石鑒（？ - 350年），字大郎，一作大朗，十六國時期後趙國君主，為石虎第三子，石遵、石世之兄。後趙建平三年（333年），後趙帝石勒去世，石虎掌控大權，石鑒當時被封為代王。建武三年（337年），石虎改稱天王後，被降封為義陽公。

建武五年（339年）九月，東晉征西將軍庾亮鎮武昌，讓豫州刺史毛寶、西陽太守樊峻以一萬精兵戍守邾城。石虎厭惡晉軍如此動向，以夔安為大都督，率石鑒、養孫石閔、李農、張賀度、李菟五將軍及兵五萬人攻打荊、揚北境，以二萬騎攻邾城。張賀度攻陷邾城，殺死六千人，又敗毛寶于邾西，殺死萬餘人。趙軍進犯江夏、義陽，毛寶、樊峻及東晉義陽太守鄭進皆死。夔安等進圍石城，被竟陵太守李陽所破才退兵。

太寧元年（349年），石虎稱帝後，再被進封為義陽王。

石鑒在鎮守關中的時候，賦役繁重，文武官員只要頭髮長得比較長，就會被拔下來做帽帶，有剩下的會給宮女，曾因為這種荒唐的行徑，被石虎召回都城鄴城（今河北臨漳縣）。

太寧元年（349年），石遵廢皇帝石世，自登帝位，石鑒被命為侍中、太傅。石遵因石閔有叛變之意，召兩位兄弟石鑒、樂平王石苞與太后鄭櫻桃等人商議，不料會後石鑒出賣其他人，將此事告知石閔。不久，石閔即率軍入宮，殺石遵，石鑒因此被擁立為帝。石遵被殺時說：「我尚且如此，石鑒能長久嗎？」

然而石鑒登位後，處處受制於大將軍石閔，於是派石苞和將軍李松、張才暗殺之，然而卻事敗，他裝作自己不知情，殺死石苞三人；後又鼓勵將軍孫伏都、劉銖攻打石閔，不果，又對石閔說孫伏都、劉銖謀反，命石閔討滅。石閔知道石鑒有殺己之意，遂頒殺胡令，被殺的人共有20餘萬；並軟禁石鑑於御龍觀，派尚書王簡、少府王鬱率數千人看守，用繩子把食物吊給他。

次年（350年），完全控制國政的石閔將後趙國號改為魏（衛），石閔也將包括自己在內的後趙皇族改姓為李，並改年號為青龍。不久，石鑒為求擺脫控制，遂趁李閔外出作戰，秘密派宦官告知在外的將軍撫軍將軍張沈等，命他們趁虛攻都城鄴城，但宦官告知李閔此事，李閔因而回軍，石鑒遂被誅殺，在位僅103日。

顯示更多...: 注釋  

Shi Jian (石鑒) (died 350) was briefly (for 103 days) an emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao. He was the third of four short-lived emperors after the death of his father Shi Hu (Emperor Wu). He is sometimes referred to by his title prior to becoming emperor, Prince of Yiyang (義陽王). Arguably, it was his machinations with his powerful adoptive nephew Shi Min against his brother Shi Zun that finally led to Later Zhao's downfall.

Not much is known about Shi Jian prior to his father's death—including who his mother was. He was created the Prince of Dai in 333 after his father seized power from the founding emperor Shi Le's son Shi Hong in a coup, and after Shi Hu claimed the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) in 337, he carried the title Duke of Yiyang. He was repromoted to prince after his father claimed imperial title in early 349. In 342, he was mentioned as one of the dukes whose guard corps was reduced by his brother Shi Xuan (石宣) the crown prince, whose target was however actually Shi Tao (石韜) the Duke of Qin. In 345, he was mentioned as the commander of the Guanzhong region, and he imposed heavy taxes and labor burdens; further, he forced officials with long hair to pull out their hair to be made into hat decorations. After his secretary submitted the hair to Shi Hu, Shi Hu recalled him and replaced him with his brother Shi Bao (石苞) the Duke of Leping.

In 349, after Shi Hu's death and succession by his youngest son, Shi Shi, the regent, Shi Shi's mother Empress Liu, tried to appease both Shi Jian and Shi Zun the Prince of Pengcheng by naming them to high posts. However, Shi Zun was not placated, and he attacked the capital Yecheng and seized the throne, killing Shi Shi and Empress Dowager Liu. During Shi Zun's brief administration, Shi Jian was an important member of the administration. He was one of the princes summoned to a meeting called by Shi Zun before his mother Empress Dowager Zheng in which Shi Zun announced that he was going to execute their powerful adoptive nephew, Shi Min the Duke of Wuxing. Shi Jian, who had perhaps already been in conspiracy with Shi Min, quickly sent Shi Min the news, and Shi Min surrounded the palace with his troops, capturing and killing Shi Zun. He made Shi Jian the emperor. However, actual power were in Shi Min's and his ally Li Nong (李農)'s hands.

Shi Jian could not endure Shi Min's hold on power, and he sent his brother Shi Bao and the generals Li Song (李松) and Zhang Cai (張才) against Shi Min, but after they were defeated, Shi Jian pretended as if they acted independently and executed them all. Another brother of his, Shi Zhi the Prince of Xinxing, then rose in the old capital Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xintai, Hebei), in alliance with the Qiang chieftain Yao Yizhong (姚弋仲) and the Di chieftain Pu Hong (蒲洪) against Shi Min and Li Nong. Shi Jian tried to then have the general Sun Fudu (孫伏都), a fellow Jie, attack Shi Min, but Shi Min quickly defeated him, and Shi Jian, trying to absolve himself, then ordered Shi Min to execute Sun. Shi Min, however, began to realize that Shi Jian was behind Sun's attack, and he decided that he needed to disarm the Jie, who knew that he was not Jie but ethnically Chinese. He ordered that all non-Chinese not be allowed to carry arms, and most fled Yecheng in light of the command. Shi Min put Shi Jian under house arrest with no communication with the outside. As the non-Chinese tribes continued to flee Yecheng, Shi Min saw that, in particular, the Xiongnu and the Jie would never support him, so he issued an order that if a Chinese killed a Hu (barbarian) and presented the head, he would be rewarded. Some 200,000 died in the massacre—including many Chinese who had high noses and thick beards.

In 350, under duress from Shi Min, Shi Jian changed the name of the state from Zhao to Wei (衛) and the family name of the imperial clan from Shi to Li (李). Many key officials fled to Shi Zhi. Local generals throughout the empire effectively became independent, waiting for the war to resolve itself. As Shi Min was engaging his troops against Shi Zhi's, Shi Jian made one final attempt against him—ordering the general Zhang Shen (張沈) to, after Shi Min left the capital, attack it. However, Shi Jian's eunuchs reported this to Shi Min and Li Nong, and they quickly returned to Yecheng and executed Shi Jian, along with 28 grandsons of Shi Hu and the rest of the Shi clan. Shi Min, restoring his father's original family name of Ran (冉), then took the throne as the emperor of a new state, Wei (魏, note different character than the state declared previously). Effectively, Later Zhao was over, although Shi Zhi would hold out at Xiangguo until 351, when he would be killed by his general Liu Xian (劉顯), finally ending Later Zhao's last hope.

顯示更多...: Era name