍《急就章》和史游的文字见于《汉书·艺文志》(111)：「元帝时黄门令史游作急就篇」。

西汉时期，汉字教育的重要性越发凸显，学者们又编写了其他许多识字书，例如司马相如(c.179 – 117 BC)《凡将篇》和李长《元尚篇》（32-7 BC），现均已亡佚。这些原始词典促进了汉语小学的发展，并打下了编写词典的理论基础。汉代文献经历了从词表到词典的转变。《急就章》将抽象归纳汉字的实践扩展到其他领域，启发了「汉语词典的宏观文体格式的产生」。

从汉朝到南北朝，最出名的识字课文就是《急就章》。南北朝时期也有《千字文》等知名识字课文。到唐朝，《急就章》的地位就被《千字文》和《百家姓》取代了，它们的构思十分精巧，文中用字几乎都只出现一次。接下来一千年间，一代代学生都用它们识字。在元朝和清朝，最知名的识字文章是《三字经》。现代汉语学界抬高《急就章》主要是因为它高度现实的内容与后世《三字经》等的礼仪性内容形成鲜明对比。

《急就章》也是秦汉时期广泛传阅的几种辞书之一，但出于种种原因只有它保留到了今天。其中一个原因是，东晋书法家王羲之(303–361)写下的《急就章》被后世用来练字。元代书法家赵孟俯(1254–1322)也临习过《急就章》。另一个原因是，后世学者们作的注比较完善，如唐代颜师古注(620)、南宋王应麟注(1280)《姓氏急就篇》。

现代考古发现过一些《急就章》残片，其上内容重复，很显然是用来练字的。

内容

《急就章》原文有32章，每章63字，共计2016字。一些较晚版本又加了2章，每章64字，共计2144字。文本为使学生多识字、多学词汇，在尽量短的篇幅里用到了尽量多的字。

《急就章》的词语定序将带有相同部首的字放在一起并划章。每章内，主要用三言、四言、七言。

中国第一部「词书」是为满足文学教育的需求而写的。史游的《急就章》就被用于基础汉字的学习，对抄书吏来说是很便携的参考。汉代《急就章》原文是以隶书写成，后来也产生了楷书和草书写法。

《急就章》作为西汉常用词的列表，有著很高的历史语言学价值。它保存了许多技术术语和动植物、工具、事物名称，对科学史、医学史和技术史来说也是宝贵资料。例如，《急就章》是最早的记录了trip hammer和水车的文章。

为展示《急就章》列表的体例和作为字典的实用性，请看七言的第24章中草药列表的一部分：

灸刺和药逐去邪*sə.ɢa，黄芩伏苓礜茈胡*ɡˁa。牡蒙甘草菀藜芦*rˁa，乌喙附子椒芫花*qʷʰˁra。半夏皂荚艾橐吾*ŋˁa，芎藭厚朴桂栝[楼*rˁo]。

其中大部分名词都是草旁。

临习过急就章的书法家

• 晋朝 王羲之

• 晋朝 卫夫人

• 三国魏 锺繇

• 三国吴 皇象

• 元朝 邓文原《急就章》

• 元朝 赵孟俯

• 元朝 康里巎巎

• 元朝 俞和

• 元朝 饶介

• 明朝 宋克《急就章》

注释

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脚注

阅读更多

• Serruys, Paul L-M. (1962), "Chinese Dialectology Based on Written Documents", Monumenta Serica 21: 320-344.

外部链接

• 急就篇·卷一, 四库全书版, 互联网档案馆

• 急就篇 , 可搜索, Ctext

Title

The Jíjiùpiān "Quickly Master Character Chapters" is also called the Jíjiùzhāng 急就章 "Quickly Master Character Sections" and simply Jíjiù 急就.

The title Jíjiùpiān uses the word piān 篇, which is attested in Han dynasty texts with the meaning of "book, written document" (such as in the Hanshu 汉书 chapter on Wu Di, "著之于篇，朕亲览焉。"). Several other Chinese dictionary titles use pian, for example, the (c. 500? BCE) Shizhoupian "Historian Zhou's Chapters" (c. 220 BCE) Cangjiepian "Cangjie's Chapters" (c. 543) Yupian "Jade Chapters", and (1066) Leipian "Categorized Chapters".

Jíjiù has several possible interpretations, depending on the meanings of jí 急 "urgent; hurrying; rapid; fast; hasty; distress" and jiù 就 "proceed; advance; accomplish; achieve; accomplish; finish". The Science and Civilisation in China collaborators Joseph Needham, Lu Gwei-djen, and Huang Hsing-Tsung say, "One hardly knows how to render its title, unless 'Handy Primer'." Thomas Lee translates jijiu as "quickly getting to". The Chinese lexicographers Heming Yong and Jing Peng say that jijiu 急就 "instant success" suggested "fast learning", as seen in the first words of the Jijiupian preface.

Quickly learn the rarely seen drinking vessels and many different things: listing the names of objects, people, and family names; classify them into different sections so that they will not be easily mixed up. Occasional consultation will definitely be a great delight—for it is quick to retrieve, and, if hard effort is put into it, there will surely be surprising rewards. Please follow the guidelines in each chapter.

This passage is notably the earliest recorded discussion of how to classify characters into different textual sections.

While the title is usually transliterated Jijiupian, Chi-chiu-p'ien, etc., some English translations are:

• Handy Primer

• Quick Access Characters

• Quick mastery of the characters

• The Instant Primer

• Primer for Quickly Learning Chinese Characters

• For Urgent Use

• Wood-Prism Bundles for Rapid Attainment

History

The first reference to the Jijiupian and Shi You 史游 is found in the Yiwenzhi "Treatise on Literature" bibliographical section of the (111 CE) Hanshu "Book of Han", listed among early dictionaries: "In the time of Emperor Yuan of Han (r. 48-33 BCE), the court scholar Shi You composed the Jijiupian" (元帝时黄门令史游作急就篇). This section also uses the Jijiu title; Jijiu yipian 急就一篇 "The Jijiu, in one chapter".

In the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE-25 CE), the teaching of characters was emphasized, and scholars compiled other character primers and wordbooks besides the Jijiupian, for instance, the Fanjiangpian 凡将篇 The General Primer by Sima Xiangru (c. 179 – 117 BCE) and 32-7 BCE Yuanshangpian 元尚篇 The Yuanshang Primer by Li Zhang 李长, both of which are lost works. These proto-dictionaries facilitated the development of Chinese xiǎoxué 小学 "minor learning; pre-modern 'linguistics'; philology" (which now means "primary school"), and laid the academic foundation for the compilation of wordbooks, vocabularies, and dictionaries. The Han dynasty experienced the transition of Chinese lexicography from wordlists and glossaries to character dictionaries and word dictionaries. The Jijiupian generalized the practice of logically classifying characters into different sections, which inspired the "macro-level stylistic format of the Chinese dictionary".

From the Han to the Six Dynasties (220-589), the most popular character textbook was the Jijiupian. During the Northern and Southern dynasties (420-589), several other popular textbooks appeared, such as the Qianziwen "Thousand Characters Text", Baijiaxing "Myriad Family Surnames", and Sanzijing "Three-character Classic". By the Tang, the Jijiupian had been replaced by the Qianziwen and Baijiaxing, both of which were deliberately written so that few characters they contain occur more than once. They were memorized generation after generation for over 1,000 years. In the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) and Qing dynasty (1644-1912), the most popular primer was the Sanzijing. Contemporary Chinese scholarship admires the Jijiupian because of its high factual content as contrasted with the much more moralistic tendencies of similar later works such as the Sanzijing.

The Jijiupian was one of several similar wordbooks that circulated widely during the Qin and Han periods, but it alone survived to the present day, owing to several factors. One reason for its preservation was a model version written by the famous Jin dynasty Chinese calligrapher Wang Xizhi (303–361), which was copied by generation after generation of literati eager to perfect their calligraphy. The Yuan dynasty calligrapher Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) also produced an orthographic model Jijiupian. Another factor was the textual explanations written by famous authors in later dynasties. The Tang scholar Yan Shigu wrote a (620) commentary, and the Song scholar Wang Yinglin 王应麟 wrote the (1280) Xingshi Jijiupian 姓氏急就篇.

Modern archeological excavations have found fragments of the Jijiupian, and even some tablets on which the inscriptions were evidently exercises in copying characters.

Text

The original Jijiupian consisted of 32 sections (zhang 章), each with 63 Chinese characters, totaling 2,016. Some later editions of the text add two more sections, each with 64 characters, thus totaling 2,144. The text was designed to include as many different characters as possible, with little repetition, in order to maximize the student's exposure to and learning of new words. The text is described as a sort of abecedarium.

The Jijiupian collation puts together characters written with the same radical or signific, and then divides them into chapters. Within each chapter, the style consisted mainly of 3-, 4-, or 7-syllable rhyming lines, as in Chinese poetry. Rhyme makes it easy to read, memorize, and recite.

China's first "word books" were written to meet the needs of literacy education. Shi You's Jijiupian was intended to be used for learning the meanings of basic characters and how they should properly be written. It formed a basis for verbal elaborations by teachers, and could have served as a handy reference manual for scribes and copyists. The original Han edition Jijiupian was written in clerical script, but it was later used for learning to write in other calligraphic styles of characters, such as regular script and cursive script.

The Jijiupian has historical linguistic value as a record of common words that were current during the Han dynasty. It preserved many technical terms and names of plants, animals, tools, and objects, which are important for the histories of science, medicine, and technology. For instance, the Jijiupian was the first text to describe the trip hammer and waterwheel.

To illustrate the types of lists that the Jijiupian contains, and their value for those who wished to write correctly, consider the Section 24 list of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, written in rhymed 7-character lines.

灸刺和药逐去邪 By moxa, acupuncture and the compounding of drugs we may drive out the malign (qi that cause illness). (Of drugs and drug-plants there are:) Huángqín 黄芩 Scutellaria lateriflora, fúlíng 伏苓 Wolfiporia cocos, yù 礜 arsenolite, and cháihú 茈胡 Bupleurum falcatum. Mǔméng 牡蒙 Rubia yunnanensis, gāncǎo 甘草 Glycyrrhiza glabra, wǎn 菀 Aster tataricus, and lílú 藜芦 Veratrum niqrum. Wūhuì 乌喙 and fùzǐ 附子 both Aconitum carmichaelii, jiāo 椒 , Zanthoxylum piperitum, and yánhuá 芫花 Daphne genkwa. Bànxià 半夏 Pinellia ternata, zàojiá 皂荚 Gleditsia sinensis, ài 艾 Artemisia argyi, and tuówú 橐吾 Ligularia sibirica.

The rhyme-words (Old Chinese reconstructions from Baxter-Sagart 2014) are: *sə.ɢa 邪, *ɡˁa 胡, *rˁa 芦, *qʷʰˁra 花, and *ŋˁa 吾. With the exception of the mineral arsenolite (arsenic oxide), most of these names are written with the "plant radical" 草 or 艹, which is commonly used in characters for plants and trees.

The text "impresses readers with its balanced content and ingenuity", and some examples are:

To buy on credit, to borrow, to sell and to buy, these activities give convenience to merchants and markets….To cut, to mince, to broil and to cook a whole piece of meat, each has its own shape….Rooms, houses, and inns are people to rest and there are also towers, palaces, and halls….Various ranked lords have their fiefs, lands, and household vassals; these privileges come from hard studies, but not from help of ghosts or spirits.

The Jijiupian teaches students basic vocabulary for daily life, with occasional moral lessons.