著者概述

陳振孫幼年好學，性喜藏書，「嘗于《班書》志傳錄出諸詔，與紀中相附，以便覽閱」。嘉熙二年（1238年）陳振孫在臨安（今杭州）開始編撰此書，晚年退休時，仍繼續購書、抄書不綴，分經、史、子、集4錄，53類，收書多達3039種，超過晁公武的《郡齋讀書志》一倍，甚至藏量超過了國家書目《中興館閣書目》。《直齋書錄解題》與《郡齋讀書志》齊名，被譽私家書目的「雙璧」。周密稱：「近年惟直齋陳氏書最多，蓋嘗仕於莆，傳錄夾漈鄭氏、方氏、林氏、吳氏舊書至五萬一千一百八十餘卷，且仿《讀書志》作解題，極其精詳。」

內容主旨

原書五十六卷已佚，《永樂大典》收錄有此書，清初修《四庫全書》時編為22卷。卷一：〈易〉；卷二 :〈書〉、〈詩〉、〈禮〉；卷三：〈春秋〉、〈孝經〉、〈語孟〉、〈讖緯〉、〈經解〉、〈小學〉；卷四 :〈正史〉、〈別史〉、〈編年〉、〈起居注〉；卷五：〈詔令〉、〈偽史〉、〈雜史〉、〈典故〉；卷六：〈職官〉、〈禮注〉、〈時令〉；卷七：〈傳記〉、〈法令〉；卷八：〈譜牒〉、〈目錄〉、〈地理〉；卷九：〈儒家〉、〈道家〉；卷十：〈法家〉 、〈名家〉、〈墨家〉 、〈縱橫家〉 、〈農家〉 、〈雜家〉；卷十一：〈小說家〉；卷十二：〈神仙〉、〈釋氏〉、〈兵書〉、〈曆象〉、〈陰陽家〉、〈十筮形法〉；卷十三：〈醫書〉；卷十四：〈音樂〉、〈雜藝〉、〈類書〉；卷十五：〈楚辭〉、〈總集〉；卷十六：〈別集〉上；卷十七：〈別集〉中；卷十八：〈別集〉下；卷十九：〈詩集〉上；卷二十：〈詩集〉下；卷二十一：〈歌詞〉；卷二十二：〈章奏〉、〈文史〉 。每錄之下有大序一篇，惜已隨原書佚亡，今只剩其中九類有小序。乾隆四十三年（1704年），盧文弨以四庫館本為基礎，校以「元本」殘卷兩種，撰《新訂直齋書錄解題》，恢復原書次第，「據之定為五十六卷」。

《直齋書錄解題》本身的圖書分類繼承傳統目錄的分類，最明顯就是效法《郡齋讀書志》。但亦有其創見，如提出「語孟類」，自《漢書·藝文志》以來，歷代都把《孟子》列入子部儒家類。《直齋書錄解題》把《孟子》與《論語》合為「語孟類」，書中解釋說「天下學者咸曰孔孟。孟子之書固非荀、揚以降所可同日語也。……故今合為一類。」。其他還有別史、詔令、法令、時令、音樂等新的類目，事實上是改《七錄》的儀典為禮注，改法制為法令，《七錄》之舊事及《新唐書·藝文志》之故事改為典故；另外《崇文總目》的歲時改為時令。每書寫一篇敘錄稱之為解題，內容豐富，主要是推斷撰述的時間，論考作者之時代 。《四庫全書總目》推許說：「古書之不傳于今者，得藉是以求其崖略；其傳于今者，得藉是以辨其真偽，核其異同。亦考証之所必資，不可廢也。」

《直齋書錄解題》也有不足之處，例如只是沿襲《漢書．藝文志》、《隋書·經籍志》的二級類目，不如《通志·藝文略》三級類目有12大類、82小類，小類再細分422種，更為完整。另外，《直齋書錄解題》亦未能反映出新式分類，如《郡齋讀書志》和《遂初堂書目》的「史評」，《中興館閣書目》的「史抄」，還有其他如「紀事本末」等新體皆闕如。又如《春秋類事始末》本應列入「史部·紀事本末」，但《解題》未設此類，或該入「史部」，結果列入「經部」，是美中不足之處。

參考資料

• 直齋書錄解題 (維基百科)

Author Overview

Chen ZhenSun had a passion for learning and collecting books from a young age. He once stated, "I often transcribed various imperial edicts from Ban's records to match the chronicles for easier reading." In 1238 (the second year of Jiaxi), Chen ZhenSun began compiling this book in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou). Even after retiring, he continued to purchase and copy books. The catalog is divided into four sections: Classics, Histories, Philosophical Writings, and Literary Works, with 53 categories in total. It includes a vast collection of 3039 books, more than twice the number recorded in Qun Zhai Du Shu Zhi (郡齋讀書志) by Chao Gongwu. The collection even surpassed that of the national bibliography, 'Zhong Xing Guan Ge Shu Mu'.

'Zhi Zhai Shu Lu JieTi' is often mentioned alongside 'Qun Zhai DuShu Zhi', and they are known as the "twin jewels" of private library catalogs. Zhou Mi praised Chen's collection, saying: "In recent years, only the book collection of Chen from Zhi Zhai is the largest. He once served in Putian and transcribed over 51,180 volumes of old books from the Zheng, Fang, Lin, and Wu families. Moreover, he imitated 'Du Shu Zhi' to write detailed annotations, which are extremely thorough."

Content and Purpose

The original 56-volume book has been lost. However, it was included in the Yongle Dadian (永樂大典), and when 'Si Ku Quan Shu (四庫全書)' was compiled during the Qing Dynasty, it was reorganized into 22 volumes. The content is as follows:

- Volume 1: 'I Ching'

- Volume 2: 'Shang Shu', 'Shi Jing', 'Li Ji'

- Volume 3: 'Spring and Autumn Annals', 'Xiao Jing', 'Analects of Confucius and Mencius', 'Prophecies and Latitudes', 'Commentaries on the Classics', 'Elementary Studies'

- Volume 4: 'Orthodox Histories', 'Miscellaneous Histories', 'Chronological Histories', 'Diaries of Daily Activities'

- Volume 5: 'Imperial Edicts', 'Spurious Histories', 'Miscellaneous Histories', 'Anecdotes and Customs'

- Volume 6: 'Official Positions', 'Rituals and Ceremonies', 'Seasonal Orders'

- Volume 7: 'Biographies', 'Laws and Regulations'

- Volume 8: 'Genealogies', 'Bibliographies', 'Geography'

- Volume 9: 'Confucianism', 'Taoism'

- Volume 10: 'Legalism', 'School of Names', 'Mohism', 'Diplomacy School', 'Agriculture', 'Miscellaneous Schools'

- Volume 11: 'Fiction'

- Volume 12: 'Immortal Literature', 'Buddhist Literature', 'Military Books', 'Calendars and Astronomy', 'Yin-Yang School', 'Divination Techniques'

- Volume 13: 'Medical Books'

- Volume 14: 'Music', 'Miscellaneous Arts', 'Encyclopedias'

- Volume 15: 'Chu Ci', 'Anthologies'

- Volume 16: 'Individual Collections' (Part 1)

- Volume 17: 'Individual Collections' (Part 2)

- Volume 18: 'Individual Collections' (Part 3)

- Volume 19: 'Poetry Collections' (Part 1)

- Volume 20: 'Poetry Collections' (Part 2)

- Volume 21: 'Lyric Poetry'

- Volume 22: 'Chapters and Memorials', 'Historical Writings'

Each section is preceded by a preface, though most have been lost with the original book. Only nine prefaces remain today.

In 1704 (Qianlong 43rd year), Lu WenChao used the Si Ku Quan Shu version as a base and compared it with two surviving fragments of the Yuan Dynasty edition to compile 'Xin Ding Zhi Zhai Shu Lu Jue Ti' (New Edition of Zhi Zhai Book Catalog with Annotations). This work restored the original sequence and was standardized into 56 volumes.

Classification System

The classification system in 'Zhi Zhai Shu Lu JiTi' follows traditional cataloging methods, notably inspired by 'Qun Zhai DuShu Zh' by Chao Gongwu. However, it also introduced new categories such as "Analects and Mencius" (語孟). Since the 'Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi (漢書·藝文志)', 'Mengzi' has been classified under Confucianism in the Philosophical Writings section. In 'Zhi Zhai Shu Lu Jei Ti', 'Mengzi' is combined with 'Analects of Confucius' into a new category called "Analects and Mencius," as explained: "Scholars throughout the world often refer to Kong and Meng together. The book of Mencius cannot be compared with those by Xun and Yang in later generations. ... Therefore, they are now combined into one category." Other new categories include 'Miscellaneous Histories', 'Imperial Edicts', 'Laws and Regulations', 'Seasonal Orders', and 'Music'.

Each entry includes an introduction called "jieti" (解题), which provides rich content, mainly focusing on the time of writing and the author's era. The 'Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu' praises: "Ancient books that are no longer transmitted today can be understood through this catalog; those still in existence can be distinguished for their authenticity and differences. It is also a necessary resource for research, which cannot be overlooked."

Limitations

Despite its merits, 'Zhi Zhai Shu Lu Jian Ti' has some shortcomings. For instance, it only follows the secondary categories of 'Han Shu Yi Wen Zh' by Ban Gu and 'Jing Ji Zhi (經籍志)' in the 'Sui Shu (隋書)', lacking the more detailed tertiary categories found in 'Tongzhi Yi Wen Lue (通志·藝文略)', which has 12 major categories, 82 subcategories, and 422 further divisions. Additionally, it does not reflect new classification systems such as "Historical Critiques" ('Shi Ping') in 'Qun Zhai Du Shu Zh' and 'Sui Chu Tang Shu Mu (遂初堂書目)', or "Condensed Histories" ('Shi Chao') in 'Zhong Xing Guan Ge Shi Mu'. For example, 'Spring and Autumn Annals: A Comprehensive History of Events' should be classified under "Historical Writings - Cartographies," but it is mistakenly placed under "Classics," which is a notable shortcoming.

References

• 直齋書錄解題 (Chinese)